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Unit One: Technological and Environmental Transformations (c. 8000 BCE to c. 600 BCE) Ch. 1: From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations Key Concepts: 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth 1.2 Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies 1.3 Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies Carl Sagan’s Cosmic Calendar Imagine that the entire history of the universe is compressed into one year with the Big Bang corresponding to the first second of the New Year's Day, and the present time to the last second of December 31st (midnight). Using this scale of time, each month would equal a little over a billion years. Here's a closer look at when important events would occur when we imagine the universe in one year. http://www.maniacworld.com/history-of-the-universein-single-year.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPBkYgvzavo Vocabulary/Identification Unit 1 (Chapter 1) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Paleolithic Homo erectus Mesolithic Neolithic Neolithic Revolution Bronze Age Iron Age Slash and burn (a.k.a. shifting agriculture) 9. Çatal Hüyük 10. Civilization 11. Mesopotamia 12. cuneiform 13. Sumerians 14. City-state 15. Hammurabi 16. Indo-European 17. Semitic 18. Pharaoh 19. Kush 20. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 21. Huang He (a.k.a. Hwang He, Yellow River) 22. Phoenicians 23. Jewish monotheism The Theory of Evolution The theory of evolution, formalized by Charles Darwin in the 1800’s, is as much a theory as is the theory of gravity, or the theory of relativity. However, unlike theories of physics, biological theories (especially evolution) have been argued long and passionately in socio-political arenas. Even today, evolution is not often taught in primary schools. However, evolution is the binding force of all biological research - the unifying theme - and is supported by the scientific community. As evolution became widely accepted in the 1870s, caricatures of Charles Darwin with an ape or monkey body symbolized evolution for some. http://www.phy.syr.e du/courses/modules /ORIGINS/origins.ht ml Evolution Timeline http://archaeologyinfo.com/human-evolution-timeline/ Basic Evolutionary Sequence: Ardipithecus ramidus – (ardi = ground or floor, pithecus = ape) Australopithecus – (southern ape) Homo habilis – (with the ability to make tools) Homo erectus – (upright-walking) Homo sapiens – (thinking humans) Homo sapiens sapiens – (modern thinking humans) __________________________________________________________ Not So Basic Evolutionary Sequence: Sahelanthropus tchadensis Orrorin tugenensis Ardipithecus ramidus Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Kenyanthropus platyops Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus sediba Australopithecus aethiopicus Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus boisei Homo habilis Homo georgicus Homo erectus Homo ergaster Homo antecessor Homo heidelbergensis (aka Homo sapiens archaic) Homo neanderthalensis Homo floresiensis Homo sapiens sapiens http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/10/01_ardiskeleton.shtml Australopithecus: “Southern Ape” (This is Lucy!) http://www.becominghuman.org/ The Fossil Record Homo Habilis – evidence of the first use of tools Homo Erectus may have been first hominid species to use fire, and first to migrate out of Africa Homo sapiens archaic Cro-magnon (Homo sapiens sapiens) Neanderthal (Homo sapiens) Flores man ... a model of a skull from the newly found species of hobbit-sized humans that lived about 18,000 years ago in Indonesia. (Reuters) In 2003 Australian scientists found a new species of hobbit-sized humans who lived about 18,000 years ago on an Indonesian island. The discovery adds another piece to the complex puzzle of human evolution. The partial skeleton of Homo floresiensis, found in a cave on the island of Flores, is of an adult female that was a meter tall, had a chimpanzeesized brain and was substantially different from modern humans. Prehistory •The time before written records were kept. •Human beings and our ancestors (hominids) lived on earth for millions of years before the start of history. •Prehistory is divided into three main periods: 1. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) 2. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) 3. Neolithic (New Stone Age) The Peopling of the Earth During the Paleolithic Era, our hominid ancestors began to migrate out of Africa. http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ Website Scavenger Hunt: Journey of Mankind http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ 1.What is the earliest known archaeological evidence of our ancestral origins in East Africa? 2.What were the four destinations of the first migrating hominids? 3.What was the “First Exit?” 4.What happened to the first exit group? 5.What happened between 90,000 and 85,000 B.C.E.? 6.What are the Gates of Grief? 