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Renaissance Means “rebirth,” specifically the revival of art and learning where educated men and women in Italy hoped to bring back the culture and life of classical Greece and Rome. Renaissance 1300s-1600s “rebirth” of art and learning “rebirth” of Greek/Roman ideas Impact of the Renaissance still seen today Life Before the Renaissance Uncertain life: war, plague, economic insecurity Christian Church dominant force Most life centered on rural areas Art had mainly religious themes, very flat and dull After the plague/wars people wanted more free life guided by Carpe Diem Birth of the Renaissance Started in Italy: Why? / / / / Trade increased after the crusades. Italians dominated trade. Thriving city-states Wealthy merchant class emerged. Many became patrons: supporters of the arts / Medici family Powerful merchant family in Florence (controlled politics) Strong supporters of the arts. Collected art, ancient manuscripts, opened libraries / / Inspired by Roman ruins, art, literature. Greek ideas reintroduced through trade routes Why did the Renaissance Begin in Italy? Thriving Cities (City-States) Overseas trade had led to the growth of large city-states in northern Italy Cities are often places where people exchange ideas – ideal breeding ground for an intellectual revolution 1300’s – bubonic plague hit these cities hard, bringing economic changes (with fewer available laborers, the survivors could demand higher wages) Merchants do not have as much opportunities to expand business, so they pursue other interests (i.e. art) Why did the Renaissance Begin in Italy? A Wealthy Merchant Class Wealthy merchant class in each city-state controlled politics Merchants did NOT inherit their social rank / they worked toward their status by succeeding in business by using their wits / many believed the deserved the power and wealth because they had worked for it Belief in individual achievement became important during the Renaissance!! Why did the Renaissance Begin in Italy? The Classical Heritage of Greece and Rome Scholars shunned art and literature from the Middle Ages, and wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince (1513) – examines the imperfect conduct of human beings (a political guidebook) (1)How could the changes led to can thegain Examinesthat how a ruler power and keep it in spite of his rise of Florence help influence enemies Machiavelli’s ideas? / People are selfish, fickle, and corrupt (2)Who are examples/ of“The “Machiavellian” end justifies the means.” (not concerned with what is politicians that you know morallyof? right, but what is politically effective) (3)How “Machiavellian” are you? / Leaders had to trick and mislead people and lie to opponents sometimes – must be crafty enough to overcome the suspicions and to gain the trust of others Rise of Humanism IMPORTANT VOCABULARY ALERT!! Humanism: intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements The Classics Lead to Humanism / / Inspired by the study of classical texts in order to understand ancient Greek values Popularized the study of subjects common to classical education (i.e. history, literature, and philosophy – the “HUMANITIES”) Renaissance Ideas Humanism: Focus on Human potential Worldliness (secular)- people focused on the materialism of the time, instead of a primarily religious life. Learning: development of universities Antiquity (Classicism): authority of ancient world respected: Greece/Rome Reform: Humans can change for the better. Petrarch An Italian scholar, poet, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists ("father of humanism") Believed one must turn from the outer world of nature to the inner world of 'soul' Famous Lines – “nothing is wonderful but the soul”; “we look about us for what is to be found only within” Dante Italian poet from Florence / / Central Work – Divina Commedia "Father of the Italian language" Embraced individuality and happiness / Man's duty is to attempt to achieve earthly happiness and everlasting life Worked in the vernacular instead of the formal Latin language Mark a transition to a new way of thinking about humanity Desiderius Erasmus “The Prince of the Humanists” Christian Humanist (Holland) Advocated reform within the Church through his satirical works Believed in… / / / Christianity of the heart All human evils were rooted in ignorance and infatuation and therefore education of humanity was the essential task of his life Christianity was not only as a religion and doctrine of salvation, but also as a guide to moral life The Move to Worldly Values Worldly Pleasures / While most people remained devout Catholics, the basic spirit of the Renaissance society was SECULAR (concerned with the HERE and NOW!!) / Even church leaders became worldly, living in elaborate houses and mansions, throwing lavish banquets, and wearing expensive clothes The Move to Worldly Values Patron of the Arts / PATRONS – financial supporters / Church leaders – Funded the beautification of Rome by spending a lot of money for art / Wealthy merchants – paid to have their portraits made or donated art to the city to place in public squares (demonstrating their own importance) The Move to Worldly Values The Renaissance Man / / A man who excelled in many fields praised as a universal man” – later to be called “Renaissance man” Characteristics According to Castiglione (The Courtier) Witty, charming, and well educated in the classics Should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry Skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman T he Renaissance “Man” Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Donatello Raphael 1. Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times. 2. Perspective The Trinity Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Masaccio 1427 Perspective! First use of linear perspective! What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become. 3. Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Humanism. Individualism free standing figures. Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c) 4. Empasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466. Isabella d’Este – da Vinci, 1499 1474-1539 “First Lady of the Italian Renaissance.” Great patroness of the arts in Mantua. Known during her time as “First Lady of the World!” 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture! 6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Sfumato Chiaroscuro 7. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Giorgio Vasari 1550 T he Liberation of Sculpture David by Donatello 1430 First free-form bronze since Roman times! David Verrocchio 1473 - 1475 Leonardo da Vinci “Renaissance Man” His work was so realistic, that people have tried to explain thoughts and personalities through the facial expressions Leonardo da Vinci “Renaissance Man” He was also known for his work in anatomy, engineering, and mathematics. Anatomical study of the arm, (c. 1510) A design for a flying machine, (c. 1488) Vitruvian Man Leonardo da Vinci 1492 T he L’uomo universale 1. Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, 1512 Artist Sculptor Architect Scientist Engineer Inventor 1452 - 1519 Leonardo, the Artist The Virgin of the Rocks Leonardo da Vinci 1483-1486 Leonardo, the Artist: From hisNotebooks of over 5000 pages (1508-1519) Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4 A Macaroni Mona A Picasso Mona An Andy Warhol Mona A “Mona”ca Lewinsky Mona Lisa OR da Vinci?? T he Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 & Geometry Refractory Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie Milan vertical T he Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 horizontal Perspective! Deterioration Detail of Jesus The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci 1498 A Da Vinci “Code”: St. John or Mary Magdalene? Leonardo, the Sculptor An Equestrian Statue 1516-1518 Leonardo, the Architect: Pages from his Notebook Study of a central church. 1488 Leonardo, the Architect: Pages from his Notebook Plan of the city of Imola, 1502. Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology): Pages from his Notebook An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature. Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Pages from his Notebook Leonardo, the Inventor: Pages from his Notebook Man Can Fly? Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Notebook A study of siege defenses. Studies of water-lifting devices. Leonardo da Vinci…. O investigator, do not flatter yourself that you know the things nature performs for herself, but rejoice in knowing that purpose of those things designed by your own mind. Michelangelo Buonarroti used realistic style when depicting the human form 2. Michelangelo Buonorrati 1475 – 1564 He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture. David Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 Marble 15c What a difference a century makes! 16c T he Popes as Patrons of the Arts The Pieta Michelangelo Buonarroti 1499 marble T he Sistine Chapel Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512 T he Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512 T he Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens T he Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man A Modern “Adaptation” Joe Gallo in the New York Daily News, 2004 T he Sistine Chapel Details The Fall from Grace T he Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment Architecture Before AFTER Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1436 Architect Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore Filippo Brunelleschi Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. / Used unique architectural concepts. He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome. Used ribs for support. Brunelleschi’s Dome Dome Comparisons Il Duomo (Florence) St. Peter’s (Rome) St. Paul’s (London) US capital (Washington) Comparing Domes T he Baptism of Christ Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475 Leonardo da Vinci 3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520) Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518 Perspective! Betrothal of the Virgin Raphael 1504 Raphael’s Canagiani Madonna, 1507 Raphael’s Madonnas (1) Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna Raphael’s Madonnas (2) Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna T he School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 One point perspective. All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included all of the great personalities of the Seven Liberal Arts! A great variety of poses. Located in the papal apartments library. Raphael worked on this commission simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel. No Christian themes here. T he School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo T he School of Athens – Raphael, details Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm]. Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now]. Hypatia Pythagoras Zoroaster Ptolemy Euclid T he Liberation of St. Peter by Raphael, 1514 Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512 More concerned with politics than with theology. The “Warrior Pope.” Great patron of Renaissance artists, especially Raphael & Michelangelo. Died in 1513 4. Donatello Primavera – Botticelli, 1482 Depicted classical gods as almost naked and life-size.