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The Solar System-Test 1 Chapter 19, 20, & 21 Please write down all the underlined items. Abbreviate to save time. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School A. What is Astronomy? 1. Astronomy is the study of the universe. – This includes planets, stars, galaxies, black holes, moons, meteors, comets, asteroids and all of the matter that exists in space. 2. Astronomers are people who observe & study space. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School B. Modern Calendar 1. Our modern calendar is based on the observations of bodies in our solar system. 2. A year is the time it takes for the Earth to orbit the sun; year = revolution. 3. A month is the time it takes for the moon to orbit the Earth. 4. A day is the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its axis; day = rotation. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School The Size and Scale of our Universe It is important to consider scale when we think about the universe. Stars appear to be very small when viewed from Earth, but they are actually very large, some, like our sun, are bigger than Earth. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School The Scale of our Solar System Earth Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Scale of the Universe SUN Mercury Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Our Galaxy and Scale • Our Milky Way galaxy is huge. • Let's now pretend that our galaxy is a kid's sandbox, and our sun is a grain of sand in a sandbox. – The Earth is a dust speck near the grain of sand, too small to be seen without a microscope. – If our sun were a grain of sand in this sandbox representing the Milky Way galaxy, the sandbox would be somewhat oval and yet flat, and would be about 20 feet in diameter. – The sand would be about 12 inches thick in the center, and thinner towards the edges. Used with permission of V.Morris, • Phillips Preparatory School C. THE MILKY WAY GALAXY: Spiral •Each swirling object Galaxy you see is a galaxy in our universe. 1. We can estimate that there are about 100 billion stars in our galaxy. 2. Andromeda is the nearest major galaxy to our own Milky Way Galaxy. 3. Most scientists believe that Andromeda is about 2 million light years away from the Milky Way. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School D. Milky Way Galaxy: home to our solar system. Each point of light in the galaxy is a star. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School E. Distance in Space 1. Distance in space—mainly distance outside of our solar system—is measured in light years. Example: distance to another star; which is a very, very, large distance 2. A light year is the distance light travels in a year, 5.88 trillion miles. IT IS NOT TIME!!! 3. Light travels at 186,000 miles per second. 4. If light from a star takes 15 years to reach us, the star is 15 light years away. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School F. An Astronomical Unit 1. The distance from the Sun to the Earth is 93 million miles. 2. 93 million miles = 1 astronomical unit 3. This is the unit of measurement for distances between planets in our solar system Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Astronomical Unit (AU) for the planets- 1AU = 93,000,000 miles Average Distance from the Sun Planet (measured in AU) Mercury 0.39 Venus 0.723 Earth 1.0 Mars 1.524 Jupiter 5.203 Saturn 9.539 Uranus 19.18 Neptune Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School 30.06 G. The Sun: The STAR at the Center of Our Solar System 1. Wider than 100 Earths 2. 10,000 °F on surface & 27,000,000 °F in its core 3. less bright & massive than the very largest stars 4. Our sun is a medium sized star. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Size in the Universe- Largest to smallest 1.Universe 2.Galaxy 3.Solar system 4.Star 5.Planet Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Quiz 1. How long does it take for the Earth to revolve around the sun one time? A. 245 days B. 445 days C. 365 days 2. What is the name of our galaxy? A. Milky Way B. Andromeda 3. 93 million miles = A. 1 light year B. 1 astronomical unit 4. 5.88 trillion miles= A.1 light year B. 1 astronomical unit 5. How long is Earth’s rotation? A. 1 day B. 1 month C. 1 year 6. What is at the center of our solar system? 7. What would we use to measure distances between stars in a galaxy? 8. What would we use to measure distances between planets in our solar system? 9. What do we call the study of the universe? 10. What do we call people who study and observe space? The Inner Planets http://science.discovery.com/video-topics/spacevideos Space Videos Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School A. The Inner Planets: the terrestrial planets; all are dense & rocky 1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars 5. The inner planets have fewer moons than the outer planets. Less mass = fewer moons. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School The Inner Planets’ Orbits Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School B. Mercury- low mass 1. 2. 3. 4. No moons resembles our moon because of all of its craters no rings closest to the sun 5. Big, grey rock made of iron 6. Smallest planet-fastest revolution in the solar system 7. Revolves around the sun in 88 days; Rotates on its axis every 58 days 8. Temperature variations on Mercury are the most extreme in the Used solar system. with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Mercury In Roman mythology Mercury is the god of commerce, travel and thievery, the Roman counterpart of the Greek god Hermes, the messenger of the Gods. The planet probably received this name because it moves so quickly across the sky. http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School C. Venus- low mass 1. Earth’s twin—its size is almost as big as Earth 2. No moons; thick yellow clouds of acid, No rings 3. Dense nickel & iron planet w/a molten core; covered by many shield volcanoes (largest one is Sif Mons) 4. Hottest planet in solar system at 464°C due to its thick atmosphere Atmosphere made of carbon dioxide (90%) & sulfuric acid, which creates a monstrous greenhouse effect. Revolution: 243 days 5. 6. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Venus Venus (Greek: Aphrodite; Babylonian: Ishtar) is the goddess of love and beauty. The planet is so named probably because it is the brightest of the planets known to the ancients. (With a few exceptions, the surface features on Venus are named for female figures.) Venus has been known since prehistoric times. It is the brightest object in the sky except for the Sun and the Moon. http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School D. Earth- low mass 2. “Third rock from the sun,” made completely of rock; core made of iron & nickel; 1 moon—Luna, NO rings 3. Temperatures range from -13°C to 37°C 4. Densest planet in our solar system; has water in all 3 states of matter (solid, liquid,& gas) 5. 5th largest planet in solar system 6. Revolution around the Sun is 365 days. 7. Only planet to sustain life. 1. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School E. Earth’s Moon: Luna (384,400 km from Earth) Called Luna by the Romans, Selene and Artemis by the Greeks, and many other names in other mythologies. The Moon, of course, has been known since prehistoric times. It is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. As the Moon orbits around the Earth once per month, the angle between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun changes; we see this as the cycle of the Moon's phases. The time between successive moons ofisV.Morris, 29.5 days (709 hours). Used new with permission Phillips Preparatory School http://www.nineplanets.org/luna.html F. Mars- low mass 1. The red planet 2. Once had water on it; has polar ice caps that have both frozen water & carbon dioxide in them 3. Has 2 volcanoes—Tharsis (8,000 km wide) & Olympus Mons—an extinct shield volcano the largest volcano in the solar system 4. Temperature ranges: -123°C to 37°C 5. 2 moons: Phobos & Deimos (mean fear & panic) 6. Revolution: 1 year 322 days (687 days) 7. No Rings- borders the asteroid belt Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Phobos Phobos ("FOH bus") is the larger and innermost of Mars' two moons. Phobos is Greek for “fear.”Phobos is closer to its primary than any other moon in the solar system, less than 6000 km above the surface of Mars. It is also one of the smallest moons in the solar system. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School http://www.nineplanets.org/phobos.html Deimos Deimos ("DEE mos") is the smaller and outermost of Mars' two moons. It is one of the smallest known moons in the solar system. In Greek mythology, Deimos is one of the sons of Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus); "deimos" is Greek for "panic". Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Mars Mars (Greek: Ares) is the god of War. The planet probably got this name due to its red color; Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red Planet. (An interesting side note: the Roman god Mars was a god of agriculture before becoming associated with the Greek Ares; those in favor of colonizing and terraforming Mars may prefer this symbolism.) The name of the month March derives from Mars. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School http://www.nineplanets.org/mars.html Mars—Home to the largest volcano in the solar system Olympus Mons is the largest volcano on Mars. This shield volcano, similar to volcanoes in Hawaii, measures 624 km (374 mi) in diameter by 25 km (16 mi) high. It is 100 times larger than Mauna Loa on Earth. Located on the Tharsis Plateau near the equator, Olympus Mons is bordered by an escarpment. The caldera in the center is 80 km (50 mi) wide and contains multiple circular, overlapping collapse craters created by different volcanic events. The radial features on the slopes of the volcano were formed by overflowing lava and debris. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School http://www.nineplanets.org/mars.html Quiz Inner Planets 1. Earth’s twin 2. Looks like our moon 3. Red Planet 4. Water in all 3 states 5. 1 moon, Luna 6. Hottest planet 7. 2 moons, Phobos and Diemos 8. Closest to the Sun 9. Largest volcano in the solar system 10.Massive greenhouse effect 11.Only planet to sustain life 12.Smallest planet 13. Greatest temperature difference, hot and cold 14.Revolution is 365 days 15.Fastest revolution around the sun The Outer Planets The Gas Giants Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School A. The Outer Planets: The Gas Giants 1. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune 2. All are made of gas. They are not solids like the inner planets. They get denser with increasing depth. 3. All have rings. Some are barely visible unlike Saturn’s rings. 4. Since their masses are so much larger, they have more moons than the inner planets. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Distances of the Outer Planets from the Sun in Astronomical Units (150 million km = 1 AU) Jupiter 5.203 AU Saturn 9.539 AU Uranus 19.18 AU Neptune 30.06 AU Pluto 39 AU Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School B. Jupiter- high mass 1. The largest planet in our solar system (318 times as large as Earth) Its mass holds the asteroid belt in place & protects Earth from asteroid assault. Borders the asteroid belt. 2. Made mainly of hydrogen & helium Outer part is made of layered clouds of water, methane, & ammon 3. Cold planet; average temperature = -110°C 4. Great Red Spot (1.5X the size of the Earth) is a storm system similar to a hurricane that is > 400 yrs old. 5. Rotation = 9 hrs, 54 min; Revolution = 11 yrs, 313 Used with permission of V.Morris, days Phillips Preparatory School Jupiter continued 1. Has 66 moons 2. Jupiter probably has a core of rocky material amounting to something like 10 to 15 Earth-masses. 3. Above the core lies the main bulk of the planet in the form of liquid metallic hydrogen. 4. Has rings like Saturn, but much fainter & smaller 5. Moon ,Io, has an active volcano. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Jupiter’s Rings http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/callisto/p48188.html Unlike Saturn's, Jupiter's rings are dark. They're probably composed of very small grains of rocky material. Unlike Saturn's rings, they seem to contain no ice. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School http://www.nineplanets.org/jupiter.html Jupiter: http://www.nineplanets.org/jupiter.html Jupiter (a.k.a. Jove; Greek Zeus) was the King of the Gods, the ruler of Olympus and the patron of the Roman state. Zeus was the son of Cronus (Saturn). Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus). It has been known since prehistoric times as a bright "wandering star". But in 1610 when Galileo first pointed a telescope at the sky he discovered Jupiter's four large moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now known as with permission of V.Morris, the Galilean moons) and Used recorded their motions back and forth around Jupiter. Phillips Preparatory School C. Saturn- high mass 1. 2nd largest planet in the solar system (95 X larger than Earth) 2. most visible rings 3. Composed mainly of hydrogen & helium w/a small rocky core 1. Methane, ammonia, & ethane are in upper atmosphere 4. Average temperature = -140°C 5. least dense planet Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Saturn 6. Saturn’s rings are the largest of the gas giants. 7.Made of icy particles that range from a few cm to a few m wide 8. Revolution: 29 years, 155 days 9. Rotation: 10 hrs, 42 min 10. 62 moons Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Saturn In Roman mythology, Saturn is the god of agriculture. The associated Greek god, Cronus, was the son of Uranus and Gaia and the father of Zeus (Jupiter). Saturn is the root of the English word "Saturday“. Used with permission of V.Morris, http://www.nineplanets.org/saturn.html Phillips Preparatory School Saturn’s Rings Saturn’s rings are 250,000 km or more in diameter & they're less than one kilometer thick . http://www.nineplanets.org/saturn.htm Used with permission of V.Morris, l Phillips Preparatory School Saturn;s Moon Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School D. Uranus- high mass 1. Super cold 2. 27 moons; 11 rings 3. Revolution: 83 yrs, 273 days; Rotation: 17 hrs, 12 min 4. 3rd largest planet 5. Rotates on its side---planet was probably knocked on its side after a collision w/an asteroid Made of hydrogen & methane—2 gases that absorb red light, giving Uranus its distinct blue/green color 6. -195°C Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Uranus Uranus is the ancient Greek deity of the Heavens, the earliest supreme god. Uranus was the son and mate of Gaia the father of Cronus (Saturn) and of the Cyclopes and Titans (predecessors of the Olympian gods). Uranus, the first planet discovered in modern times, was discovered by William Herschel while systematically searching the sky with his telescope on March 13, 1781. Used with permission of V.Morris, http://www.nineplanets.org/uranus.html Phillips Preparatory School Uranus’ rings http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1996/15/image/a/format/web/ Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School 1. E. Neptune: Big Blue Worldhigh mass 11 moons 2. Rotation: 16 hrs, 6 min. 3. Revolution: 163 yrs, 263 days 4. Temperature: -200 °C 5. 6. Has dark rings and a great Dark Spot, like Jupiter Neptune & Pluto’s orbits overlap causing Neptune to sometimes orbit beyond Pluto 7. Gets its blue color from being made of methane gas that absorbs red light, making Neptune appear blue Called the Big Blue World 7. 8. Neptune The Great Dark Spot In Roman mythology Neptune (Greek: Poseidon) was the god of the Sea. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School http://www.nineplanets.org/neptune.html Neptune’s Dark Rings Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Outer Planets Quiz- Write the LETTER ONLY!!!! • • • • • • • • • • • A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Uranus D. Neptune 1. Least dense planet 2. Rotates on its side 3. Largest planet 4. Sometimes orbits farther than Pluto 5. Most visible rings 6. Big Blue World 7. Great Red Spot 8. Has a Dark Spot 9. Rings made of icy particles 10. Moon, Io, has an active volcano A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Uranus D. Neptune 1. Borders the Asteroid Belt 2. Most visible rings 3. Big Blue World 4. All 4 outer planets have rings- True or False 5. Great Red Spot 6. Has a Dark Spot 7. Rings made of icy particles 8. Moon, Io, has an active volcano 9. Least dense planet 10.Rotates on its side 11.Largest planet 12.Sometimes orbits farther than Pluto Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School 13.Protects Earth from asteroids Pluto • No longer considered a planet. • Now called a dwarf planet • A probe was sent Pluto in 2006 and will arrive in 2015. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School In Roman mythology, Pluto (Greek: Hades) is the god of the underworld. Pluto was discovered in 1930 by a fortunate accident. Calculations which later turned out to be in error had predicted a planet beyond Neptune, based on the motions of Uranus and Neptune. Not knowing of the error, Clyde W. Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory in Arizona did a very careful sky survey which turned up Pluto anyway. Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/solar_system_level2/pluto_image.html F.Kupier Belt (pronounced kew p a) 1. A region in space beyond Neptune where @ least 70,000 small, icy, slow-moving objects orbit the sun 2. A region where the planet-building process stopped before any large objects where formed 3. Pluto & is moon Charon (pronounced Sharon) are thought to be large members of it 4. Short-lived comets like Haley’s comet are also thought to come from the Kupier Belt 5. Discovered in 1992 by Dutch-American astronomer Gerard P. Kupier Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School G.Pluto: the dwarf planet that rotates on its side 1. No longer a planet Now called a “dwarf planet”—reclassified in 8/2006 2. Has 3 moons—Charon, Nix, & Hydra 3. Rotation: 6 days, 10 hrs 4. Revolution: 248 yrs, 4 days 5. Temperature: -225°C 6. Covered by frozen nitrogen 7. Made of rock & ice 8. 9. Less than ½ the size of Mercury 10. Will be visited in 2015 http://www.nineplanets.org/pluto.html Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School Pluto’s largest moon Charon (which is more than ½ the size of Pluto) http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/science/ever ything_pluto/5_looks.php?selectedI mage=image07.php Charon is named for the mythological figure who ferried the dead across the River Acheron into Hades (the underworld). (Though officially named for the mythological figure, Charon's discoverer was also naming it in honor of his wife, Charlene. Thus, those in the know pronounce it with the first syllable Used with permission of V.Morris, http://www.nineplanets.org/pluto.html sounding like 'shard' ("SHAHR Phillips en"). Preparatory School Used with permission of V.Morris, Phillips Preparatory School