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Unit 1— Foundations 8000 BCE to 600 CE We begin at about 8,000 BC when village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. NEW STONE AGE A TOTALLY new way of living: From Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculture INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE Mesopotamians first to engage in agriculture Around 8000 BC Cereal crops Wheat Barley Herd animals Sheep Goats Woman probably first farmer Grain-collecting then noticed that stored wild grain could be grown on purpose Agriculture changed how people lived Agriculture (Farming) Growth of Cities Division of Labor (Specialization) Trade Writing and Mathematics Human/Environmental interaction Tools and weapons Social and political organization Homes Lake houses in Switzerland Long houses along Danube Stone huts in Britain Reed lean-tos in Egypt Clay brick huts in Middle East Broad language groups appeared SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Originally ruled by council of elders Close-knit society Authority moved to single leader Communal granaries, ovens, and fields Private property limited to personal possessions POSSESSIONS Needs of agriculture and stability Clay pottery Woven baskets Woolen and linen clothing Sophisticated tools and weapons Plow RESULTS OF AGRICULTURE Required intensification of group organization Neolithic farmers lived in settlements Ranged from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho) OUTSIDE CONTACTS Neolithic communities had links Walls indicate some fearful Others were more peaceful Obsidian and turquoise in Jericho from several 100’s of miles away Either gifts or received in trade Jericho Origins and Spread of Agriculture Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization (self-knowledge, fulfillment of personal potential) Esteem (autonomy, achievement, recognition) Social (belonging, affection) Safety (security, protection from harm) Physiological (Hunger, thirst, shelter) Civilization: Whose Definition? 18th Century European Civilized vs. primitive White vs. everyone else What does it mean to be civilized? Historians have determined 6 characteristics of civilization: Cities Organized central governments Complex religions Social classes Job specialization and the arts Writing Cities Rivers provided: Euphrates River Rivers provided challenges: water supply transportation food supply from animals flooding irrigation Required organized, mass labor (corvee) Construction and repair of canals and irrigation ditches Organized Central Governments Central authority needed to control: Labor Storage of grain Dispersion of foodstuffs among population Early governments first led by priests Later controlled by warrior chiefs or kings Organized Central Governments Governments became more complex as new responsibilities arose such as: tax collecting law making handling public works projects organizing systems of defense Complex Religions Generally polytheistic Many gods represented natural forces Others controlled human activities Priests and worshippers tried to gain gods’ favor through complex rituals and sacrifice Directed by unquestionable ruling class of priests King regarded as a god or as a god’s agent Complex Religions Temples often built to honor specific gods and goddesses Egyptian temple Mayan temple Mesopotamian ziggurat Social Classes People ranked according to their profession Egyptian social structure Chief Priests Nobles Wealthy merchants Artisans Peasants/farmers Social Classes Priestly class is part of the beginning of social differentiation Class structure based on specialization of labor Generated class differences Priests (“We talk to god, you don’t.) Aristocrats/warriors (“We have weapons, you don’t.”) Common people (“I guess we work...?”) Slaves (“Uh, oh!!!”) Job Specialization and the Arts Artisans specialized in various jobs, such as: Bricklayers Blacksmiths Production of luxuries (Things You Don’t Really Need) Metal technology Job Specialization and the Arts Created great architecture and art monumental architecture pyramids, ziggurats, big cities huge temples and associated structures to fill the needs of a god-oriented state under the control of the priestly class Writing Probably first used by priests Earliest writing used pictograms Chinese calligraphy Egyptian hieroglyphs Mesopotamian cuneiform Writing Symbols later added to represent words and then sounds Scribes were specially trained to read, write, and record information Religion Trade Government Learning became cumulative UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION Civilization was not simply next inevitable step from Neolithic Age Many peoples remained at simple foodraising stage for thousands of years— without developing any sort of civilization Only four locations developed civilizations entirely on their own China Indus River Valley Mesopotamia/Egypt Central America and Peru Primary Phase Cultures ca. 3000-2500 B.C. to about 1800-1500 B.C. Either disappeared or changed by 1500 B.C. Common characteristics Consistent, worldwide Common Characteristics ?? Water!! Deserts of river cultures short on resources River Valley Civilizations Opportunity to adapt environment Suitable for domesticated plants/animals Relatively stable (a bit hot) climate GEOGRAPHY influenced the development of river valley civilizations. Early River Valley Civilizations Environment Mesopotamia Egypt Indus River Valley China Mesoamerica & Andes • Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable • No natural barriers • Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings • Flooding of the Nile predictable • Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages • Deserts were natural barriers • Indus flooding unpredictable • Monsoon winds • Mountains, deserts were natural barriers • Huang He flooding unpredictable • Mountains, deserts natural barriers • Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations • Mountains and ocean natural barriers • Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall • Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait. Sumerian Writing: cuneiform Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet. Sumerians invented: Brick technology Wheel Base 60 – using the circle . . . 360 degrees Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute 12 month lunar calendar arch ramp ziggurat Ziggurat – Holy Mountain Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats. Babylon First know written law code “Rule of Law” Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC EGYPT “The Gift of the Nile” Hieroglyphics Pyramids Geometry Advances in medicine and surgery Nile River Sahara Desert Indus River Valley 2500 BC – 1500 BC Harappan culture Well planned cities Grid pattern Modern plumbing Built on mud brick platforms Larger cities Protected against seasonal floods Houses built of baked brick Smaller towns Houses built of sun-dried mud brick Aryan Migration pastoral depended on their cattle warriors horse-drawn chariots Varna (Social Hierarchy) Brahmins Kshatriyas Vaishyas Shudras Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables Shang China 1600 BC – 1122 BC Yellow River Valley Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts Advanced culture Divinations Religion Astronomy Calendar Art Medicine Shang China 1600 BC – 1122 BC Religion Human as well as animal sacrifices Regarded their land as only civilized land and called it Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom) Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in: Strong sense of identity Superiority Center of earth Sole source of civilization Zhou China 1122 BC – 256 BC Bronze, jade, silver, gold Mandate of Heaven Veneration of ancestors Power to rule came from heaven Power could be removed if ruler not just All must honor family responsibilities Period ended with Era of Warring States Mesoamerica and Andean South America 2900 BC – 1400 BC Mesoamerica Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beans Pottery Stone bowls Beads Waddle and daub structures No draft animals Mesoamerica and Andean South America 3500 BC – 1400 BC Andes Textiles technology Sophisticated government Religion Lacked ceramics Largely without art Most impressive achievement was monumental architecture Large platform mounds Sunken circular plazas Civilization A civilization is built on what is required of men, not on that which is provided for them. Antoine De Saint-Exupery 1900-1944, French Writer Increased means and increased leisure are the two civilizers of man. Benjamin Disraeli 1804-1881, British Statesman Prime Minister To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization. Toynbee, Arnold 1852-1883, British Economic Historian and Reformer Civilization Cities that served as administrative centers Political system based on control or defined territory rather than on connections of kinship Significant number of people engaged in specialized, non-food-producing activities Status distinctions, usually linked to accumulation of substantial wealth by some groups Monumental building System for keeping permanent records Long distance trade Major advances in science and arts Richard W. Bulliet Civilization "All peoples from small bands of hunters and gatherers to farmers and factory workers live in societies. All societies produce cultures: combinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction. But not all societies and cultures generate the surplus production that permits the levels of specialization, scale, and complexity that distinguish civilizations from other social organizations. All people are capable of building civilizations, but many have lacked the resource base, historical circumstance, or, quite simply, the motivation of doing so.“ Peter Stearns on culture vs. civilization Is it possible to prevent collapse? Every society must: answer basic biological needs of its members: food, drink, shelter, and medical care. provide for production and distribution of goods and services (perhaps through division of labor, rules concerning property and trade, or ideas about role of work). provide for reproduction of new members and consider laws and issues related to reproduction (regulation, marriageable age, number of children, and so on). provide for training (education, apprenticeship, passing on of values) of individuals so that they can become functioning adults in society. provide for maintenance of internal and external order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy). Thuman and Bennet provide meaning and motivation to its members.