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Presentation Plus! Our World Today Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Send all inquiries to: GLENCOE DIVISION Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 Chapter Introduction Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Section 2 Religions of the Middle East Reading Review Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Chapter Objectives • Explain how farming, writing, and government developed in Mesopotamia. • Examine the artifacts of ancient Egypt. • Explain the basic beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. • Discuss how past civilizations have contributed to our own culture. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Write down everything you know about Egypt. Compare your information with a partner. Egypt has a long rich history and it continues to play important political, economic, and cultural roles today. In this chapter you will learn about these aspects of Egypt. Guide to Reading Main Idea Learning about how past cultures lived helps us better understand our own cultures. Guide to Reading (cont.) Terms to Know • civilization • pharaoh • irrigation system • polytheistic • city-state • embalm • theocracy • pyramid • cuneiform • hieroglyphics • empire • papyrus • delta • scribe Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Create a chart like the one on page 82 of your textbook. Write facts about Mesopotamia in the M column. Write facts about Egypt in the E column. Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Objectives • Explain the early advancements in Mesopotamia. • Discuss the ancient Egyptians’ achievements. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Mesopotamia • Civilization is a term historians use to describe a culture that has reached a certain level of development. • This development includes a system of writing, building cities, and specialized workers. • One of the first civilizations grew in the fertile crescent of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. • Its name was Mesopotamia, and it was what is now Syria and Iraq. (pages 82–84) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mesopotamia (cont.) • Around 4500 B.C. wandering peoples settled in large numbers here and began farming. • They created a 12-month calendar, based on the phases of the moon, and they created the plow. • Some of the villages and towns became city-states, which were made up of the city and farmland around it. (pages 82–84) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mesopotamia (cont.) • The city-state was a theocracy–it was ruled by an individual who was both the religious leader and the king. • The earliest of the city-states rose in an area called Sumer. • The Sumerians created a form of writing known as cuneiform. • Around 2300 B.C. the warlike kingdom of Akkad conquered Sumer and several other city-states to create the first empire, or group of states under one (pages 82–84) ruler. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mesopotamia (cont.) • Hammurabi’s Code was an attempt to bring some justice and fairness to the idea of law. • Among the most important traders were the Phoenicians, who were located mainly in what is now Lebanon. • The Phoenicians developed an alphabet that gave rise to the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin alphabets still in use today. (pages 82–84) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. How did the Babylonians contribute to the field of mathematics? The Babylonians contributed to the field of mathematics by developing a number system based on 60. From them, we have borrowed the 60minute hour, 60-second minute, and 360-degree circle. They also used a clock controlled by drops of water to tell time. (pages 82–84) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Ancient Egypt • Like Mesopotamia, Egypt grew out of a river valley–the Nile, the longest river in the world. • The two kingdoms of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt were united about 3100 B.C. under a great ruler called a pharaoh. • Egyptians had a polytheistic religion, meaning they worshipped many gods. (pages 84–86) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Ancient Egypt (cont.) • Egyptians believed in life after death. • To preserve the body for the next life, it was embalmed, or preserved immediately after death, as a mummy. • The biggest tombs belonged to the pharaohs and were called pyramids. • Hieroglyphics is a form of picture writing with about 800 signs. • In 1820, the Rosetta Stone provided the key that cracked the code for hieroglyphics. (pages 84–86) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Ancient Egypt (cont.) • Egypt expanded as far as Mesopotamia in the north and southward to presentday Sudan. • Along with trade goods, the Egyptians spread ideas and accomplishments. (pages 84–86) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Even in ancient times, how were people and nations able to dominate one another? Even then, people and nations that could use technology were able to dominate, or control, other cultures. (pages 84–86) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 84–86) Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Defining Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ A. theocracy E 1. one who records information by writing B. cuneiform __ A 2. form of government in which one individual rules as both religious leader and king C. polytheistic __ C 3. believing in more than one god E. scribe __ B 4. Sumerian form of writing using wooden triangular-shaped sticks in the form of hundreds of different wedge-shaped markings on moist clay tablets __ D 5. huge stone structure that served as an elaborate tomb or monument Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. D. pyramid Recalling Facts History Where was the first civilization, and what was the region called then and now? The first civilization was between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The region was called Mesopotamia, and it is present-day Syria. