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Galileo Galilei • Galileo's telescope Middle Finger of Galileo's Right Hand Montage of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Images acquired by Voyager 1 spacecraft. [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery] Voyager 1 Montage of Saturn and several of its satellites: Dione, Tethys, Mimas, Enceladus, Rhea, and Titan. [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery] A Solar Prominence Erupts Credit: SOHO - EIT Consortium, ESA, NASA Last year, our Sun went though Solar Maximum, the time in its 11-year cycle where the most sunspots and explosive activities occur. Sunspots, the Solar Cycle, and solar prominences are all caused by the Sun's changing magnetic field. Pictured above is a solar prominence that erupted on May 15, throwing electrons and ions out into the Solar System. The image was taken in the ultraviolet light emitted by a specific type of ionized helium , a common element on the Sun. Particularly hot areas appear in white, while relatively cool areas appear in red. Our Sun should gradually quiet down until Solar Minimum occurs in 2007. 2001 September 24 One of the images of the surface of Venus obtained by the Magellan spacecraft. Lava flows extend for hundreds of kilometers across the fractured plains shown in the foreground, to the base of Maat Mons, a 5 mile high volcano. [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery] Charles R. Munnerlyn changed the world’s concept of vision when he designed the first digital device for automatically determining refractive errors in the human eye. Known as one of the founding fathers of laser vision correction, he ushered in one of the fastest growing surgeries performed in the United States – used on more than 1.4 million eyes in 2001 alone. That first invention also ushered in Munnerlyn’s entrepreneurial spirit. After years of toil and millions of dollars in investments, he and a small group of engineering and medical colleagues founded VISX, a company that is now the world’s largest manufacturer of laser-based vision correction systems. Textbook: Foundations of Astronomy (Paperback) by Michael A. Seeds http://www.amazon.com: 25 used & new available from $7.25 Paperback: 656 pages Publisher: Thomson Brooks/Cole; 6th edition (July 2000) ISBN: 0534378552 0.8 x 8.2 x 10.5 inches, 3.2 pounds Average Customer Review: 5 stars Hubble Space Telescope (HST) being refurbished. Astronauts Story Musgrave and Jeffrey Hoffman are seen, with Australia's west coast in the background. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram Picture from ASTRONOMY: THE EVOLVING UNIVERSE sixth edition Credit: Michael Zeilik The horizontal axis is surface temperature; the vertical one, luminosity, in units of the SunΥsluminosity. The solid white lin es show where stars of different luminosity classes fall on the diagram; supergiants at the very top; giants just below them; and finally mainsequence stars. The relative sizes of the stars are shown correctly within each luminosity class, but not between them. The colors are those as perceived by the eye looking at these stars through a telescope. The Crab Nebula from VLT Credit: FORS Team, 8.2-meter VLT, ESO The Crab Nebula, filled with mysterious filaments, is the result of a star that was seen to explode in 1054 AD. This spectacular supernova explosion was recorded by Chinese and (quite probably) Anasazi Indian astronomers. The color indicates what is happening to the electrons in different parts of the Crab Nebula. Red indicates the electrons are recombining with protons to form neutral hydrogen, while blue indicates the electrons are whirling around the magnetic field of the inner nebula. In the nebula's very center lies a pulsar: a neutron star rotating, in this case, 30 times a second. November 22, 1999 M16: Stars from Eagle's EGGs Credit: J. Hester, P. Scowen (ASU), HST, NASA Newborn stars are forming in the Eagle Nebula. This image, taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995, shows evaporating gaseous globules (EGGs) emerging from pillars of molecular hydrogen gas and dust. The giant pillars are light years in length and are so dense that interior gas contracts gravitationally to form stars. At each pillars' end, the intense radiation of bright young stars causes low density material to boil away, leaving stellar nurseries of dense EGGs exposed. The Eagle Nebula, associated with the open star cluster M16, lies about 7000 light years away. 2000 September 24