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Today’s Agenda: (1) Journal Questions: What did you have for breakfast today? Was it healthy? Explain your response. *(2) Lecture: Digestion, Absorption, Excretion. (Ending on slide 56) (3) Film: The Diet (Body Story) (4) Homework: Read Chapter 49. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 1 Digestion & Nutrition: 1. What is a calorie? A calorie is defined as a unit of energy supplied by food. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 2 Digestion & Nutrition 2. What is normal daily caloric intake? a. Teenage Girls, Active Women, Most Men: 2,000 Calories per day b. Teenage Boys, Active Men: 2,400 Calories per day 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 3 Digestion & Nutrition 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 4 Obesity Definition: A. Obesity is defined by a Body Mass Index (BMI) of greater than 30% with a body fat percentage of: (1) Greater than 28% for males. (2) Greater than 36% for females. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 5 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 6 Who’s Big? (NIH Study 2010) A. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States 2010 (1) Adults (20 years of age and up) a. 32.9% of U.S Adults are obese. (2) Children (Ages 2 – 19) a. 31.9% are overweight and obese. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 7 The Children of 2010 A. From 2006 - 2010, millions of teenagers and young adults joined the ranks of clinically obese. B. There is an increased incidence in type II diabetes in teens. C. Even our pets are overweight, 25% of dogs and cats are heavier than they should be. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 8 Fat Animals in the Wild 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 9 The Children of 2010 D. Twenty years ago, 5% of American kids were overweight. E. Today 20% are overweight and another 15% are headed that way. F. In 1969, 80% of kids played sports everyday; today only 20% play sports everyday. G. By age 17, a child has spent 38% more time in front of the television or computer than in school. H. 80% of a teenager’s calories come from sodas. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 10 Fruit Juices vs. Soft Drinks A. Look at sugar content: (1) Which has the most grams of total sugar? 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 11 Who’s Big? (CDC 2010) B. Obese children and adolescents are more likely to become obese as adults. (1) One study found that approximately 80% of the children who were overweight at ages 10 – 15 years of age were obese adults at age 25. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 12 Who exercises? A. The proportion of youth (18 years of age) who report engaging in no physical activity is high, and the proportion increases with age. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 13 Why is this happening? A. We eat too much highcalorie food and we do not burn it off with enough exercise. B. 3,500 calories = 1 pound of fat; It is very easy to gain 1 pound of fat in a week. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 14 Fat Cells A. The amount of fat cells you are born with will probably be the same number when you die. (Only the size of the cell increases or decreases depending on weight gain and weight loss) B. There are 3 times in life when you can increase the number of fat cells your body has: (1) The Toddler Years (2) Puberty (3) Third Trimester of Pregnancy 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 15 First Law of Thermodynamics A. Calories In = Calories Out B. If the calories you take in are greater than the calories you expend (exercise) you will get fat. C. Excess calories are stored as fat. D. Average daily caloric intake varies: 2,000 – 2,500 calories per day. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 16 Role Models??? 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 17 What did Sushi A say to Sushi B? 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 18 Was up B? (Wasabi) 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 19 Digestion, Absorption & Excretion By Rick Woodward 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 20 Digestion Starts in the Mouth I. The Mouth 1. Secretion of saliva upon the sight or smell of food. A. Lubricates each morsel with mucus to make passage easier. -Saliva contains amylase, mucus, and lysozymes. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 21 The Mouth B. Contains amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch (carbohydrate chains). -Starch digestion begins in the mouth. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 22 The Mouth C. Lysozymes break into the cell walls of bacteria that are on or in your food. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 23 The Mouth D. The body manufactures 1-2 quarts of saliva a day. E. Saliva is mostly water and it is weakly alkaline (basic) with a pH of 7.4 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 24 The Mouth 2. Chewing creates smaller particles whose increased surface area allows digestive enzymes to access more surface area of swallowed food. (Mastication) 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 25 The Mouth 3. The tongue assesses the amounts and types of food found in saliva. a. Tastes include: (1) Sweet (2) Salty (3) Sour (4) Bitter 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 26 The Esophagus II. The esophagus is a tube through which your food travels to your stomach. A. Food is transported with a peristaltic (pumping) motion. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 27 The Esophagus B. An opening called the glottis is covered by a flap of tissue called the epiglottis. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 28 The Esophagus C. The epiglottis prevents choking by covering the trachea (wind pipe/breathing tube) when swallowing. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 29 The Esophagus D. The lower esophageal valve prevents backflow of the stomach’s contents from going back into the esophagus. (Heartburn/Acid Reflux) 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 30 The Stomach III. The stomach secretes mucus, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, lipase, and an intrinsic factor which is necessary to activate and absorb Vitamin B-12. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 31 The Stomach A. Digesting protein using: 1. Stomach acid juices, like hydrochloric acid (HCl) pH = 2. a. Pepsin, an enzyme, works directly on large proteins. b. Protein digestion begins in the stomach. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 32 The Stomach B. The average capacity of the stomach is one liter. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 33 The Stomach C. Food stays in the stomach for about 2-3 hours. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 34 The Stomach D. Fatty meals or solid foods take longer to digest than liquids and low-fat meals. -Lipase, an enzyme, starts the digestion of certain fats. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 35 The Small Intestine IV. The Small Intestine (Duodenum): 95% of all digestion and nutrient absorption takes place here. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 36 The Small Intestine A. Food entering the small intestine from the stomach is strongly acidic. -Secretions from the pancreas alkalize the food coming in from the stomach. -Small Intestine has a pH = 8.3 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 37 The Small Intestine B. Can be up to 10 feet long (referred to as “small” because of its small diameter.) 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 38 The Small Intestine C. Food may remain in it from 4-10 hours. D. Most nutrient absorption occurs within the small intestine. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 39 The Pancreas V. The Pancreas supplies the following enzymes to the duodenal are of the small intestine: (1) Trypsin, an enzyme, for protein digestion. (2) Amylase, an enzyme, for starch digestion. (3) Lipase, an enzyme, for fat digestion. (4) Bicarbonate, for acid neutralization. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 40 The Liver VI. The Liver supplies the duodenum with bile. A. Bile envelopes fat droplets in a fluid for intestinal absorption. B. Bile emulsifies fats. C. Up to one liter of bile is stored in the gall bladder. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 41 The Large Intestine VII. The large intestine can be up to six feet long. A. Can hold food for as long as three days. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 42 The Large Intestine B. Colonies of helpful bacteria are permanent residents. (1) They aid in the digestion of plant matter. (2) Bacteria produce vitamins: B12, Riboflavin, Thiamine, and Vitamin K. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 43 The Large Intestine C. Water is removed from food in the large intestine. (water absorption) (1) Some diseases that affect the large intestine can cause diarrhea. (2) Waste matter is packaged for removal. a. About ½ of waste is dead bacteria. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 44 Overview of Digestive System A. Something happens to your food through each part of the digestive tract. B. Nutrients become available and transported throughout your body via the circulatory system (blood). 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 45 Excretory System A. Your excretory system works in a similar way to the equipment that purifies water. B. Your excretory organs are: (1) Kidneys (2) Lungs (3) Skin C. The organs help your body get rid of waste products. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 46 Excretory System D. The amount of water in blood is important to maintain: (1) Normal Blood Pressure (120/80) (2) Movement of Gases (3) Excretion of Solid Waste. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 47 Excretory System E. Filters out nitrogen wastes and helps maintain osmotic balance. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 48 Excretory System F. The main excretory organs are two kidneys; fist size, bean-shaped structures that lie near the dorsal abdominal wall. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 49 Excretory System G. Kidneys filter blood that has collected waste products from cells. -If waste products build up, they act as poisons to the body cells. (1) Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, the tiny filtering units of the kidney. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 50 Excretory System H. Each nephron is made up of a cup-shaped Bowman’s capsule, which narrows into a long, coiled tubule. (1) In the center of each Bowman’s capsule is a mass of capillaries called the glomerulus. (2) A glomerulus forms from a small artery that branches from one of the two renal arteries. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 51 Excretory System I. The Filtering Process: 1. Blood entering the kidney contains needed materials being transported to body cells, plus urea and excess salts. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 52 The Filtering Process 2. The blood acquires urea when it passes through the liver, which converts ammonia to urea. a. Urea is less toxic than ammonia. b. It conserves water because it requires less water for excretion. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 53 The Filtering Process 3. The continuous flow of blood into the kidneys forces the liquid out of the cup portion of Bowman’s capsule and into the tubule. a. In the tubule is where the actual filtering process takes place. b. 99% of the water passing through the kidneys is reabsorbed. c. What remains in the collecting duct of the nephron is: urea, salts, and a small amount of water. -This is called urine. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 54 The Filtering Process 4. Urine passes from the collecting duct to the ureter, which conveys urine to a muscular storage sac, called the urinary bladder. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 55 The Filtering Process 5. When the bladder becomes filled, a muscular valve relaxes, and urine is excreted and discharged through the urethra. 5/22/2017 By Dr. Rick Woodward 56 With the remainder of class time: 1. Answer the vocabulary activity in your packet. 2. Color in sections of the digestive system in your packet. 3. Label the organs of the digestive system on page 1 of your packet By Dr. Rick Woodward 57