Download Lecture 1 - The University of Texas at Dallas

Digital Forensics
Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham
The University of Texas at Dallas
Lecture #1
Introduction to Data and Applications Security and
Digital Forensics
August 20, 2007
Outline
 Data and Applications Security
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Developments and Directions
 Some Emerging Technologies
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Digital watermarking, Biometrics, Digital Forensics, - - -
Developments in Data and Applications
Security: 1975 - Present
 Access Control for Systems R and Ingres (mid 1970s)
 Multilevel secure database systems (1980 – present)
- Relational database systems: research prototypes and products;
Distributed database systems: research prototypes and some
operational systems; Object data systems; Inference problem
and deductive database system; Transactions
 Recent developments in Secure Data Management (1996 – Present)
- Secure data warehousing, Role-based access control (RBAC); Ecommerce; XML security and Secure Semantic Web; Data
mining for intrusion detection and national security; Privacy;
Dependable data management; Secure knowledge management
and collaboration; emerging technologies such as biometrics
and digital forensics
Developments in Data and Applications
Security: Multilevel Secure Databases - I
 Air Force Summer Study in 1982
 Early systems based on Integrity Lock approach
 Systems in the mid to late 1980s, early 90s
- E.g., Seaview by SRI, Lock Data Views by Honeywell, ASD and
ASD Views by TRW
- Prototypes and commercial products
- Trusted Database Interpretation and Evaluation of Commercial
Products
 Secure Distributed Databases (late 80s to mid 90s)
- Architectures; Algorithms and Prototype for distributed query
processing; Simulation of distributed transaction management
and concurrency control algorithms; Secure federated data
management
Developments in Data and Applications
Security: Multilevel Secure Databases - II
 Inference Problem (mid 80s to mid 90s)
- Unsolvability of the inference problem; Security constraint
processing during query, update and database design
operations; Semantic models and conceptual structures
 Secure Object Databases and Systems (late 80s to mid 90s)
- Secure object models; Distributed object systems security;
Object modeling for designing secure applications; Secure
multimedia data management
 Secure Transactions (1990s)
- Single Level/ Multilevel Transactions; Secure recovery and
commit protocols
Some Directions and Challenges for Data and
Applications Security - I
 Secure semantic web
- Security models
 Secure Information Integration
- How do you securely integrate numerous and
heterogeneous data sources on the web and otherwise
 Secure Sensor Information Management
- Fusing and managing data/information from distributed
and autonomous sensors
 Secure Dependable Information Management
- Integrating Security, Real-time Processing and Fault
Tolerance
 Data Sharing vs. Privacy
- Federated database architectures?
Some Directions and Challenges for Data and
Applications Security - II
 Data mining and knowledge discovery for intrusion detection
- Need realistic models; real-time data mining
 Secure knowledge management
- Protect the assets and intellectual rights of an organization
 Information assurance, Infrastructure protection, Access
Control
- Insider cyber-threat analysis, Protecting national databases,
Role-based access control for emerging applications
 Security for emerging applications
- Geospatial, Biomedical, E-Commerce, etc.
 Other Directions
- Trust and Economics, Trust Management/Negotiation, Secure
Peer-to-peer computing, Emerging technologies such as digital
forensics
Emerging Technologies in Data and Applications
Security
 Digital Identity Management
 Identity Theft Management
 Digital Watermarking
 Risk Analysis
 Economic Analysis
 Secure Electronic Voting Machines
 Biometrics
 Digital Forensics
Digital Identity Management
 Digital identity is the identity that a user has to access an
electronic resource
 A person could have multiple identities
- A physician could have an identity to access medical
resources and another to access his bank accounts
 Digital identity management is about managing the multiple
identities
- Manage databases that store and retrieve identities
- Resolve conflicts and heterogeneity
- Make associations
- Provide security
 Ontology management for identity management is an
emerging research area
Digital Identity Management - II
 Federated Identity Management
- Corporations work with each other across organizational
boundaries with the concept of federated identity
- Each corporation has its own identity and may belong to
multiple federations
Individual identity management within an organization
and federated identity management across organizations
 Technologies for identity management
- Database management, data mining, ontology
management, federated computing
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Identity Theft Management
 Need for secure identity management
- Ease the burden of managing numerous identities
- Prevent misuse of identity: preventing identity theft
 Identity theft is stealing another person’s digital identity
 Techniques for preventing identity thefts include
- Access control, Encryption, Digital Signatures
- A merchant encrypts the data and signs with the public
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key of the recipient
Recipient decrypts with his private key
Steganography and Digital Watermarking
 Steganography is about hiding information within other
information
- E.g., hidden information is the message that terrorist may
be sending to their pees in different parts of the worlds
- Information may be hidden in valid texts, images, films
etc.
- Difficult to be detected by the unsuspecting human
 Steganalysis is about developing techniques that can analyze
text, images, video and detect hidden messages
- May use data mining techniques to detect hidden patters
 Steganograophy makes the task of the Cyber crime expert
difficult as he/she ahs to analyze for hidden information
- Communication protocols are being developed
Steganography and Digital Watermarking - II
 Digital water marking is about inserting information without
being detected for valid purposes
- It has applications in copyright protection
- A manufacturer may use digital watermarking to copyright
a particular music or video without being noticed
- When music is copies and copyright is violated, one can
detect two the real owner is by examining the copyright
embedded in the music or video
Risk Analysis
 Analyzing risks
- Before installing a secure system or a network one needs
to conduct a risk analysis study
- What are the threats? What are the risks?
 Various types of risk analysis methods
Quantitative approach: Events are ranked in the order of
risks and decisions are made based on then risks
Qualitative approach: estimates are used for risks
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Economics Analysis
 Security vs Cost
- If risks are high and damage is significant then it may be
worth the cost of incorporating security
- If risks and damage are not high, then security may be an
additional cost burden
 Economists and technologists need to work together
- Develop cost models
- Cost vs. Risk/Threat study
Secure Electronic Voting Machines
 We are slowly migrating to electronic voting machines
 Current electronic machines have many security
vulnerabilities
 A person can log into the system multiple times from different
parts of the country and cast his/her vote
 Insufficient techniques for ensuring that a person can vote
only once
 The systems may be attacked and compromised
 Solutions are being developed
 Johns Hopkins University is one of the leaders in the field of
secure electronic voting machines
Biometrics
 Early Identication and Authentication (I&A) systems, were
based on passwords
 Recently physical characteristics of a person are being sued
for identification
- Fingerprinting
- Facial features
- Iris scans
- Blood circulation
- Facial expressions
 Biometrics techniques will provide access not only to
computers but also to building and homes
 Other Applications
Digital Forensics
 Digital forensics is about the investigation of crime including
using digital/computer methods
 More formally: “Digital forensics, also known as computer
forensics, involved the preservation, identification, extraction,
and documentation of computer evidence stored as data or
magnetically encoded information”, by John Vacca
 Digital evidence may be used to analyze cyber crime (e.g.
Worms and virus), physical crime (e.g., homicide) or crime
committed through the use of computers (e.g., child
pornography)
Digital Forensics - II
 The steps include the following:
- When a crime occurs, law enforcement officials gather
every piece of evidence including information from the
crime scene as well as from the computers
- The evidence gathered is analyzed
- Techniques include
 Intrusion detection
 Data Mining
 Analyzing log files
 Analyze email messages
 Lawyers, Psychologists, Sociologists, Crime investigators
and Technologists have to work together
 International Journal of Digital Evidence is a useful source
Information Sharing between Trustworthy, Semitrustworthy and Untrustworthy Partners
Data/Policy for Federation
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