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GLOBAL STUDIES “The Book of Secrets” THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD in about… 9 months! Failure has a thousand explanations. Success doesn't need one. ► Which is better: chocolate or vanilla? ► Which is better: chocolate, vanilla, or jubille? ► Why? ► How do you know? ► What is Ethnocentrism? ► Is it possible for you to escape ethnocentrism? ► What is education? ► What is the purpose? ► “You cannot compare, what you do not understand” Activery Prehistory Unit 1 The past cannot be changed, the future is still in your power. - Hugh White - WORLD HISTORY Dates Cheat Sheet ► B.C. ► A.D. ► Before Christ ► Anno Domini Year of Our Lord ► B.C.E. ► Before the Common Era ► C.E. ► Common Era ► Circa “around…” ► c. 1. What does it mean to “Study”? a) “Review our notes” b) “Re-Read Chapter c) “Work really hard” 2. What skills are we working on? 3. Who believes they are not good test takers? a) Why? b) What is your process? 4. What skill do tests require of us? a) RECALL b) How do we work on RECALL? 1. What is LIFE? a) What do humans need to survive? b) What is the environment? st 1 Quarter Themes 2. What is CULTURE? a) Way of life, traditions, customs, b) Why have culture? ► ► Human Needs + Environment = Culture Speaking of water… Approximately 70 percent of the earth is covered by water. Only 1 percent of this water is drinkable. The First Humans How do we know if this “ancient stuff” really happened? Archaeology The study of past societies through an analysis of what people left behind them. Anthropology The study of how humans live Scientific methods for excavations Radiocarbon dating Method of analysis that calculates the ages of objects by measuring the amount of carbon left in an object Thermo luminescence dating Method of analysis that dates an object by measuring the light given off by electrons trapped in surrounding fossils and artifacts Deoxyribonucleic acid tests Genetic tests providing information on human evolution The Earliest Humans Hominids The earliest human like creatures in Africa. Also known by the name of Australopithecines. (Apes) Homo Erectus Neanderthals - The first homo-sapiens Homo sapienssapiens “Wise-wise human being” Hunters and Gatherers “Lets go get some tools” ► Paleolithic Age ► Mesolithic Age ► Neolithic Age ► ► “Old Stone Age”- usage of simple tools ► “Middle Stone”-gradual shift from food gathering and hunting economy to a food producing one ► “New Stone”- shift from hunting to systematic agriculture ► Adding of copper and tin to tools. Bronze Age ► The Neolithic Revolution single most important development in human history? ► Neolithic farming villages There are numerous Neolithic villages that “pop up” across the globe at different times… We will focus on two of them: Jericho and Catal Huyuk ► We clearly see the positives of the Agricultural Revolution, but what are the consequences of the Agricultural Revolution? Civilization A complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of commonalties. 6 Basic Characteristics of Civilizations Rise of cities ► Growth of governments ► Role of religion ► New social structure ► Use of writing ► Artistic activity ► The Birth of Civilization Early Writing Complaints Unit 2 The First Civilizations Mesopotamia & Egypt Mesopotamia Region “The land between the rivers” ENVIRONMENT Tigris and Euphrates Rivers ► Present Day Country of Iraq ► Flooding along the banks of the river ► Irregularity of flooding created insecurity ► Zero natural barriers ► Mud and dirt is abundant in the area. ► NEEDS ► Irrigation ► Zero natural barriers enabled “raiders” to sweep in continually ► Walls were created for defense Mesopotamian Society Religion Theocracy Government ruled by divine authority Polytheistic Belief in many gods and goddesses Ziggurat Temples were often built upon this massive stepped tower. *Ziggurats were also used for food storage Culture and Science Patriarchal Led and dominated by men Cuneiform writing c. 3000 B.C. “wedge shaped” - Cuneiform Tablets Babylonian tablet from 87 B.C. reports the arrival of the comet now known as Halley. The Sumerians 3000 B.C. – 2340 B.C. Creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization ► Formed city-states ► City-states Cities with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside ► The arch ► The dome ► The wheel c. 3000 