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Recalling Facts (cont.) History What were the two early forms of writing, and where did they develop? The two early forms of writing were cuneiform and hieroglyphics. They developed in Sumer and Egypt, respectively. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Recalling Facts (cont.) Economics Why were the Phoenicians so important to trade and spreading culture? They sailed as far as southern Europe and around the southern tip of Africa and developed an alphabet that gave rise to the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin alphabets that are still used today. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Understanding Cause and Effect How did the advancements in early farming methods in the Fertile Crescent lead to increased population growth? Possible answer: Improved farming produced new and more reliable crops that could support more people. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Applying Social Studies Skills Analyzing Maps Look at the map on page 83 of your textbook. What do the locations of the towns have in common? They are located along bodies of water. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Close Create a bulletin board display about ancient Egypt with images and captions that highlight important features of the country and its people. Guide to Reading Main Idea Three of the world’s monotheistic religions–Judaism, Christianity, and Islam–all developed in Southwest Asia. Terms to Know • monotheism • minister • Diaspora • Crusades • scapegoat • five pillars of faith • messiah • hajj • disciple Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading (cont.) Reading Strategy Create and complete a chart like the one on page 88 of your textbook. List important beliefs of each religion. Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Objectives • Describe the world’s three largest monotheistic religions. • Explain similarities and differences among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Judaism • Judaism was first practiced by a small group of people in the middle East called Israelites. • The followers of Judaism today are known as Jews. • Their holy book is the Torah. • The Jews believe that they are God’s chosen people and will remain so for as long as they follow God’s laws. • The most well-known of these laws are the Ten Commandments. (pages 88–90) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Judaism (cont.) • Israel became an important and prosperous state under its first three kings–Saul, David, and Solomon. • Eventually, the Jewish people spread to many countries throughout the world. • Jewish scholars, writers, artists, and scientists have greatly increased the world’s knowledge. (pages 88–90) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Judaism (cont.) • In some areas Jews have been treated with tolerance. In other areas they have been viewed suspiciously. • Some governments have used Jewish communities as a scapegoat, or someone to blame for their troubles. • In the 1940s, more than 6 million Jews were murdered in Europe during the Holocaust. • The United Nations voted in 1947 to create a Jewish state in Palestine. (pages 88–90) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. From whom do the Jewish people believe they are descended? According to Jewish belief, the Jews are descended from Abraham and Sarah, who first worshipped the one God, or Yahweh. (pages 88–90) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Christianity • Christianity is made up of people, called Christians, who are followers of Jesus Christ. • Christians believe Jesus is the Son of God and that he was the Messiah that the Jews were awaiting. • The holy book of the Christians is the Bible. (pages 90–92) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Christianity (cont.) • The disciples of Jesus spread his teachings across the Roman world and beyond. • They were often persecuted until the emperor Constantine the Great became a Christian and proclaimed Christianity a lawful religion of the Roman Empire. • The most famous universities of Europe were begun by Christian scholars. (pages 90–92) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. What is Easter? Easter, believed to be the day that Jesus rose from the dead, is the most important day of the Christian calendar. (pages 90–92) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Islam • The followers of Islam are called Muslims. • Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last and greatest prophet of Allah, or God. • The Muslim holy book is the Quran (Koran). • The Quran describes the five pillars of faith, or the five obligations all Muslims must fulfill. (pages 92–93) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Islam (cont.) • The Muslim calendar begins in A.D. 622, the year of the Hijrah, when Muhammad was forced to flee for safety from Makkah to Madinah. • Since the time of Muhammad, the Islamic faith has spread widely. • Under Islam, knowledge in art, architecture, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, geography, history, and other fields was greatly increased. (pages 92–93) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. What is Ramadan? Ramadan is the month, according to Muslim beliefs, in which God began to reveal the Quran to Muhammad. Muslims observe Ramadan by fasting and refraining from any acts that take their attention away from God. (pages 92–93) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 92–93) Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Defining Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ E 1. religious journey to Makkah that Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime if they are able to do so A. monotheism __ C 2. follower of a specific teacher D. Crusades __ A 3. belief that there is only one God E. hajj B 4. one who is wrongly blamed by __ others D 5. holy wars sponsored by the __ Catholic Church to capture Jerusalem from the Muslims Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B. scapegoat C. disciple Recalling Facts Religion What are the world’s three largest monotheistic religions? Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the world’s three largest monotheistic religions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Recalling Facts (cont.) History Why do historians refer to this area as the Middle East instead of Southwest Asia? From a European perspective it is about halfway between Europe and China. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Recalling Facts (cont.) History Which city in Israel do the three religions look to as a holy site? Jerusalem is a holy site for all three religions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Making Inferences Look at the map on page 92 of your textbook. What might be one explanation for Islam not spreading from Spain to France? The Pyrenees mountains might explain why Islam did not spread from Spain to France. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Applying Social Studies Skills Analyzing Maps Examine the map of Jerusalem on page 89 of your textbook. Explain how the city has been divided. It has been divided according to religion. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Close Create a bulletin board display about the major religious holidays and observances for the different world religions. Use images and captions to explain the significance of these celebrations in selected contemporary societies. At a minimum, you should mention the major holidays of the three monotheistic religions discussed in this chapter. Section 1: Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Main Idea Learning about how past cultures lived helps us better understand our own cultures. • History One of the first civilizations developed in the Fertile Crescent. • History Early advancements in Mesopotamia, Sumer, and Phoenicia were in farming, writing, and government. • History Ancient Egypt is known for pharaohs, pyramids, hieroglyphics, and mummies. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2: Religions of the Middle East Main Idea Three of the world’s monotheistic religions–Judaism, Christianity, and Islam–all developed in Southwest Asia. • History Judaism is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion. The Jews believe they are God’s chosen people. • Religion Christians believe Jesus is the Messiah and the Son of God. • Religion Muslims are followers of Islam. Muslims believe Allah is the one God and Muhammad is the messenger. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ H 1. holy journey in Islam A. civilization __ I 2. early believer in Jesus Christ B. theocracy __ A 3. culture that has reached level of development where people can specialize their skills C. cuneiform __ D 4. god-king of ancient Egypt __ E 5. believing in many gods D. pharaoh E. polytheistic F. Diaspora G. monotheism H. hajj Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. I. disciple J. city-state Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ G 6. belief in one God A. civilization B 7. ruled by religious leader who is __ also a king B. theocracy C 8. ancient form of writing in Sumer __ __ J 9. city and its surrounding countryside __ F 10. scattering of the Jewish people C. cuneiform D. pharaoh E. polytheistic F. Diaspora G. monotheism H. hajj Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. I. disciple J. city-state Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt History What was one of the early advancements in ancient Mesopotamia? Possible answers: Irrigation, the 12-month calendar, growing crops, the plow, cuneiform writing, a number system, and clocks were all advancements in ancient Mesopotamia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt History Where did the earliest city-states arise? The earliest city-states rose from the Fertile Crescent. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Economics The Phoenicians were the most important early traders of the region. How did they navigate? Where and how did they travel? The Phoenicians navigated from southern Europe to the southern tip of Africa. They traveled by ship and used the sun and stars to navigate. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt History Who were the Asians that invaded ancient Egypt? The Hyksos invaded ancient Egypt. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 1 Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt History Why did the Egyptians embalm their dead? They embalmed the dead to preserve the body for the next life. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2 Religions of the Middle East Religion What is the similarity between Yahweh and Allah? They are different names for God. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2 Religions of the Middle East Religion What is the role of the Messiah in Jewish and Christian religious belief? The Messiah is the savior. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2 Religions of the Middle East Religion Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are similar in their belief of one supreme god and in viewing Jerusalem in Israel as a holy site. List some of the differences among the three religions. Differences among the three religions include different holy books, different holy days, and different prophets. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2 Religions of the Middle East Religion What are some of the important holidays in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? Judaism: Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur Christianity: Christmas, Palm Sunday, Good Friday, Easter Islam: Ramadan Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Place Location Activity Match the letters on the map with the numbered places listed below. B ___ 1. Persian Gulf F ___ 2. Zagros Mountains I ___ 3. Euphrates River D ___ 4. Turkey J ___ 5. Iran G ___ 6. Israel C ___ 7. Iraq H ___ 8. Saudi Arabia E ___ 9. Makkah A ___ 10. Jerusalem Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Directions: Study the maps below and answer the question on the following slide. 1. What characteristic did the first Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations share? A They were established in the same year. B Both civilizations began in North Africa. C They both developed on the banks of rivers. D People in both civilizations relied on hunting to obtain food. Test-Taking Tip: When you answer a map question, do not rely on your memory of the map. Instead, check each answer choice against the information on the map and get rid of answer choices that are incorrect. Eliminating even one wrong choice will help you locate the correct answer. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Who developed the numbering system from which we borrowed the 60-minute hour and 60-second minute? The Babylonians developed the numbering system from which we borrowed. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Our World Today: People, Places, and Issues Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://owt.glencoe.com Maps Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent Jerusalem Spread of Islam Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide. When the Aswan High Dam was built on the Nile River, it created a reservoir 300 miles (483 km) long. The waters would have covered four colossal statues of Ramses II built into a cliff temple, but engineers and scientists moved them. The 66-foot tall statues were taken apart and then rebuilt on higher ground. Noah’s Ark supposedly settled on Mount Ararat, which was once within the borders of Armenia, although it now lies in Turkey. According to legend, Armenians were among the first people in the world to appear after the Great Flood. Using Latitude and Longitude Read along on page 94 of your textbook as you listen to an explanation of how to find an exact location using the lines of latitude and longitude. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Using Latitude and Longitude Practicing the Skill Use the map below to answer the questions on the following slides. Using Latitude and Longitude 1. What is the exact location of Washington, D.C.? Washington, D.C. is located at about 40ºN, 80ºW. 2. What cities on the map lie south of 0º latitude? Lima, Rio de Janeiro, Cape Town, and Sydney lie south of the Equator. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Using Latitude and Longitude 3. What city is located near 30ºN, 30ºE? Cairo is located near 30ºN, 30ºE. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Egyptian Pyramids The ancient Egyptians viewed the pharaoh, or king, as the most important person on the earth. They believed he was a god who would continue to guide them after his death. A pyramid served as a tomb for the pharaoh and provided a place where the body would safely pass into the afterlife. Rooms inside the pyramid held food, clothing, weapons, furniture, jewels, and everything else the pharaoh might need in the afterlife. Read the text on page 87 of your textbook and answer the questions on the following slides. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio again. The Egyptian Pyramids 1. Why did the Egyptians build the pyramids? Egyptians built the pyramids to provide a tomb for the pharaoh and a safe place for the pharaoh to pass into the afterlife. 2. How many workers did ancient historians and modern architects each think it took to build the Great Pyramid? In 500 B.C., Greeks thought it took 100,000 people to build the Great Pyramid. Now experts think it took about 20,000. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. The Egyptian Pyramids 3. Sequencing Information Describe the process experts think Egyptians used to build the pyramids. Workers cut stones from nearby quarries, carved them into shape, and pulled them up ramps to the pyramid site. Builders extended the ramps up the sides of the pyramid to carry rocks to the top. After they reached the top, the ramps were cleared away. Stonemasons smoothed and polished the stones. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation.