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The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Fictional Planets B612, Dune, Terminus, Tatooine Hundreds more listed on Wikipedia page Tatooine / Star Wars Grand Tour of Exoplanets Age of Planets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 RJup ≈ 11 REarth Rsun ≈ 10 Rjup Msun ≈ 1000 Mjup MJup ≈ 320 MEarth Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 The Planet Zoo No Fancy Names - just plain old lowercase alphabet, excluding a HR8799d - 3rd planet discovered around the star HR8799 What is a planet anyway? Poor Pluto isn’t. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 The First “Detections” 1942 - Kaj Strand: Nearby triple star system 61 Cygni has a companion 16 MJup 1963 - Peter van de Kamp, Sproul Observatory, Perturbations in Barnard’s Star track ⇒ 1.6 MJup planet Never confirmed... many other claims followed Indirect detection is a possibility; tiny signals are easily misinterpreted. Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 PSR 1257+12bcd Pulsar, timing variations Alex Wolszczan b: 0.02 Mearth at 0.19 AU with P=25d c: 4.1 Mearth at 0.36 AU with P=67d d: 3.8 Mearth at 0.46 AU with P=98d Rocky planets can be at odd places and may form easily. PSR 1620-26 (Becker et al. 1992) Wolszczan et al. 1992 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 51 Peg G2 sun-like star, V=5.5 mag - Radial Velocity Sun-like star + Jupiter-mass Planet! 4.2 day orbital period! Lessons: 1) Planets can be very close to their host stars 2) Planets migrate 3) Expect the Unexpected Mayor & Queloz 1995 Nature GJ 876 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 876 System M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity GJ876b: 2.6 MJ planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998) GJ876c: 0.83 MJ planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998) GJ876d: 0.02 MJ=6.3 ME planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005) Delfosse et al. 1998 Marcy et al. 1998 Correia et al. 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 876 System M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity GJ876b: 2.6 MJ planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998) GJ876c: 0.83 MJ planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998) GJ876d: 0.02 MJ=6.3 ME planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005) What we learned: 1) Planets can form around cool red dwarfs 2) Giant planets in resonant orbit (2:1) 2) Multiple planets with very different masses Jupiter-sized planets are rare around low-mass stars Delfosse et al. 1998 Marcy et al. 1998 Correia et al. 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity GJ581b: 16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005) GJ581c: 5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581d: 8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581e: 2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009) Grand Tour of Exoplanets Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity GJ581b: 16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005) GJ581c: 5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581d: 8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581e: 2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009) ESO Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity GJ581b: 16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005) GJ581c: 5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581d: 8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581e: 2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009) The habitability of the GJ581 system remains debated. Habitable planets around cool red dwarfs? Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 HD189733b K1 star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity HD 189733b: 1.1 MJ at 0.03 AU with 2.2 day period HD209458b G0 sun-like star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity HD 209458b: 0.6 MJ planet at 0.047 AU with 3.5 day period Planetary Transits and Eclipses provide Information on Atmospheric Composition! (1999) Grand Tour of Exoplanets HD189733b Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 HST CO Swain et al. (2009) CH4, Water Swain et al. (2009) Water Tinetti et al. (2007) HD209458b Water, methane, CO Multiple teams, HST, Spitzer Spitzer Space Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Corot-1b G0 star, V=14 mag - Transit 1 MJup planet at 0.025 AU with 1.5 day period Too bright! Rogers et al. 2009 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 WASP-18 F9 sun-like star, V=9.3 mag - Transit Survey WASP-18b: 10.4 MJ at 0.02 AU with 0.94 day period Hellier et al. 2009 Tidal interactions - planets swallowed in less than a million year? Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 1214b Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey Transit Depth: 1.3% GJ1214b: 6.55 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period Charbonneau et al. 2009 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Charbonneau et al. 2009 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets GJ 1214b Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey GJ1214b: 6.55 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period Transit Depth: 1.3% (Rpl / Rstar)2 =1.3% Planet Radius = 12% of Rstar Rstar = 0.2 Rsun = 0.2 Rsun × 109 Rearth [Rsun = 109 Rearth] RGJ1214b = 12% of 20% of 109 Rearth = 2.6 Rearth Volume? (2.6)3 = 17.6 Earth Volume Density: 6.55 Mearth / 17.8 VEarth = 37% of Earth’s Density! Charbonneau et al. 2009 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 1214b - The Ocean World Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey GJ1214b: 5.7 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period Mass: 6.55 Earth Mass Density: 37% of Earth Density Stellar Luminosity: 0.3% of Sun Semi-major axis: 0.014 AU Insolation: 15× that of Earth Equilibrium Temperature: AB = 0 Teq = 555 K = 539 F AB = 0.75 Teq = 393 K = 247 F Nature Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets 2MASS1207b - The Little Brown Dwarf and the Big Planet Brown dwarf, 62 pc, 0.025M⊙ - Direct Imaging 2MASS1207b ~8 MJup Temperature - Brightness Radius Inconsistency Planetary-mass Objects may form in Different Ways Chauvin et al. 2004 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Fomalhaut A3 star, 7 pc, 2.1 M⊙ - Direct Imaging Mass < 3 MJup Proj. separation: 115 AU Contribution from Scattered Light Unknown nature Kalas et al. 2008 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Kalas & Jewitt Golimowski et al. Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Beta Pictoris A6 star, 19 pc, 1.8 M⊙ - Direct Imaging Mass ~ 8 MJup Proj. separation: 8 AU To be confirmed Beta Pic 2009 Lagrange et al. Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets HR 8799 bcd A5 star, 39 pc, 1.5M⊙ - Direct Imaging Marois et al. 2008 HR8799b: 5-11 MJ planet 68 AU (P~460yr) HR8799c: 7-13 MJ planet at 38 AU (P~190yr) HR8799d: 7-13 MJ planet at 24 AU (P~100yr) Marois et al. 2008 VLT/NACO Perplexing System Very High Relative Planet mass at very large separations! Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Grand Tour of Exoplanets Beta Pic 2009 Kalas et al. 2008 2MASS1207 Chauvin et al. 2004 Marois et al. 2008 Lagrange et al. The Grand Tour of Exoplanets Summary - Vast Diversity Observed - Super-Jupiters, Neptunes, Super-Earths Earths, - Planets close to the Habitable Zone - Earth-sized Planets - Atmospheric Properties and Composition - Keep an Eye on NASA’s Kepler Mission! Exciting Times for Planets! Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute