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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM` DIGESTIVE PROCESSES • INGESTION • MOVING FOOD ALONG GI TRACT • MECHANICAL PREPARATION FOR DIGESTION • CHEMICAL DIGESTION • ABSORPTION • ELIMINATION EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT • • • • • • ECTODERM FOREGUT HINDGUT MIDGUT STOMODEUM PROCTODEUM DERIVATIVES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • • • • • • • GI TRACT THYROID PARATHYROID SALIVARY GLANDS LIVER GALLBLADDER PANCREAS DIGESTIVE ANATOMY MUCOUS MEMBRANE MUCOUS MEMBRANES ORGANS • • • • • • ORAL CAVITY PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE MOUTH • • • • • • HARD PALATE SOFT PALATE UVULA GLOSSOPALATINE ARCHES PARYNGOPALATINE ARCHES FAUCES ORAL VESTIBULE ORAL VESTIBULE LIPS HARD AND SOFT PALATE OROPHARYNX TONGUE • • • • FLOOR OF MOUTH EXTRINSIC MUSCLES INTRINSIC MUSCLE PAPILLAE PAPILLAE • • • • FILIFORM FUNGIFORM VALLATE TASTE BUDS FOUND ON FUNGIFORM AND VALLATE FILIFORM PAPILLAE FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE VALLATE PAPILLAE LINGUAL TONSILS • FORMS POSTERIOR DORSAL SURFACE • LYMPH NODULES LINGUAL FRENULUM • CONNECTS TONGUE VENTRALLY TEETH • GOMPHOSES IN ALVEOLI • GINGIVIVAE STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM • PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT ANATOMY OF THE TOOTH • DENTIN COVERED BY ENAMEL • ANCHORED TO PERIDONAL LIGAMENT BY CEMENTUM PARTS OF TOOTH • • • • • • CROWN NECK ROOT PULP CAVITY ROOT CANAL APICAL FORAMEN TYPES OF TEETH • • • • INCISORS CUSPIDS BICUSPIDS MOLARS DECIDIOUS TEETH • • • • 20 TEETH COME AT REGULAR INTERVALS START AT SIX MONTHS USUALLY ALL IN BY 2 1/2 YEARS PERMANENT TEETH • • • • 32 TEETH APPEAR AT ABOUT 6 YEARS STOPS AT ABOUT 17 YEARS SOMETIME BETWEEN 17 AND 25 WISDOM TEETH MAY COME IN SALIVARY GLANDS • • • • BUCCAL GLANDS PAROTID GLANDS SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS SUBLINGUAL GLANDS PAROTID GLAND SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS PHARYNX • NASOPHARYNX • OROPHARYNX • LARYNGOPHARYNX MESENTERIES LAYERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL WALL FOUR LAYERS TUNICA MUSOSA TUNICA SUBMUCOSA TUNICA MUSCULARIS TUNICA SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA TUNICA MUCOSA • EPITHELIAL LAYER • LAMINA PROPIRA • MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE EPITHELIAL LAYER • STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS IN MOUTH ESOPHAGUS AND ANUS • REST IS SIMPLE COLUMNAR LAMINA PROPIRA • LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPH NODULES AND SMALL GLANDS • PHARYNX -- TONSILS • SMALL INTESTINE -- PEYERS PATCHES • APPENDIX -- LYMPH NODULES MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE TUNICA SUBMUCOSA • THICK LAYER OF EITHER DENSE OR LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, NERVES, AND SOMETIMES GLANDS TUNICA MUSCULARIS • DOUBLE LAYER OF MUSCLE IN MOST AREAS • INNER LAYER ARRANGED CIRCULARLY • OUTER LAYER ARRANGED LONGITUDINALLY • THICKENED AREAS OF INNER LAYER FORMS SPHINCTERS MUSCLES FOUND IN MUSCULARIS • SKELETAL --- UPPER PART OF ESOPHAGUS AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER • SMOOTH -- REST OF TRACT TUNICA SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA • • • • OUTER MOST TUNIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE ESOPHAGUS -- ADVENTITIA ABDOMINAL CAVITY COMPONENTS-- SEROSA NERVE PLEXUSES AND REFLEX PATHWAYS • SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS --TUNICA SUBMUCOSA • MYENTERIC PLEXUS --BETWEEN CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL LAYERS OF TUNICA MUSCLUARIS • SUBSEROUS PLEXUS -- TUNICA SEROSA • COORDINATE MUCH OF ACTIVITY OF GI TRACT GANGLIA FOUND IN GI TRACT • AUERBACH’S/MYENTERIC PLEXUS – AUTONOMIC GANGLIA ARE FOUND IN THE TUNICA MUSCULARIS • MEISSNER’S/SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS – AUTONOMIC GANGLIA FOUND IN TUNICA SUBMUCOSA REFLEX PATHWAYS • SHORT REFLEXES • LONG REFLEXES SHORT REFLEXES • SIGNALS ORIGINATE FROM RECEPTORS IN WALL OF GI TRACT • TRANSMITTED BY INTRINSIC NERVE PLEXUS TO EFFECTOR CELLS • ALL ELEMENTS ARE FOUND IN WALL OF GI TRACT LONG REFLEXES • SIGNALS ORIGINATE IN RECEPTORS IN GI TRACT • TRANSMITTED BY AFFERENT NEURONS TO CNS • AUTONOMIC NEURONS (VAGUS) CARRY CNS INPUT TO INTRINSIC NERVE PLEXUSES AND EFFECTOR CELLS ESOPHAGUS • LONG MUSCULAR TUBE • POSTERIOR TO TRACHEA • PASSES THROUGH MEDIASTINUM • PASSES THROUGH ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS • PERISTALSIS MOVES FOOD THROUGH STOMACH • LEFT OF MID PLANE • BLOW DIAPHRAGM • CARIDAC ORIFICE • PYLORIC SPHINCTER ANATOMY OF STOMACH • • • • • • • LESSER CURVATURE GREATER CURVATURE LESSER OMENTUM GREATER OMENTUM FUNDUS BODY PYLORIC REGION PYLORIC ANTRUM AND CANAL • RUGAE STOMACH RUGAE PYLORIC SPHINCTER MODIFICATIONS OF STOMACH MUCOSA • GASTRIC GLANDS IN LAMINA PROPIRA • GASTRIC PITS TRANSITION FROM STOMACH TO DUODENUM TYPES OF GLANDS • • • • • FUNDIC GLANDS GASTRIC GLANDS PROPER CARDIAC GLANDS PYLORIC GLANDS ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS FUNDIC AND GASTRIC GLANDS PROPER • MUCOUS NECK CELLS • PARIETAL (OXYNTIC ) CELLS • ZYMOGENIC (CHIEF) CELLS PARIETAL AND CHIEF CELLS MUCOUS NECK CELLS • SECRETE MUCOUS • LOCATED NEAR GASTRIC PITS PARIETAL CELLS • OXYNTIC CELLS • SECRETES HCL ZYMOGENIC CELLS • CHIEF CELLS • SECRETES PEPSINOGEN CHIEF CELLS CARDIAC AND PYLORIC GLANDS • SECRETE MAINLY MUCOUS ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS • GASTRIN • SEROTONIN • HISTAMINE MODIFICATIONS OF TUNICA MUSCULARIS • OBLIQUE MUSCLE LAYER • ALLOWS STRONG CONTRACTIONS TO MIX FOOD WITH DIGESTIVE ENZYMES SMALL INTESTINES • • • • LONGEST PORTION OF GI TRACT 6 METERS LONG MOST CONVOLUTED LINED WITH SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM • SPECIALIZED TO ABSORB NUTRIENTS • WHERE MOST ABSORPTION OCCURS REGIONS OF SMALL INTESTINE • DUODENUM • JEJUNUM • ILEUM DUODENUM • HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA (AMPULLA OF VATER) • DUODENAL PAPILLA • HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER (SPHINCTER OF ODDI) • DUODENUM IS RETROPERITONEAL • 25 CM SUBMUCOSA OF DUODENUM TUNICA MUSCULARIS OF THE DUODENUM DUODENOJEJUNAL JUNCTION JEJUNUM • 2.5 METERS • SUSPENDED BY MESENTERY ILEUM • • • • 3.5 METERS ILEOCECAL VALVE ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER SUSPENDED BY MESENTERY ILEUM MODIFICATIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE WALL • OCCUR IN TUNICA MUCOSA AND TUNICA SUBMUCOSA • PLICAE CIRCULARES • VILLI PLICAE CIRCULARES • CIRCULAR SHELF LIKE FOLDS • INCREASE SURFACE AREA • HELP MIX FOOD WITH ENZYMES VILLI • MUCOSAL PROJECTIONS INTO LUMEN • COVERED BY SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM • CONTAINS A LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY CALLED A LACTEAL DISTENDED LACTEALS EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT COVER THE VILLI • GOBLET CELLS --- MUCUS • ABSORPTIVE CELLS --- ABSORPTION AND DIGESTION • ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS -- IN DUODENUM--CCK, SECRETIN AND OTHERS ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS INTESTINAL GLANDS • CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN • BETWEEN BASES OF VILLI PANETH CELLS • NOT ENTEROENDOCRINE • SECRETE ANTIBACTERIAL PRODUCTS PEYER’S PATCHES • IN SUBMUCOSA • AGGREGATION OF LYMPHATIC NODULES LARGE INTESTINE • 1.5 M LONG • EXTENDS FROM ILEOCECAL VALVE TO ANUS • NAMED FOR DIAMETER • SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM • MICROVILLI • ABSORPTIVE AND GOBLET CELLS • FEW ENZYMES PRODUCED ANATOMY OF THE LARGE INTESTINE • CECUM • VERIFORM APPENDIX • ASCENDING COLON • RIGHT COLIC (HEPATIC) FLEXURE • TRANSVERSE COLON • LEFT COLIC (SPLENIC FLEXURE) • DESCENDING COLON • SIGMOID COLON • RECTUM • ANUS CECUM • BLIND POUCH • RECEIVES THE CONTENTS OF THE ILEUM TYPICAL HISTOLOGY OF THE COLON VERIFORM APPENDIX • NARROW BLIND TUBE • EXTENDS DOWNWARD FROM CECUM • NUMEROUS LYMPHATIC NODULES ASCENDING COLON • EXTENDS UPWARD • TIGHTLY ATTACHED TO POSTERIOR WALL OF ABDOMEN • RETROPERITONEAL RIGHT COLIC FLEXURE • HEPATIC FLEXURE • JUST BELOW LIVER • BENDS TO THE LEFT TRANSVERSE COLON • PASSES ACROSS ABDOMINAL CAVITY • SUPENDED BY MESOCOLON LEFT COLIC FLEXURE • SPLENIC FLEXURE • BENDS DOWNWARD DESCENDING COLON • RETROPERITONEAL • DESCENDS TO LEFT PELVIC BRIM SIGMOID COLON • CURVES TO MIDPLANE TO FORM AN S SHAPED SIGMOID COLON TUNICS OF THE COLON TUNICA MUCOSA • • • • INTESTINAL GLANDS MUCOUS CELLS NO VILLI PLICAE SEMILUNARE (SEMILUNAR FOLDS) TUNICA MUSCULARIS • • • • TAENIAE COLI 3 BANDS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE RUNS LENGTH OF COLON FORMS POUCHES CALLED HAUSTRA EPIPLOIC APPENDAGES • FAT FILLED FOLDS OF PERITONEUM HAUSTRA RECTUM • IN FRONT OF SACRUM • SAME STRUCTURE AS COLON EXCEPT NO TAENIAE COLI • FEMALE MALE RECTUM ANAL-RECTAL JUNCTION MUCOUS CUTANEOUS JUNCTIONS ANAL CANAL • • • • LAST 3-4 CM OF COLON BELOW PELVIC DIAPHRAGM NOT IN ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY MALE ANAL CANAL ANATOMY OF ANAL CANAL • • • • ANAL COLUMNS ANAL SINUSES ANAL VALVES INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTERS INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER • SMOOTH MUSCLE EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER • SKELETAL MUSCLE • FEMALE ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS • LOCATED OUTSIDE THE GI TRACT • IMPORTANT FOR DIGESTION OF FOOD • CARRIED BY DUCTS • DERIVED FROM ENDODERM ALSO PANCREAS • • • • • EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE GLAND RETROPERITONEAL HEAD BODY TAIL HEAD OF PANCREAS BODY OF PANCREAS TAIL OF PANCREAS MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY • • • • RESEMBLE SALIVARY GLANDS ACINI SINGLE SET OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS ACTIVELY SECRETE ZYMOGEN GRANULES • INACTIVE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES PANCREATIC SECRETIONS • HORMONES • PANCREATIC JUICE PANCREATIC SECRETIONS • EXOCRINE TRANSPORT TO GI TRACT • PANCREATIC DUCT (DUCT OF WIRSUNG) • COMMON BILE DUCT • ACCESSORY PANCREATIC DUCT (DUCT OF SANTORINI) ENDOCRINE SECRETIONS • ISLETS OF LANGERHAN • EXOCYTOSIS • DIFFUSION INTO BLOOD STREAM HEAD OF PANCREAS PANCREAS AUTONOMIC GANGLION IN PANCREAS ISLETS OF LANGERHANS PANCREATIC ACINI PANCREATIC ACINI LIVER • LARGE ORGAN • MANY IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS CAUDATE LOBE QUADRATE LOBE LEFT LOBE RIGHT LOBE FALCIFORM LIGAMENT LIGAMENTUM TERES CORONARY LIGAMENT LIGAMENTUM VENOSUM BARE AREA LESSER OMENTUM ATTACHES IT TO STOMACH BLOOD SUPPLY • • • • TWO BLOOD SUPPLIES 1500 ML OF BLOOD PER MINUTE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION SYSTEMATIC BLOOD SUPPLY • 400 ML IN HEPATIC ARTERY • BRANCHES OFF AORTA • OXYGENATED BLOOD HEPATIC ARTERY HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN • VENOUS BLOOD • DEOXYGENATED • NUTRIENT RICH BLOOD FROM DIGESTIVE TRACT, PANCREAS AND SPLEEN • 1100 ML PER MINUTE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN UNIQUENESS OF HEPATIC CIRCULATION • BOTH SYSTEMIC ARTERIE AND HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN EMPTY INTO SAME SINUSOIDS • MEANS THERE IS A MIXTURE OF ARTERIAL AND VENOUS BLOOD • EMPTY INTO HEPATIC VEIN AND INTO INFERIOR VENA CAVA STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER LIVER CORDS OR PLATES • MADE UP OF ROWS OR SHEETS OF HEPATOCYTES LIVER LOBULES • TINY HEXAGONAL COMPARTMENTS LIVER LOBULES PORTAL CANALS • PORTA HEPATIS HEPATIC TRIAD CLASSIC LOBULE CENTRAL VEIN LIVER STROMA HEPATOCYTE LIVER SINUSOIDS • LINED WITH ENDOTHELIUM • HIGHLY PERMEABLE PERISINUSOIDAL SPACE • SPACE OF DISSE • SEPARATES THE ENDOTHIAL LINING FROM HEPATOCYTES • MICROVILLI EXTEN INTO SPACE STELLATE MACROPHAGES • KUPPFER CELLS • EXTENSIONS EXTEND INTO SINUSOIDS • ACTIVE PHAGOCYTES THAT REMOVE BACTERIA AND FOREIGN CELLS CELLS LINING SINUSOIDS BILE CANALICULI • LOCATED BETWEEN HEPATOCYTES • CARRY BILE TO BILE DUCTS LOCATED AT PERIPHERY OF LOBULES • TRAVELS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF BLOOD • BILE DUCTS JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM HEPATIC DUCT GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER GALL BLADDER • SMALL SAC ON INFERIOR SURFACE OF LIVER • COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM • STORAGE SITE FOR BILE • SERVICED BY CYSTIC DUCT HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER • CONTROLS FATE OF BILE COMMON BILE DUCT • HEPATIC DUCT AND CYSTIC DUCT GREATER DUODENAL PAPILLAE LESSER DUODENAL PAPILLAE COMMON BILE DUCT