B.C. ► Sumerian city-states contained three major classes 1) Nobles 2) Commoners 3) Slaves ► The Akkadians 2340 B.C. – 1792 B.C. ► Sargon overruns Sumerian city-states ► The Akkadians set up the first empire in world history ► Which is easier, to create an Empire or to maintain it? Why? Babylon under Hammurabi 1792 B.C. - 1750 B.C. Hammurabi comes to power ► Hammurabi is best known for his law code ► The Code of Hammurabi ► Principle of Retaliation ► “Eye for an Eye” ► Do you agree with Hammurabi’s principle? ► “When tempted to fight fire with fire, remember that the Fire Department usually uses water.” ► Interesting Nuggets ► ► It was the accepted practice in Babylon 4,000 years ago that for a month after the wedding, the bride's father would supply his son-in-law with all the mead he could drink. Mead is a honey beer and because their calendar was lunar based, this period was called the honey month, which we know today as the honeymoon. The First Civilizations Egypt Egypt THE ENVIRONMENT ► ► ► ► ► ► Like Mesopotamia, the Egyptian civilization is also a river valley The Nile River- The longest river in the world Unlike the floods of Mesopotamia’s rivers, the flooding was predictable Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt had excellent natural barriers. Deserts to the west and east, cataracts to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the North These barriers did not prevent trading however. ► ► ► ► ► ► ► Polytheistic Osiris Look at Osiris… What symbols are present? What do they represent? Try to figure out the importance Osiris serves in Egyptian society A symbol of resurrection What purpose doe religion serve in society? Believers vs. Nonbelievers "For those who believe, no proof is necessary. For those who don't believe, no proof is possible." Stuart Chase Religion Egyptian Religion ► Re (Ra) is shown below. ► Who is this? How do you know? Egyptian Society and Culture 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Social Classes ► Hieroglyphics ► Papyrus ► Scribes Pharaoh Vizier High priests Royal overseers Scribes, artisans Farmers, laborers ► ► Masters of the art of writing and also its teachers Read about Egyptian society and the daily life Papyrus ► Strong Leadership ► Stability-free from invasion ► Dynasty A family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family ► Monarchs were called Pharaohs ► Vizier In charge of government bureaucracy. Old Kingdom Age of Pyramids ► Mummification ► Although we thought it was so cool to learn about mummies when we were younger, I believe it is more fascinating to know why Egyptians mummified their dead. ► Mastabas Tombs for the Pharaoh’s noble officials ► The Great Pyramid at Giza ► Geometric angles are almost precise ► The Great Sphinx Middle Kingdom Period of Chaos Age of political chaos and invasion ► ► Strong military advancements Prosperous gains in wealth New Kingdom The Empire KEY KINGS OR PHARAOHS *Engineering an Empire Menes Djoser Sneferu Hatshepsut Amenhotep IV Akhenaten ► Poly to Mono ► Tutankhamen (King Tut) Restored the gods ► ► ► ► ► Deir el-Bahri The Bent Pyramid The Red Pyramid NEFERTITI An Early Egyptian Bird. The Hebrew Civilization Cyrus Won the approval by using not only Persians but also the conquered as government officials. Reputation of mercy ► Darius Generous to supporters, harsh to enemies ► Satrapies- Persian provinces ► Satrap- Persian governors ► Well maintained roads ► Immortals (Persian Guard) ► Increased taxes led to disloyalty ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► Religion-Judaism- Influenced Christianity and Islam Old Testament Descendants of Abraham Saul the first Hebrew King David- reclaims Palestine Solomon- Building ProjectsTemple Covenant-contract with God Prophets-religious teachers Persian Religion Zoroastrianism ► Zend Avesta ► Ahuramazda ► Ahriman ► Humans play a strong role in the struggle between good and evil ► Perform good deeds: achieve paradise Other Notable Civilizations Assyrians Minoans ► ► Built enormous palace complex on Crete at Knossus Decorative paintings, elaborate bath drains Hittites First to make use of iron. (Weaponry) ► Elephants in battle ► Phoenicians ► ► Excellent traders by sea. Best known for its alphabet. The Phoenician alphabet was passed onto the Greeks. ► ► Leaders with absolute power First “large” (in numbers) armies equipped with iron weapons