Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Art in early modern Scotland wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance architecture wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance in Scotland wikipedia , lookup
Italian Renaissance wikipedia , lookup
Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation wikipedia , lookup
The Renaissance Primavera by Botticelli The Italian Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth” or revival of the classical age of Greece and Rome Began in Italy 1300 - 1600 Art, literature, learning Spread throughout Europe Palazzo Della Signoria in Florence, Italy Features of the Renaissance Rediscovery of Greco-Roman civilization Emphasized reason, questioning, experimentation and free inquiry (in contrast to Middle Ages - faith, authority, tradition) Glorified the individual & worldly pleasures Viewed life as worthwhile for its own sake, not just in preparation for the afterlife Focus on secular (worldly) society, not just religious affairs; urban (city) Great works of art, literature, and science Features of the Renaissance cont. Urban Movement Recovery from the disasters of the 14th century Siena, Italy Piazza del Campo Black Death Political disorder 100 Years’ War New view of human beings and individual ability Why Italy? Center of Greco-Roman world – had sculpture, buildings, roads, manuscripts that excited curiosity about heritage Located on Mediterranean – absorbed stimulating ideas from Byzantine & Muslim worlds Benefited from revival of trade that resulted from Crusades Wealthy, influential patrons of the arts The Italian States: Milan 14th century-Visconti family – great wealth and power over Lombardy Last Visconti dies in 1447 Francesco Sforza (condottiere-leader of a band of mercenaries) conquers Milan and becomes duke Built a strong, centralized state Efficient tax system Duomo in Milan, Italy The Italian States: Venice San Marco in Venice, Italy Grew wealthy from trading Small group of merchantaristocrats ran the government on behalf of their own interests Trade empire brought enormous revenues Became an international power The Italian States: Florence The preeminent Renaissance city Medici family amassed a fortune in wool trade Cosimo and later Lorenzo (the magnificent) de Medici were outstanding patrons of the arts Powerful and influential family Duomo in Florence, Italy Medieval vs. Renaissance Medieval vs. Renaissance The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Branccaci Tributo fresco by Masaccio Self Portrait by Leonardo da Vinci Giotto’s Madonna The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Frescoes - paintings done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints Mosaccio - Frescoes Figures had the illusion of being dimensional Two major achievements Perspective Movement and human anatomy Architects were inspired by the buildings of ancient Rome (San Lorenzo) Brunelleschi School of Athens by Raphael Interior of San Lorenzo by Brunelleschi 1: Zeno of Citium[9] 2: Epicurus 3: Federico II of Mantua? 4: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? 5: Averroes 6: Pythagoras 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon? 9: Hypatia (Francesco Maria della Rovere or Raphael's mistress Margherita) 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? 11: Parmenides? 12: Socrates 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato holding the Timaeus (Leonardo da Vinci) 15: Aristotle holding the Ethics 16: Diogenes of Sinope? 17: Plotinus? 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante)? 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione or Pietro Bembo) 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael) 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino or Timoteo Viti)[10] The School of Athens The Artistic Renaissance in Italy Mastery of techniques for a realistic portrayal of the world Glorified the individual; human body Giotto – religious themes Donatello – sculptor; copied ancient Greeks Ospedale degli Innocenti Brunelleschi, Florence, Italy Giotto’s Madonna Donnatello’s Herod Leonardo da Vinci Italian Artists cont. Leonardo da Vinci Ideal Renaissance Man Paintings, sketches, inventions Mona Lisa The Last Supper http://www.history.com/shows/life-afterpeople/videos/life-after-people-the-lastsupper http://www.history.com/shows/armageddon /videos/leonardos-deluge DaVinci’s The Last Supper Italian Artists cont. Titian – portraits; the Assumption of the Virgin Raphael – tranquil beauty in religious works – the Sistine Madonna Titian – Assumption of the Virgin Raphael’s Sistine Madonna Italian Artists cont. Michelangelo – painter, sculptor, poet, architect Sistine Chapel – ceiling, commissioned by the Pope David The Pieta – next slide The Pieta - Michelangelo Michelangeo’s David Donatello’s David The Last Judgement By Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Rome, Italy The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo The Northern Artistic Renaissance Skilled in painting details Did not fully understand perspective Jan Van EyckFlanders; oils Albrecht Durer Germany – painter & metal & wood engraver Jan Van Eyck Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride Albrecht Durer Northern Artists cont. Rembrandt – Dutch, lights and shadow, life of common people The Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson Holbein – German – lifelike portraits of famous people Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lesson Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus Breughel’s Children’s Games Holbein’s Sir Thomas More Durer’s