7.After the second exit, what do you notice about the path of migration? 8.What was the impact of Mt. Toba on “the journey of mankind?” 9.When did people begin to migrate into Australia, Borneo, and New Guinea (parts of the region we call Oceania)? 10.When did people begin moving into Europe, and what made this possible? 11.Around when did people begin migrating into Japan, and from where? 12.Around when – and how – did people get to North America? 13.What happened between 22,000-19,000 B.C.E., and what are “refuges?” 14.What are the “Bradshaw Paintings?” 15.What was the last continent (not including Antarctica) on which people arrived? 16.What made the “dawn of agriculture” possible, and when did this occur? From Culture to Civilization **Prehistoric humans were the first to begin developing culture. The most basic definition of culture is: Learned patterns of action The existence of cave paintings proves that culture existed among early humans. http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/?lng=en#/fr/00.xml http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/ Prehistoric Cave Art Another Definition of Culture: Culture: is a shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that shapes and influences perception and behavior. An abstract "mental blueprint" or "mental code." Culture is examined by studying behavior, customs, material culture (artifacts, tools, technology), language, etc. 7 Characteristics of Culture • Learned. Process of learning one's culture is called enculturation. • Shared by the members of a society. No "culture of one." • Patterned. People in a society live and think in ways that form definite patterns. • Mutually constructed through a constant process of social interaction. • Symbolic. Culture, language and thought are based on symbols and symbolic meanings. • Arbitrary. Not based on "natural laws" external to humans, but created by humans according to the "whims" of the society. Example: standards of beauty. • Internalized. Habitual. Taken-for-granted. Perceived as "natural." A Summary of Archaeological Periods 8000 -- 4000 BCE Neolithic Period 4000 -- 3150 BCE Chalcolithic Period * 3150 -- 2900 BCE Early Bronze Age I 2900 -- 2600 BCE Early Bronze Age II 2600 -- 2300 BCE Early Bronze Age III 2200 -- 1950 BCE Middle Bronze Age I 1950 -- 1550 BCE Middle Bronze Age II 1550 -- 1400 BCE Late Bronze Age I 1400 -- 1200 BCE Late Bronze Age II 1200 -- 1000 BCE Iron Age I 1000 -- 586 BCE Iron Age II Q: What is this method of organizing early history based on? *Chalcolithic is the name given to the period in the Near East (a.k.a. Middle East) and Europe after the Neolithic and before the Bronze Age, between about 4500 and 3500 BCE. This period has the earliest evidence for complex societies, the location of cemeteries outside of settlements, craft specialization in copper tool production, ivory, and ceramics. The word is from the Greek for copper (chalcos) and stone (lithos). The Agricultural Revolution(s) •Archaeologists and historians believe plant domestication began about 10,000 years ago among some human groups. This led to the first permanent, or sedentary, villages. •Domestication of animals was also an important part of the Neolithic Revolution. •Several agricultural revolutions occurred at different times throughout the world. Some societies, because of geography, climate, and resource availability, did not develop agriculture. •Calendars were developed to keep track of planting/harvesting seasons. Regions of world where agriculture first developed: •Southwest Asia •East Asia •Southeast Asia •Mesoamerica (Independently developed agriculture) •Northeastern America •East Africa (Nile Valley) •West Africa •Southeast Europe •South America (Andes Region) (Evidence indicates agricultural knowledge and technology may have been borrowed from, or spread from other regions.) Agricultural Revolutions occurred throughout the world between 9000 BCE – 2000 BCE. Neolithic Revolution - domestication of plants and animals begins Villages form, population increases Need for food surplus and irrigation arises Job specialization becomes more complex Political organization begins in order to organize labor for large irrigation projects Social classes form and social structures become more complex Civilization – reflective writing •How would you define the term “civilization?” •What do you consider “uncivilized?” •What are some characteristics of a civilization? Civilization - Official Definition: An organized social structure. Main Features of early civilizations, according to some historians: • • • • • • • • cities central government religion job specialization (such as scribes, artisans, priests, etc.) social classes arts and architecture public works a form of writing Another characteristic of many early civilizations was polytheism. Also, the use of slave labor was common. “The truest test of civilization is, not the census, nor the size of the cities, nor