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The Death Of a Star Ask not for whom the bell tolls, it tolls for thee How do we “know” stars die? ____________ reveal different types of stars. How did they get there? Physics tells us how stars work. __________ depends on mass (L:M4) (Gas) Fusion principles (4 H 1 He) tell us the rate stars use energy. (kinda like MPG on a car.) Stars will run out of ___. (the dial goes to “E”) Every star fights a “________”. _______ force pulling the star together. Fusion “_____” pushing the star apart. Most stars find a balance. Some stars are never balanced: Gravity Cephids pulse as they grow larger and smaller. Fusion Cepheus A star’s fate is chosen at birth The outcome of the battle is determined by ______ and _______ means Three paths Fate of Star Depends on MASS Stars Like The Sun Stars Slighly Larger Than the Sun Very Large Stars Small Stars Small stars last longer (don’t consume fuel as quickly) ____________on HR diagrams. “Burn” ________ for most of their lifetime. Red Giants As star runs out of hydrogen, the core _____ Gravity starts to “win” --> _______ in core. Increased “pressure” starts ________ fusion 150 Million K Carbon & Oxygen Products ________ temperature makes outer part of star _________ yet…. Expanded surface is actually “_______” so appears _____ Red Giants Stars less than 1.4 Solar Masses Gravity is _______ Outer layers eventually “puff off” - not enough gravity Planetary ________ forms from gas ____________ remains If it’s a cloud, why does it look like a ring? Cat’s Eye: Another Planetary Nebula White Dwarfs Carbon/Oxygen Matter is ___________ One teaspoon = a pickup truck Electron/quantum pressures balance gravity Very Hot : 30,000K to 200,000 K Slowly Cool to Black Dwarfs So slow, none exist yet. Except this guy White Dwarfs Red Supergiants Stars more than 1.4 Solar Masses Gravitational Core Energy Reaches ___ Million K Carbon turns to _______________ With enough mass, even heavier elements fused At each step, less and less energy yielded --> shorter duration Star keeps getting ________! _______ is the end of the road…. The most famous S-G Fusion Layers in a Supergiant Why Stop at Iron?? Review Mass ______ determines the fate of a star. gravityand _____ fusion The two forces acting on a star are ____ When a star reaches the end of its life it begins to helium and it ______. fuse ______ swells planetary When fusion stops a typical star will producenebula a __ white dwarf and become a ______ _____. Even the largest stars can’t fuse elements heavier iron than _____. The party is over… Once _____ is in the core, outwards pressure ceases Core ________ at 1/4 the speed of light & takes about 1/10 of a second Collapse of the core to about 100 km across Outer layers “bounce” of the solid core Releases 100x the energy of our sun produces in it’s lifetime -- in 1/10 of a second!!! A supernova Note the before / after differences 1987A After the party… Lot’s of _________ hanging out during this explosion Neutrons “_________” with lighter elements making heavy elements: Calcium, Gold, Zinc, Uranium, etc… Forget Hollywood ….. We are all stars!!! Aftermath: After a supernova explosion you can wind up several possibilities Nebula & Neutron Star Nebula & Pulsar __________ Nebula ________ of material left from the explosion The “Primordial Goo” for new stars, planets, & people! Supernova 1987 Very complicated structure Nearby star affecting the cloud Our new neighbors? Neutron star Forms if the remaining core is between 1.4 and 3 times the ____________ All this mass in the size of _________! One teaspoon > The Sears Tower All available space in the atom (which is 99.9999% space) is removed. Neutron Star Pulsar Neutron star that ______. Spinning magnetic field channels radiating energy into ______. If this beam isn’t always pointing at us - it _______ like a lighthouse. First Pulsar was mistaken as ________ communication A Pulsar Black Holes Remaining Core is more than 3x the sun. Gravity overcomes ___________, neutrons vanish Matter in the core overlaps : a singularity Gravity prevents ______ from ________.--> Black Hole Closest light can get without being trapped: “______________” 3 S.M star = 55km E.H. (Chicago?) Earth as a black hole? Compress it into a marble! Finding Black Holes May pull matter off a nearby star - Accretion Disk XRays Immense mass in the center of galaxies A trip to a black hole Pretty Short Difference in gravity between your head and feet literally pull you apart. Once you hit the E.H. you aren’t coming back. Everything you are is crushed into a single point - you no ____________ No one would see you enter the Black Hole because time stands still at the edge. Black Holes - Expert Testimony Black Holes –More Expert Testimony