Adoration of the Magi Durer’s Self Portrait Van Eyck’s Madonna…. Raphael’s Self Portrait Renaissance Literature Humanism - Intellectual and literary movement based upon the classics. Focused on human potential and individuality of their subjects; concerned with everyday problems Reflected values of an urban, secular society Wrote in vernacular – local language Petrarch – father of humanism; wrote sonnets (14 line poems); in Latin Boccaccio – The Decameron – stories about people trying to escape the plague Renaissance Machiavelli Politics – The Prince and power Leaders sometimes have to mislead the people for the good of the state The end justifies the means Christian Humanists Wanted to reform society, Church, etc. Erasmus – The Praise of Folly – poked fun at greedy merchants, the Church, etc. Sir Thomas More – Utopia – a perfect society William Shakespeare Human experience – drama, comedy Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othelllo, King Lear, The Taming of the Shrew The Printing Press Johan Gutenberg - Germany Block printing from China too slow Movable type printing press Gutenberg Bible Revolutionized printing Spread of ideas, more books, cheaper books Growth of literacy, reading, education Spread ideas of humanism and reformation The Reformation Reformation Typical medieval question: What must I do to be saved? Martin Luther and others (Wycliffe, Hus) have a different answer to this question than what the Catholic Church believed. Eventually creates a complete break with the Catholic Church and destroys religious unity in the Western Christian World. Background Christian Humanism (or humanism) had already begun changes People could REASON and improve themselves Desiderius Erasmus - should live good daily lives rather than focus on being saved Praise of Folly – criticized church abuses, wanted reform not to destroy church Problems Popes involved in politics; less spiritual Spent $ on art, architecture (St. Peter’s Basilica) Held multiple positions in church (pluralism), absenteeism, simony, neglected religious jobs. *Indulgences – could “pay” for forgiveness *Relics – bones, objects, etc. of saints Martin Luther Entered monastery; studies Bible CC (Catholic Church) said both faith and good deeds are needed for salvation Not saved by good works but through FAITH in God, made possible through sacrifices of Jesus. Salvation by faith alone – chief teachings of Protestant Reformation; Bible is chief guide Martin Luther 95 Theses John Calvin Luther cont. Posted “95 Theses” to Church door at Wittenberg (Germany) Attacked indulgences, rituals, relics, etc. Excommunicated in 1521 Summoned to the Diet of Worms – asked whether he truly believes his writings Luther does not recant Sentenced to be burned at stake Luther cont Hidden by supporters, returns 4 years later Set up new services to replace Catholic mass, marries, continues to teach his ideas 1555 – Peace of Augsburg – the division of the Church is now complete Could choose Lutheran or Catholic (but not really tolerant of each other) New Protestant Groups Switzerland – Ulrich Zwingli Zwinglianism – extreme changes; religious images abolished, paintings removed, no mass, (instead scripture readings, prayer, sermons), no monasteries, pilgrimages, pope’s authority rejected Conflict – Zwingli killed, burned New Protestant Groups cont. John Calvin – Calvinism (also Switzerland) Very similar to Luther but absolute sovereignty of God Predestination – already determined if you were to be saved or damned To be sure, lived good, pious (religious) life Spread quickly England Split occurs for political not religious reasons King Henry VIII (Tudor Family) wanted annulment from wife #1 (Catherine of Aragon); daughter Mary; no male heir Wants to marry Anne Boleyn Grants annulment but Parliament breaks with Church Act of Supremacy – King is head of church – seized lands and sold! Marries #2 Anne Boleyn, has girl (Elizabeth) Henry VIII cont. Anne Boleyn beheaded (adultery) #3 – Jane Seymour – finally a male heir (Edward VI); she dies in childbirth #4 – Anne of Cleves – arranged marriage based on portrait. When he saw her, he divorced her #5 – Catherine Howard – beheaded #6 – Catherine Parr – she outlives him England cont. Edward VI (his only son); sickly, becomes king at age 9 Allows clergy to marry Mary (from 1st marriage) staunchly Catholic “Bloody Mary” – married to Phillip II Spain (Europe’s “most Catholic King”) Burned 300 Protestant churches Had reverse effect – England becomes more Protestant King Henry VIII Of England Portrait by Hans Holbein “Bloody Mary” – Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon Phillip II Of Spain Edward VI – son Of Henry VIII & Jane Seymour Queen Elizabeth England – child of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn Other Protestants Anabaptists Christians are a voluntary community of believers Therefore adults should be baptized not children All members are equal Complete separation of Church and state (radical) Thou shall not kill – literally Extremists- hated by Catholics & Lutheran Impact of Reformation Clergy can marry so family becomes highly important Indulgences, relics & saints, pilgrimages, monasteries, celibacy change Catholic Church loses some power What is the Catholic Church to do???? Catholic (Counter) Reformation To regain authority of Catholic Church Jesuits – (Ignatius Loyola) – absolute devotion to the Church; missionaries to spread faith Reformed papacy – corruption, finances, involvement in politics, etc. Council of Trent – Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Strong and ready to do battle for souls!