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Sun, Moon, Earth, What kind of life cycle does a star have? Star “Birth”: Star “Birth”: • All stars start out as part of a Nebula. Star “Birth”: • All stars start out as part of a Nebula. – Nebula: A large cloud of gas and dust spread out over an immense volume. Star “Birth”: • In the densest part of a Nebula gravity begins pulling the gas and dust together. Star “Birth”: • In the densest part of a Nebula gravity begins pulling the gas and dust together. – A Protostar is formed when there is enough mass (gas and dust) concentrated to form a star. Star “Birth”: • As gravity continues to shrink the protostar it reaches a point where it is close to the size it will be. At this point it is called a T Tauri star. Star “Birth”: • Once the gas and dust become so dense and hot (about 15 million °K) that nuclear fusion starts the star is “born”. Star “Birth”: • Once the gas and dust become so dense and hot (about 15 million °K) that nuclear fusion starts the star is “born”. – This process can take from 60,000 to 150 million years. Star Fact: • With all of the nuclear fusion happening why doesn’t the star “blow up”? Star Fact: • With all of the nuclear fusion happening why doesn’t the star “blow up”? – Stars have a gravitational equilibrium which means gravity pulling in and nuclear fusion pushing out are exactly balanced. Star “Life”: • How long a star lives depends on its mass (how much fuel it has to burn up). Star “Life”: • How long a star lives depends on its mass (how much fuel it has to burn up). – Large mass stars live the shortest. Star “Life”: • How long a star lives depends on its mass (how much fuel it has to burn up). – Large mass stars live the shortest. – Low mass stars live the longest. Star “Life”: Types of Stars "O" "B" Blue "A" "F" Orange "G" (our sun) "K" "M" Red Size Life time Largest up to 5 million years up to 10 billion years up to 200 Smallest billion years Star “Death”: • When a star runs out of “fuel” it begins to die. Star “Death”: • When a star runs out of “fuel” it begins to die. – Once this happens the star will become one of three things. Star “Death”: • When a star runs out of “fuel” it begins to die. – Once this happens the star will become one of three things. • White dwarf Star “Death”: • When a star runs out of “fuel” it begins to die. – Once this happens the star will become one of three things. • White dwarf • Neutron star Star “Death”: • When a star runs out of “fuel” it begins to die. – Once this happens the star will become one of three things. • White dwarf • Neutron star • Black hole Star “Death”: • Low to medium mass stars (A-M) Star “Death”: • Low to medium mass stars (A-M) – As a star runs out of fuel its outer layers expand. Star “Death”: • Low to medium mass stars (A-M) – As a star runs out of fuel its outer layers expand. • Becomes a Red Giant. Star “Death”: • Low to medium mass stars (A-M) – As a star runs out of fuel its outer layers expand. • Becomes a Red Giant. – Outer layers are “ejected” from the star’s core as a Planetary Nebula. Star “Death”: • Low to medium mass stars (A-M) – As a star runs out of fuel its outer layers expand. • Becomes a Red Giant. – Outer layers are “ejected” from the star’s core as a Planetary Nebula. – The core that is left behind cools and becomes a White Dwarf. Star “Death”: • Low to medium mass stars (A-M) – As a star runs out of fuel its outer layers expand. • Becomes a Red Giant. – Outer layers are “ejected” from the star’s core as a Planetary Nebula. – The core that is left behind cools and becomes a White Dwarf. • Glows because it is still really hot. Star “Death”: • Low to medium mass stars (A-M) – As a star runs out of fuel its outer layers expand. • Becomes a Red Giant. – Outer layers are “ejected” from the star’s core as a Planetary Nebula. – The core that is left behind cools and becomes a White Dwarf. • Glows because it is still really hot. – After it finishes cooling it becomes a Black Dwarf. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Same as small mass up to Red Giant phase. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Same as small mass up to Red Giant phase. – Fusion continues up to Iron (Fe). Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Same as small mass up to Red Giant phase. – Fusion continues up to Iron (Fe). – Iron absorbs energy but doesn’t go through fusion. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Same as small mass up to Red Giant phase. – Fusion continues up to Iron (Fe). – Iron absorbs energy but doesn’t go through fusion. • Releases the energy in a massive explosion as a Supernova. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Same as small mass up to Red Giant phase. – Fusion continues up to Iron (Fe). – Iron absorbs energy but doesn’t go through fusion. • Releases the energy in a massive explosion as a Supernova. – Form one of two things. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Neutron Stars: Forms from the remains of the old star. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Neutron Stars: Forms from the remains of the old star. • Very very high density and very very small. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Neutron Stars: Forms from the remains of the old star. • Very very high density and very very small. – As much as three times the mass of our star in an area the size of a city. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Neutron Stars: Forms from the remains of the old star. • Very very high density and very very small. – As much as three times the mass of our star in an area the size of a city. – Some give off regular pulses of radio waves and are called pulsars. (these were originally called LGMs). Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Black Holes: “Objects” in space that have such high gravity that nothing (not even light) can escape them. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Black Holes: “Objects” in space that have such high gravity that nothing (not even light) can escape them. • We can find them because…. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Black Holes: “Objects” in space that have such high gravity that nothing (not even light) can escape them. • We can find them because…. – Stars that are close to them are “pulled” by the gravity of the black hole. Star “Death”: • High mass stars (O and B) – Black Holes: “Objects” in space that have such high gravity that nothing (not even light) can escape them. • We can find them because…. – Stars that are close to them are “pulled” by the gravity of the black hole. – Gases in the area are pulled in so fast (like a drain in a sink) that they spin around the black hole and we see the heat given off. Sun, Moon, Earth, Where are we in the big picture? Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = 9,439,922,663,400 km Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = 9,439,922,663,400 km – AU = Astronomical Unit Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km – AU = Astronomical Unit • Average distance from the Earth to the sun Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km – AU = Astronomical Unit • Average distance from the Earth to the sun – 1 AU = Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km – AU = Astronomical Unit • Average distance from the Earth to the sun – 1 AU = 149,597,871 km Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km – AU = Astronomical Unit • Average distance from the Earth to the sun – 1 AU = 149,597,871 km – 1 light year = Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km – AU = Astronomical Unit • Average distance from the Earth to the sun – 1 AU = 149,597,871 km – 1 light year = 63,239 AU Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km – AU = Astronomical Unit • Average distance from the Earth to the sun – 1 AU = 149,597,871 km – 1 light year = 63,239 AU – Pluto’s orbit around the sun = Our cosmic address: • Some numbers you need to know: – Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km – AU = Astronomical Unit • Average distance from the Earth to the sun – 1 AU = 149,597,871 km – 1 light year = 63,239 AU – Pluto’s orbit around the sun = 39.5 AU Our cosmic address: • Name: Our cosmic address: • Name: • Street: Our cosmic address: • Name: • Street: • City, State: Our cosmic address: • • • • Name: Street: City, State: Country: Our cosmic address: • • • • • Name: Street: City, State: Country: Planet: Our cosmic address: Our cosmic address: • • • • • • Name: Street: City, State: Country: Planet: Solar System: (about 79 AU) Our cosmic address: Our cosmic address: • • • • • • • Name: Street: City, State: Country: Planet: Solar System: Galaxy: (6,327,000,000 AU) Our cosmic address: Our cosmic address: • • • • • • • • Name: Street: City, State: Country: Planet: Solar System: Galaxy: Local Group: Our cosmic address: Our cosmic address: • • • • • • • • • Name: Street: City, State: Country: Planet: Solar System: Galaxy: Local Group: Local Super Cluster: Our cosmic address: Our cosmic address: • • • • • • • • • • Name: Street: City, State: Country: Planet: Solar System: Galaxy: Local Group: Local Super Cluster: Universe: