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Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past, 7th Edition Book Cover Here Chapter 14 RECONSTRUCTING THE PAST Methods, Evidence, Examples Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 1 METHODS OF INQUIRY - The Scientific Method - Definitions • • • • Induction Deduction Classification Synthesis •Analysis •Hypothesis •Theory •A priori •A posteriori - Problem Identification Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 2 Definitions • Induction: The process of reasoning beginning with specific information to form a general conclusion • Deduction: The process of reasoning that begins with a generalization and moves to a particular or specific conclusion (fact) • Classification: The systematic arrangement of objects into categories that have one or more traits in common Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 3 Definitions • Synthesis: The combining of separate parts or elements that lead toward a conclusion • Analysis: Examines all information available in an effort to separate the data into relevant parts for further study • Hypothesis: Forms the basis for an examination of information to form an assertion or tentative guess Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 4 Definitions • Theory: A scheme of thought with assumptions chosen to fit empirical knowledge or observations • A priori (“from the previous cause”): Deductive or theoretical reasoning based on cause and effect, where a conclusion is based on self evident principles • A posteriori: Inductive reasoning based on empirical facts acquired through experience or experimentation to form general principles Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 5 Problem Identification • Public Relations • Two problems / situations within the criminal justice system – When a crime occurs on the borderline of two jurisdictions – Has to be determined between investigators • Publicity • Chance of making a “good arrest” • When it is difficult to determine what crime was committed – Elements of major crime are considered – Legal counsel Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 6 Scientific Reasoning Applied to a Criminal Investigation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. State the problem Form the Hypothesis Collect Data Interpret the Data Collect Additional Data (if hypothesis supported) 6. Draw Conclusions Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 7 Reconstructing the Past: Sources of Information • • • • People Physical Evidence Records Innovative Applications – Industrial Archaeology – Garbageology – Theological Detective Work – Data Mining Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 8 Further Commentary on the Investigative Process • Luck or Creativity? • Investigative Mind-Set • The 9/11 World Trade Center Attack • The Development of Mind-Set • Evidence and Proof Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 9 Investigation … Art or Science?? • View as a continuum – Separation point for criminal investigation is moving by degrees toward science • Field is becoming a focus of academic study and research – Impact of forensic science is felt more and more Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved 10