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The Grand Tour of Exoplanets
The New Worlds around Other Stars
Dániel Apai
Space Telescope Science Institute
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Fictional Planets
B612, Dune, Terminus, Tatooine
Hundreds more listed on Wikipedia page
Tatooine / Star
Wars
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Age of Planets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
RJup ≈ 11 REarth
Rsun ≈ 10 Rjup
Msun ≈ 1000 Mjup
MJup ≈ 320 MEarth
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
The Planet Zoo
No Fancy Names - just plain old lowercase alphabet, excluding a
HR8799d - 3rd planet discovered around the star HR8799
What is a planet anyway?
Poor Pluto isn’t.
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
The First “Detections”
1942 - Kaj Strand: Nearby triple star system 61 Cygni has a companion 16 MJup
1963 - Peter van de Kamp, Sproul Observatory, Perturbations in Barnard’s
Star track ⇒ 1.6 MJup planet
Never confirmed... many other claims
followed
Indirect detection is a possibility; tiny
signals are easily misinterpreted.
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
PSR 1257+12bcd
Pulsar, timing variations
Alex Wolszczan
b: 0.02 Mearth at 0.19 AU with P=25d
c: 4.1 Mearth at 0.36 AU with P=67d
d: 3.8 Mearth at 0.46 AU with P=98d
Rocky planets can be at odd places
and may form easily.
PSR 1620-26 (Becker et al. 1992)
Wolszczan et al. 1992
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
51 Peg
G2 sun-like star, V=5.5 mag - Radial Velocity
Sun-like star + Jupiter-mass Planet!
4.2 day orbital period!
Lessons:
1) Planets can be very close to their
host stars
2) Planets migrate
3) Expect the Unexpected
Mayor & Queloz 1995 Nature
GJ 876
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
GJ 876 System
M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity
GJ876b:
2.6 MJ planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period
(1998)
GJ876c:
0.83 MJ planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period
(1998)
GJ876d:
0.02 MJ=6.3 ME planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005)
Delfosse et al. 1998
Marcy et al. 1998
Correia et al. 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
GJ 876 System
M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity
GJ876b:
2.6 MJ planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period
(1998)
GJ876c:
0.83 MJ planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period
(1998)
GJ876d:
0.02 MJ=6.3 ME planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005)
What we learned:
1) Planets can form around cool red dwarfs
2) Giant planets in resonant orbit (2:1)
2) Multiple planets with very different masses
Jupiter-sized planets are rare around low-mass stars
Delfosse et al. 1998
Marcy et al. 1998
Correia et al. 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?
M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity
GJ581b:
16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period
Bonfils et al. (2005)
GJ581c:
5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period
Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581d:
8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period
Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581e:
2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period
Mayor et al. (2009)
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?
M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?
M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity
GJ581b:
16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period
Bonfils et al. (2005)
GJ581c:
5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period
Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581d:
8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period
Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581e:
2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period
Mayor et al. (2009)
ESO
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?
M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity
GJ581b:
16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period
Bonfils et al. (2005)
GJ581c:
5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period
Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581d:
8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period
Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581e:
2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period
Mayor et al. (2009)
The habitability of the GJ581 system remains debated.
Habitable planets around cool red dwarfs?
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
HD189733b
K1 star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity
HD 189733b: 1.1 MJ at 0.03 AU with 2.2 day period
HD209458b
G0 sun-like star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity
HD 209458b: 0.6 MJ planet at 0.047 AU with 3.5 day period
Planetary Transits and Eclipses provide Information on
Atmospheric Composition!
(1999)
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
HD189733b
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
HST
CO Swain et al. (2009)
CH4, Water Swain et al. (2009)
Water Tinetti et al. (2007)
HD209458b
Water, methane, CO
Multiple teams, HST, Spitzer
Spitzer Space
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Corot-1b
G0 star, V=14 mag - Transit
1 MJup planet at 0.025 AU with 1.5 day period
Too bright!
Rogers et al. 2009
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
WASP-18
F9 sun-like star, V=9.3 mag - Transit Survey
WASP-18b: 10.4 MJ at 0.02 AU with 0.94 day period
Hellier et al. 2009
Tidal interactions - planets swallowed
in less than a million year?
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
GJ 1214b
Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey
Transit Depth: 1.3%
GJ1214b: 6.55 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day
period
Charbonneau et al. 2009
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Charbonneau et al. 2009
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
GJ 1214b
Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey
GJ1214b: 6.55 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period
Transit Depth: 1.3%
(Rpl / Rstar)2 =1.3%
Planet Radius = 12% of Rstar
Rstar = 0.2 Rsun = 0.2 Rsun × 109 Rearth
[Rsun = 109 Rearth]
RGJ1214b = 12% of 20% of 109 Rearth = 2.6 Rearth
Volume?
(2.6)3 =
17.6 Earth Volume
Density: 6.55 Mearth / 17.8 VEarth =
37% of Earth’s Density!
Charbonneau et al. 2009
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
GJ 1214b - The Ocean World
Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey
GJ1214b: 5.7 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period
Mass: 6.55 Earth Mass
Density: 37% of Earth Density
Stellar Luminosity: 0.3% of Sun
Semi-major axis: 0.014 AU
Insolation: 15× that of Earth
Equilibrium Temperature:
AB = 0
Teq = 555 K = 539 F
AB = 0.75
Teq = 393 K = 247 F
Nature
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
2MASS1207b - The Little Brown Dwarf and the Big Planet
Brown dwarf, 62 pc, 0.025M⊙ - Direct Imaging
2MASS1207b
~8 MJup
Temperature - Brightness Radius Inconsistency
Planetary-mass Objects may form
in Different Ways
Chauvin et al.
2004
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Fomalhaut
A3 star, 7 pc, 2.1 M⊙ - Direct Imaging
Mass < 3 MJup
Proj. separation: 115 AU
Contribution from
Scattered Light
Unknown nature
Kalas et al. 2008
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Kalas & Jewitt
Golimowski et al.
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Beta Pictoris
A6 star, 19 pc, 1.8 M⊙ - Direct Imaging
Mass ~ 8 MJup
Proj. separation: 8 AU
To be confirmed
Beta Pic
2009
Lagrange et al.
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
HR 8799 bcd
A5 star, 39 pc, 1.5M⊙ - Direct Imaging
Marois et al. 2008
HR8799b:
5-11 MJ planet 68 AU
(P~460yr)
HR8799c:
7-13 MJ planet at 38 AU
(P~190yr)
HR8799d:
7-13 MJ planet at 24 AU
(P~100yr)
Marois et al. 2008
VLT/NACO
Perplexing System Very High Relative Planet mass at
very large separations!
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute
Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Beta Pic
2009
Kalas et al. 2008
2MASS1207
Chauvin et al. 2004
Marois et al. 2008
Lagrange et al.
The Grand Tour of Exoplanets
Summary
- Vast Diversity Observed
- Super-Jupiters, Neptunes, Super-Earths Earths,
- Planets close to the Habitable Zone
- Earth-sized Planets
- Atmospheric Properties and Composition
- Keep an Eye on NASA’s Kepler Mission!
Exciting Times for Planets!
Dániel Apai
Space Telescope Science Institute