Download Sun, Moon, Earth,

Sun, Moon, Earth,
What kind of life cycle does
a star have?
Star “Birth”:
Star “Birth”:
• All stars start out as part of a
Nebula.
Star “Birth”:
• All stars start out as part of a
Nebula.
– Nebula: A large cloud of gas and
dust spread out over an immense
volume.
Star “Birth”:
• In the densest part of a Nebula
gravity begins pulling the gas and
dust together.
Star “Birth”:
• In the densest part of a Nebula
gravity begins pulling the gas and
dust together.
– A Protostar is formed when there is
enough mass (gas and dust)
concentrated to form a star.
Star “Birth”:
• As gravity continues to shrink the
protostar it reaches a point where
it is close to the size it will be. At
this point it is called a T Tauri
star.
Star “Birth”:
• Once the gas and dust become so
dense and hot (about 15 million
°K) that nuclear fusion starts the
star is “born”.
Star “Birth”:
• Once the gas and dust become so
dense and hot (about 15 million
°K) that nuclear fusion starts the
star is “born”.
– This process can take from 60,000
to 150 million years.
Star Fact:
• With all of the nuclear fusion
happening why doesn’t the star
“blow up”?
Star Fact:
• With all of the nuclear fusion
happening why doesn’t the star
“blow up”?
– Stars have a gravitational
equilibrium which means gravity
pulling in and nuclear fusion
pushing out are exactly balanced.
Star “Life”:
• How long a star lives depends on
its mass (how much fuel it has to
burn up).
Star “Life”:
• How long a star lives depends on
its mass (how much fuel it has to
burn up).
– Large mass stars live the shortest.
Star “Life”:
• How long a star lives depends on
its mass (how much fuel it has to
burn up).
– Large mass stars live the shortest.
– Low mass stars live the longest.
Star “Life”:
Types of Stars
"O"
"B"
Blue
"A"
"F"
Orange
"G" (our sun)
"K"
"M"
Red
Size
Life time
Largest
up to 5
million
years
up to 10
billion
years
up to 200
Smallest billion years
Star “Death”:
• When a star runs out of “fuel” it
begins to die.
Star “Death”:
• When a star runs out of “fuel” it
begins to die.
– Once this happens the star will
become one of three things.
Star “Death”:
• When a star runs out of “fuel” it
begins to die.
– Once this happens the star will
become one of three things.
• White dwarf
Star “Death”:
• When a star runs out of “fuel” it
begins to die.
– Once this happens the star will
become one of three things.
• White dwarf
• Neutron star
Star “Death”:
• When a star runs out of “fuel” it
begins to die.
– Once this happens the star will
become one of three things.
• White dwarf
• Neutron star
• Black hole
Star “Death”:
• Low to medium mass stars (A-M)
Star “Death”:
• Low to medium mass stars (A-M)
– As a star runs out of fuel its outer
layers expand.
Star “Death”:
• Low to medium mass stars (A-M)
– As a star runs out of fuel its outer
layers expand.
• Becomes a Red Giant.
Star “Death”:
• Low to medium mass stars (A-M)
– As a star runs out of fuel its outer
layers expand.
• Becomes a Red Giant.
– Outer layers are “ejected” from the
star’s core as a Planetary Nebula.
Star “Death”:
• Low to medium mass stars (A-M)
– As a star runs out of fuel its outer
layers expand.
• Becomes a Red Giant.
– Outer layers are “ejected” from the
star’s core as a Planetary Nebula.
– The core that is left behind cools
and becomes a White Dwarf.
Star “Death”:
• Low to medium mass stars (A-M)
– As a star runs out of fuel its outer
layers expand.
• Becomes a Red Giant.
– Outer layers are “ejected” from the
star’s core as a Planetary Nebula.
– The core that is left behind cools
and becomes a White Dwarf.
• Glows because it is still really hot.
Star “Death”:
• Low to medium mass stars (A-M)
– As a star runs out of fuel its outer
layers expand.
• Becomes a Red Giant.
– Outer layers are “ejected” from the
star’s core as a Planetary Nebula.
– The core that is left behind cools
and becomes a White Dwarf.
• Glows because it is still really hot.
– After it finishes cooling it becomes
a Black Dwarf.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Same as small mass up to Red
Giant phase.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Same as small mass up to Red
Giant phase.
– Fusion continues up to Iron (Fe).
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Same as small mass up to Red
Giant phase.
– Fusion continues up to Iron (Fe).
– Iron absorbs energy but doesn’t go
through fusion.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Same as small mass up to Red
Giant phase.
– Fusion continues up to Iron (Fe).
– Iron absorbs energy but doesn’t go
through fusion.
• Releases the energy in a massive
explosion as a Supernova.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Same as small mass up to Red
Giant phase.
– Fusion continues up to Iron (Fe).
– Iron absorbs energy but doesn’t go
through fusion.
• Releases the energy in a massive
explosion as a Supernova.
– Form one of two things.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Neutron Stars: Forms from the
remains of the old star.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Neutron Stars: Forms from the
remains of the old star.
• Very very high density and very very
small.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Neutron Stars: Forms from the
remains of the old star.
• Very very high density and very very
small.
– As much as three times the mass of our
star in an area the size of a city.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Neutron Stars: Forms from the
remains of the old star.
• Very very high density and very very
small.
– As much as three times the mass of our
star in an area the size of a city.
– Some give off regular pulses of radio
waves and are called pulsars. (these were
originally called LGMs).
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Black Holes: “Objects” in space that
have such high gravity that nothing
(not even light) can escape them.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Black Holes: “Objects” in space that
have such high gravity that nothing
(not even light) can escape them.
• We can find them because….
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Black Holes: “Objects” in space that
have such high gravity that nothing
(not even light) can escape them.
• We can find them because….
– Stars that are close to them are “pulled” by
the gravity of the black hole.
Star “Death”:
• High mass stars (O and B)
– Black Holes: “Objects” in space that
have such high gravity that nothing
(not even light) can escape them.
• We can find them because….
– Stars that are close to them are “pulled” by
the gravity of the black hole.
– Gases in the area are pulled in so fast (like
a drain in a sink) that they spin around the
black hole and we see the heat given off.
Sun, Moon, Earth,
Where are we in the big
picture?
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year =
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year = 9,439,922,663,400 km
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year = 9,439,922,663,400 km
– AU = Astronomical Unit
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km
– AU = Astronomical Unit
• Average distance from the Earth to the
sun
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km
– AU = Astronomical Unit
• Average distance from the Earth to the
sun
– 1 AU =
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km
– AU = Astronomical Unit
• Average distance from the Earth to the
sun
– 1 AU = 149,597,871 km
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km
– AU = Astronomical Unit
• Average distance from the Earth to the
sun
– 1 AU = 149,597,871 km
– 1 light year =
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km
– AU = Astronomical Unit
• Average distance from the Earth to the
sun
– 1 AU = 149,597,871 km
– 1 light year = 63,239 AU
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km
– AU = Astronomical Unit
• Average distance from the Earth to the
sun
– 1 AU = 149,597,871 km
– 1 light year = 63,239 AU
– Pluto’s orbit around the sun =
Our cosmic address:
•
Some numbers you need to know:
– Light year = 9,460,730,472,581 km
– AU = Astronomical Unit
• Average distance from the Earth to the
sun
– 1 AU = 149,597,871 km
– 1 light year = 63,239 AU
– Pluto’s orbit around the sun = 39.5
AU
Our cosmic address:
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Solar System: (about 79 AU)
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Solar System:
Galaxy: (6,327,000,000 AU)
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