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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Technology In Action
Chapter 11
Behind the Scenes: Databases and
Information Systems
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Objectives
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Databases and their uses
Database components
Types of databases
Database management systems
Relational databases
Data warehouses and data marts
Information systems
Data mining
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Life without database
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Databases
• Electronic collections of related data
• Help us organize data
• Turn data into information
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Advantages of Using Databases
• Enable information sharing
Data centralization Financial Aid
• Data integrity
• Flexibility
Recording grades
Student Registration
Student
Information
Student housing Database
Parents
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database Terminology
• Field:
– Category of information
displayed in columns
• Data types:
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Text
Numeric
Date
Memo
Object
Hyperlink
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Field Name
One Field
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database Terminology
• Record:
– A group of related fields
• Table:
– A group of related records
• Primary key:
– A field value unique to a
record
© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Record
Table
Primary Key
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database Types
• Relational databases:
– Organize data in a table
– Link tables to each other through their primary keys
• Object-oriented databases:
– Stores data in objects
– Handles unstructured data
• Object-relational databases:
– A hybrid of a relational and object-oriented database
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Database Management Systems
(DBMS)
• Application software designed to acquire
and analyze data
• Four main operations of a DBMS are:
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Creating databases and entering data
Viewing and sorting data
Extracting data
Outputting data
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Relational Database Operations
• Relational databases organize data into
tables based on logical groupings
• Relationships are links between tables
with related data
• Common fields between tables need to
exist
• Normalization of data (recording data
once) reduces data redundancy
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data Storage
• Data warehouses:
– A large scale repository of
data
– Organizes all the data
related to an organization
– Data is organized by
subject
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Populating Data Warehouses
Source data
• Internal
• External
• Customers
Data marts
• Small slices of data
• Data of a single
department
Data staging
• Extract data from
source
• Reformat the data
• Store the data
Data warehouse illustration
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Managing Data:
Information Systems
• Information systems:
– Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze
information
• Functions performed by information
systems include:
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Acquiring data
Processing data into information
Storing data
Providing output options
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Information Systems Categories
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Office support
Transaction processing
Management
Decision support
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data Mining
• Process by which data are analyzed and
investigated
• Objective is to spot patterns or trends
within the data
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Data Mining Methods
• Classification:
– Define data classes
• Estimation:
– Assign a value to data
• Affinity grouping or association rules:
– Determine which data goes together
• Clustering:
– Organize data into subgroups
• Description and visualization:
– Provides a clear picture of what is happening
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Technology In Action Chapter 11
Chapter 11 Summary Questions
• What is a database and why is it beneficial
to use databases?
• What components make up a database?
• What types of databases are there?
• What do database management systems
do?
• How do relational databases organize and
manipulate data?
• What is data mining?
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