Download Intros. & Conclusions - Brooklyn Technical High School

Intros. & Conclusions
How to give them Rhetorical Punch!
Do Now= 3 minutes
• Swap paragraphs & Read the intro and
conclusion
• Circle any grammar issues that you see.
• Circle any use of “I” or “you”
Rhetoric
• The art of persuasion
• Let’s try out some of these strategies–
open to the Notes section of your Writer’s
Notebooks and label these new notes
“Rhetoric”
Parallel Structure
• Definition: Repeated Grammatical Pattern
• Examples:
– Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
– Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to bike.
– Rand’s Objectivism conveys how to live, how to exist,
and how to be.
• Try this now with the last sentence of your
conclusion. Select a structure to repeat 3 times.
Work with a partner if you need help. Write the
sentence in your notes section.
Antithesis
• Definition: Parallel structure that uses opposites
to create emphasis
• Example:
– “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it
was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness
[…]”
--Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
• Try it out now using a part of your intro or
conclusion.
Anaphora
• Definition: Repeating a sequence of words at the
beginnings of neighboring clauses
• Example:
– “In the time the savage bull sustains the yoke,
In the time all haggard hawks will stoop to lure,
In the time small wedges cleave the hardest oak,
In the time the flint is pierced with softest shower.”
--Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy
• Try it out now with a part of your intro or conclusion. This
can either be in one longer sentence or across a few
sentences. Write your anaphora in your notes section.
Epistrophe
• Definition: repeating the same words at the end of
successive phrases or clauses
• Examples:
– “Where affections bear rule, their reason is subdued, honesty is
subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand
evil, for ever are subdued.”
--Thomas Wilson
– “[…]this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—
and that government of the people, by the people, and for the
people, shall not perish from earth.”
--Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address
• Try it out now with a part of your intro or conclusion.
Short Sentence
• A short sentence can provide nice, dramatic
impact if it is located among longer sentences
• Example:
– “She pluck’d, she eat.”
--John Milton, Paradise Lost
• Try it out now– best to use either at the end of
the intro or conclusion.
Dash
• The dash can be a nice device to set apart an important word or
phrase that provides much more separation and attention than
simply using commas (be sure to hit the hyphen twice to create the
dash)
• Examples:
– Her taste in music –from country to rap– exemplifies her eclectic
personality.
– The vegetarian gasped in horror when he saw lining the wall of the
cabin a collection of animal heads—moose, deer, bears, squirrels, all
dead.
– Kira shows that nothing in life is worthwhile without that which makes
us happy– ourselves.
• Try it out now. Use a dash.
Conjunctive Adverbs
•
These are adverbs that can be used as transitions between ideas.
•
They must be followed by a comma!!
Accordingly,
Similarly,
Certainly,
Consequently,
Furthermore,
Finally,
Further,
Therefore,
Ultimately,
Hence,
•
However,
Incidentally,
Moreoever,
Nevertheless,
Nonetheless,
Otherwise,
Try it now– add a conjunctive adverb to a sentence in BOTH the intro. and
conclusion.
Decision Time
• Rhetoric must be tasteful– not too much and
not too little.
• Look over the rhetorical sentences you’ve
created and decide on which ones you want to
use.
• Write them onto your draft now & add these
in at home for homework.