the crops, but the kind of man that the country turns out.” -Ralph Waldo Emerson “The true civilization is where every man gives to every other every right that he claims for himself.” -Robert Green Ingersoll “You can’t say civilization isn’t advancing: in every war they kill you in a new way.” -Will Rodgers •The earliest complex societies (located in Egypt and Mesopotamia) began to develop about 5000 years ago, around 3100 B.C.E. This is often referred to as the “Urban Revolution.” •Writing also began about 5000 years ago in some societies, due to the need to keep economic and administrative records. •People began to acquire more possessions •New technologies were developed (irrigation, etc.) •Women lost status as a result of the development of agriculture in most societies. Q: Why do you think this occurred? A: Some Early Civilizations of the Middle East Sumeria Babylonia Assyria Phoenicia Canaan (Palestine) Persia Egypt Nubia •The Fertile Crescent, (including Mesopotamia) was home to many of the earliest and most advanced civilizations. •As society and population grew, scarce resources and a variety of ideas and beliefs led to conflict in the region. Timeline: Early Civilizations of the Middle East 3200 BCE – 2700 BCE – 2000 BCE – 1790 BCE – 1400 BCE – 1290 BCE – 1100 BCE – 1000 BCE – 600’s BCE – 539 BCE – Sumerian city-states emerge. Egypt’s Old Kingdom begins. The East African Kingdom of Nubia develops. Hammurabi’s code is written. The Hittites begin to expand into Mesopotamia (the Iron Age soon begins.) The reign of Ramses II begins in Egypt. The Assyrians conquer an empire in Mesopotamia. The Kingdom of Israel is established. Zoroastrianism develops. Babylon falls to the Persian armies of Cyrus the Great. Sumer: The First Civilization The Babylonians were a Mesopotamian civilization descended from the Sumerians. The most famous Babylonian king was Hammurabi (c. 1728 – 1686 B.C.E.) He created the first public, written law code and expanded Babylonian territory in Mesopotamia. Hammurabi’s Code is extremely significant because it was the first comprehensive written law code of the ancient, or foundations period. Hammurabi contributed to the rise and greatness of Babylon, the world's first metropolis. Many relics of Hammurabi's reign (1795-1750 B.C.E.) have been preserved, including the law code. The code is the earliest known example of a ruler proclaiming publicly to his people an entire body of laws, arranged in orderly groups, so that all literate men could read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. Detail of the top of the stele, depicting Hammurabi and Shamash. Selections from Hammurabi’s Code Question: What kind of historical source is this? 6. If a man has stolen goods from a temple, or house, he shall be put to death; and he that has received the stolen property from him shall be put to death. 8. If a patrician has stolen ox, sheep, ass, pig, or goat, whether from a temple, or a house, he shall pay thirtyfold. If he be a plebeian, he shall return tenfold. If the thief can not pay, he shall be put to death. 22.If a man has committed highway robbery and has been caught, that man shall be put to death. 23.If the highwayman has not been caught, the man that has been robbed shall state on oath what he has lost and the city or district governor in whose territory or district the robbery took place shall restore to him what he has lost. 195. If a son has struck his father, his hands shall be cut off. 196. If a man has knocked out the eye of a patrician, his eye shall be knocked out. 197. If he has broken the limb of a patrician, his limb shall be broken. 198. If he has knocked out the eye of a plebeian or has broken the limb of a plebeian’s servant, he shall pay one mina of silver. 199. If he has knocked out the eye of a patrician’s servant, or broken the limb of a patrician’s servant, he shall pay half his value. 200. If a patrician has knocked out the tooth of a man that is his equal, his tooth shall be knocked out. 201.If he has knocked out the tooth of a plebeian, he shall pay one-third of a mina of silver. 229. If a builder has built a house for a man, and has not made his work sound, and the house he built has fallen, and caused the death of its owner, that builder shall be put to death. 230. If it is the owner’s son that is killed, the builder’s son shall be put to death. 231. If it is the slave of the owner that is killed, the builder shall give slave for slave to the owner of the house. 232. If he has caused the loss of goods, he shall render back whatever he has destroyed. Moreover, because he did not make sound the house he built, and it fell, at his own cost he shall rebuild the house that fell. This is a beautiful photo of the partly restored ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's Palace. This photo was taken by a soldier serving with the United States Army during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The Four Early River Valley Civilizations