Download File - Physical Science

Two states of matter they didn’t teach you
about in school…
Until Now!
Plasma
Bose-Einstein
Condensate
We all know about:
SOLIDS
Lower
Temperature
LIQUIDS
GASES
Higher
Temperature
But what happens if you raise the
temperature to super-high levels…
between
1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything
just be a gas?
NO!
If the gas is made up of particles which
carry an electric charge (“ionized
particles”), but the entire gas as a whole
has no electric charge, and if the
density is not too high, then we can get
The 4th state of matter:
PLASMA
Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
3. Aurora
(Northern
Lights)
4. Aurora
(from above)
5. Neon lights
6. Stars
Stars make up 99% of the total VISIBLE matter in
the Universe.
Therefore, 99% of everything VISIBLE that exists
in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.
The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state
We can generate stars here on Earth
via a Tokamak reactor. They are donut
shaped but stars nonetheless.
7. Plasma cutting
8. Clouds of gas and dust around stars
6
So now we know all about
four states of matter:
SOLIDS
Lower
Temperature
LIQUIDS
GASES
PLASMAS
(only for low density
ionized gases)
Higher
Temperature
But now what happens if you lower the
temperature way, way, down to
100 nano degrees above
“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything
just be a frozen
solid?
Not Necessarily!
In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert
Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th
state of matter which would occur at very
very low temperatures.
Einstein
Bose
+
Finally, in 1995 (only 14
years ago!), Wolfgang
Ketterle and his team of
graduate students
discovered the 5th state
of matter for the first
time.
Ketterle and his
students
The 5th state of matter:
Bose-Einstein Condensate
In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no
longer bounce around as individuals.
Instead they must all act in exactly the same
way, and you can no longer tell them apart!
Here is a picture a computer took of
Bose-Einstein Condensation
The big peak happens
when all the atoms
act exactly the same
way!
(We can’t see
Bose-Einstein
condensation
with our eyes
because the
atoms are too
small)
Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…
To really understand
Bose-Einstein
condensate you need to
know
Quantum Physics
In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists
received the highest award in science for
discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:
The Nobel Prize
The five states of matter:
BOSEEINSTEIN
SOLIDS
CONDENSATE
Lower
Temperature
PLASMA
LIQUIDS
GASES
(only for low density
ionized gases)
Higher
Temperature
There might be sixth type
…and a lot of it Dark Matter
•Dark Matter is matter that we cannot see.
•It neither emits nor reflects any light. If
we can’t see it.
•Scientists can measure dark matter
indirectly by observing its gravitational
effects in a variety of ways.