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STARS--studying ancient light passing through time and space The Universe is made up of islands of stars… There of billions of these islands and inside each island there are billions of stars. Stellar Evolution A look at the stars from their birth to their death STELLAR SPECTRAL CLASS Grouping the stars based on their temperatures Each class of star has a unique pattern of lines (“bar code”) to identify it. Hydrogen “Hottest” “Coldest” Hydrogen Sodium Hydrogen Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Comparing temperature and brightness for various stars What color stars are hottest? Coldest? Red Super Giants Red Giants White Dwarfs COLOR AND TEMPERATURE ARE RELATED! Which groups of stars are the BRIGHTEST? Which group of stars is the HOTTEST? Which groups of stars are the SMALLEST and DIMMEST? Now let’s take a look at a specific star—one familiar to all of us. THE SUN A DYNAMIC NUCLEAR REACTOR What is the color, temperature and Luminosity of the Sun? Solar absorption spectrum for the Sun (a typical “G” star) This pattern would be different for stars of a different color and temperature. SUN’S VISIBLE SURFACE MAGNETIC STORMS ON THE SURFACE OF STARS CAN BE SEEN AS A COOLER, DARKER AREA SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED FROM ZONE TO ZONE BY MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE Stars form in gas nebulas They collect gas from their surroundings They enter the main sequence at various points depending on how much mass they collect HIGH MASS STARS LOW MASS STARS Betelgeuse Orion Nebula Rigel Which star is brighter? They are about the same! RIGEL Which star is hotter? Orion Nebula Here is an example of a Red Supergiant This is Betelgeuse, the first star after the sun whose surface was imaged in photographs SOLAR MASS EJECTION EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS OF GAS SEND LARGE AMOUNTS OF HIGH ENERGY RADIATION AND PARTICLES INTO SPACE Stars on the main sequence near our Sun blow away their outer atmospheres to become White Dwarfs Large mass, hot stars burn fuel quickly. When they run out, there is no outward pressure to balance out gravity. Therefore, the star collapses inward. This compression rapidly heats the gases to billions of degrees. This creates a huge explosion… Supernova! The intense explosion forces the gases outward, away from the core…creating a NEW NEBULA NEUTRON STAR: Tiny and dense remains of the a star’s core. Left behind after the outer layers were blown off. The basic structural unit of the universe appears to be the galaxy. A Galaxy is a collection of billions of stars an various amounts of gas and dust held together by gravity. Just like stars, galaxies come in a variety of types. Here are a few examples. Elliptical Galaxy Spiral Galaxy Representation of the Milky Way Galaxy Spiral Galaxy (The Andromeda) Barred Spiral ROTATION OF THE SUN STARS ROTATE. WE USE SURFACE FEATURES LIKE SUNSPOTS TO MEASURE THE RATE.