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Cosmic distance ladder wikipedia , lookup
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Cosmology -- the Origin and Structure of the Universe Cosmological Principle – the Universe appears the same from all directions . There is no preferred location. (The physical laws apply to the whole Universe). Is there a preferred time ? The Distance – Redshift Relation (Hubble Law) The Distribution of Matter – Large Scale Structure Implications of the finite velocity of light Consequences of star birth and death Cosmological models -- “world views” How we perceive our Universe and our relation to it Historical models -- geocentric heliocentric galactocentric By mid 20th century -- 3 models or theories Big Bang -- Father LeMaitre, George Gamow Oscillating Universe Steady State -- Fred Hoyle Early 21st century – Big Bang cosmology firmly established 3 degree background radiation or cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) Nobel Prize 1978 Subsequent work -- numerous measurements, balloon, satellites COBE WMAP The Big Bang -- the standard model -- ~14 x 109 yrs The Early Universe – the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) Deepest exposure with HST 10 consecutive days , 342 exposures, Reaching > 30th mag Small irregular galaxies - among first objects Glow from first stars ? Other considerations -- the critical density of matter, finite or infinite ? and the shape of space Type Ia supernovae, the accelerating Universe and dark energy Nobel Prize 2011 Saul Perlmutter Adam Reiss Brian Schmidt At the beginning of the 21st century: The Universe began in a superdense state; it is flat, expanding, the expansion is accelerating, it is dominated by dark energy, and will expand forever. What about the future ?