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Gastrointestinal System Structure and Function Gastrointestinal system Where does digestion occur? Begins in the mouth Ends at the anus Types of Digestion Mechanical digestion: mastication (teeth, tongue) Chemical digestion: salivary glands secrete ptyalin; CHO digestion The Mouth Mechanical: mastication Chemical: saliva contains “ptyalin” that begins breakdown of carbohydrates The Tongue Moves food around Saliva that is produced coats and lubricates the food for easier chewing and swallowing. Taste buds occur in different areas of tongue: bitter, sweet, salty, sour The Teeth Chew and break food down into small morsels The Gingivae (gum) support and protect the teeth The Salivary Glands Located in and around the mouth and throat. Saliva is secreted into the oral cavity by three pairs of salivary glands: ◦ Parotid salivary glands – largest salivary gland, swell during an attack of mumps ◦ Submandibular gland about the size of a walnut, its secretions contain both mucin and ptyalin ◦ Sublingual glands – the smallest, secrete mainly mucus and contain no ptyalin The Pharynx Serves as a passageway for food (swallowing) and air When a person swallows the back of the tongue helps close the epiglottis which directs food away from the larynx and into the esophagus. The Peritoneum Two layered membrane Lines the abdominal cavity Parietal layer: lines entire abdominal cavity Visceral layer: covers the outside of each abdominal organ Mesentary: attached to posterior abdominal wall; small intestines anchored here Greater Omentum: 2 layers of peritoneum containing fat; hangs over abdominal organs The Esophagus Connects the pharynx to the stomach Carries food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach When food (bolus) is swallowed it enters the upper portion of the esophagus The walls of the esophagus have four layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and external serous layer The Stomach Muscular organ located in LUQ Chemical and mechanical digestion continues; semisolid solution “chyme” Secretes HCl: aids in protein breakdown, kills bacteria, & aids Fe absorption Secretes intrinsic factor: vitamin B12 absorption Secretes “lipase”: fat digestion Rennin: infant stomachs – milk digestion Contains rugae for expansion Cardiac sphincter: separates esophagus and stomach Pyloric sphincter: separates stomach and duodenum The Stomach Continued… Secretes “lipase”: fat digestion Rennin: infant stomachs – milk digestion Contains rugae for expansion Cardiac sphincter: separates esophagus and stomach Pyloric sphincter: separates stomach and duodenum The Stomach The Small Intestine Duodenum: first 10 inches Jejunum: middle section Ileum: terminal section Entire section is approximately 20 ft. in length and 1 inch in diameter Absorption of nutrients (CHO, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals) Digestion completed The Duodenum Bile and pancreatic juices enter here; calcium, fat, and iron digestion/absorption begin The Jejunum Middle section Fats, proteins, CHO absorption The Ileum Terminal end of small intestine Vitamin B12 and bile salts absorbed here Separated from large intestine by ileocecal valve or cecum Digestion is completed in small intestine Villi and microvilli: fingerlike projections on inside of small intestine; increase surface area for absorption The Villi and microvilli Nutrient absorption Villi contain blood capillaries to absorb sugars and proteins Lacteals, in the villi, absorb fats The Large Intestine Approximately 5 – 6 feet long Separated from small intestine by ileocecal valve Forms framework around small intestine Absorbs water Eliminates waste Contains bacteria that produce vitamin K and B12 The Large intestine Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum: stores solid waste Anus: terminal opening of GI tract The Vermiform appendix Small blind pouch located at ileocecal valve Contains lymphatic type tissue May aid in infection control The Liver Located in RUQ Makes bile for fat breakdown Stores sugar in form of glycogen Stores Fe and fat soluble vitamins Produces clotting factors Detoxifies harmful substances The Gallbladder Located beneath liver Stores bile and releases it when fat enters duodenum The Pancreas Located behind stomach in LUQ Produces enzymes for digestion Amylase: breakdown sugar Trypsin, chymotrypsin: breakdown protein Lipase: breakdown fats Produces hormone insulin Insulin needed for sugar to enter cells Digestive system GI tract Starts with mouth and ends with anus Chemical and mechanical digestion