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DIVISION FOUR RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION Ⅰ. General Introduction Ⅱ. Renaissance in Italy Ⅲ. Reformation and Counter-Reformation Ⅳ. Renaissance in Other Countries Ⅴ. Science and Technology during the Renaissance Ⅵ. Summing-up Renaissance in Italy 1. Historical Background 2. The Rise of Humanism 3. New Literature 4. Renaissance Art 5. Decline of the Italian Renaissance Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) ﹡He worked vigorously to reintroduce Greek works. ﹡ His greatest works was the Decameron. ﹡ Decameron is the collection of 100 tales told by seven young ladies and three younger gentlemen on their way to escape the Black Death of 1348. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) ﹡He discovered Cicero’s Oration Pro Arochia, a Roman Defense of Poetry, which was a great contribution to western civilization. ﹡He was a great humanist writer, keenly aware of mortal beauty and earthly values. ﹡He was a literary master not only in lyric poetry but also in prose. ﹡He was best known for Canzoniers. Renaissance Art a. Early Renaissance Artists b. High Renaissance Artists Giotto (about 1266-1337) The Flight into Egypt by Giotto di Bondone (1304-06, Scrovegni Chapel, Padua). Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Donatello (1386-1466) Donatello's equestrian statue of Gattamelata Giorgione (Giorgio de Castelfranco, about 1477-1510) Sleeping Venus (c. 1510) Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden The Tempest (c. 1508) Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice, Italy Leonardo da Vinci Self-portrait in red chalk The Last Supper (1498)—Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy Mona Lisa or La Gioconda (1503–1505/1507)— Louvre, Paris, France Michelangelo Buonarroti The Statue of David, completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance. Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took approximately four years to complete (1508–1512). Michelangelo's Moses (center) with Rachel and Leah on his sides. Dying Slave Raphael Self-portrait by Raphael, missing since World War II The Sistine Madonna Mondonna with the Fish School of Athens Titian The Venus of Urbino Man with a Glove Sacred and Profane Love Reformation and Counter-Reformation 1. Pre-Luther Religious Reformers 2. Martin Luther and His Doctrines 3. John Calvin and Calvinism 4. Reformation in England 5. Counter-Reformation 6. Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism 7. Conclusion Pre-Luther Religious Reformers a. John Wycliffe b. Jan Hus Martin Luther and His Doctrines a. Beginning of the Reformation b. Translation of the Bible c. Gospel of Love and Idea of Equality John Calvin The title page from the 1834 edition of John Calvin's Institutio Christiane Religionis Counter-Reformation a. Council of Trent b. Ignatius and the Jesuits Renaissance in Other Countries 1. Renaissance in France 2. Renaissance in Spain 3. Renaissance in the North 4. Renaissance in England Renaissance in France a. Historical Background b. Renaissance Writers in France Renaissance Writers in France ⅰ. Francois Rabelais ⅱ. Pléiade ⅲ. Michel Eyques de Montaigne Renaissance in Spain a. Historical Background b. Literature * Miguel de Cervantes c. Art * El Greco The aurial of count orgaz (1586–1588, oil on canvas, 480 × 360 cm, Santo Tomé, Toledo), now El Greco's best known work, illustrates a popular local legend. An exceptionally large painting, it is clearly divided into two zones: the heavenly above and the terrestrial below, brought together compositionally. Renaissance in the North a. Renaissance in the Netherlands Erasmus b. Renaissance in Flanders Pieter Bruegel (the Elder) c. Renaissance in Germany Pieter Bruegel (the Elder) (about 1525-1569 ) The Land of Cockayne (1567) The Return of the Hunters (1565) Renaissance in Germany ⅰ. Albrecht Dürer ⅱ. Hans Holbein (the younger) Albrecht Dürer Knight, Death and the Devil, 1513 The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse Hans Holbein (the younger) (1497-1543) Portrait of Henry Ⅷ Erasmus of Rottendam, a memorable image of a Renaissance man. Renaissance in England a. Historical Background b. Thomas More c. William Shakespeare Thomas More House of Thomas More in London. Statue of Thomas More by Leslie Cubitt Bevis in front of Chelsea Old Church, Cheyne Walk, London. William Shakespeare Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-Avon Science and Technology during the Renaissance 1. Geographical Discoveries 2. Astronomy 3. Anatomy 4. Printing 5. Political Science and Historiography Christopher Columbus The "Colombus map" was drawn circa 1490 in the workshop of Bartolomeo and Christopher Colombus in Lisbon. Handwritten notes by Christopher Colombus on the latin edition of Marco Polo's Le livre des merveilles. A depiction of Columbus claiming possession of the New World in a chromolithograph made by the Prang Education Company in 1893. Replica of the Santa Maria A statue of the Santa Maria, Columbus' flagship in his first voyage. The statue is at the House of Columbus in Valladolid, Spain, the city where Columbus died. Columbus's tomb in Seville Cathedral. It is borne by four statues of kings representing the Kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Navarre. Bartholomeu Dias Statue of Dias at the High Commission of South Africa in London. Statue of Dias in Cape Town, South Africa Vasco da Gama Tomb in the Jerónimos Monastery in Belem. Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut, May 20, 1498. Amerigo Vespucci Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Title page of the 2nd edition of De revolutionibus, printed 1566 in Basel Anatomy a. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) b. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) Aldus Manutius (1450-1515) Aristotle printed by Aldus Manutius, 1495-98 A page from Francesco Colonna's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, printed by Aldus Manutius Political Science and Historiography a. Dante b. Niccolò Machiavelli c. Giorgio Vasari Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) Statue at the Uffizi. Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574)