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Gastrointestinal System
By Daniel Pinho
Andrew Wythe
Mouth
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Teeth
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Break Food Down
Made up of enamel
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Very mineralized
substance
protects pulp
Saliva
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99.5% water
.5% is electrolytes, mucus
and enzymes
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Amylase – breaks down fat
and starches
Lysozyme – causes
bacteria to shrivel up and
die
Throat
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Epiglottis
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Stops up the larynx
when food is swallowed
so that food only goes
into the esophagus
Esophagus
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Lined with muscle
Passes food into
stomach in a process
called peristalsis
www.westga.edu/~lkral/peristalsis
Stomach
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Parts
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Cardia – section where contents are emptied into the stomach
Fundus – upper curve of the organ
Corpus – Central area of the stomach
Pylorus – empties food into the duodenum
Breaking Down
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Acid is created by the secretion of parietal cells which then breaks
down food
Pepsin is a protease enzyme that helps break down food
Stomach Muscles mechanically break down food
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Borborygmus – stomach growling as a result of “house cleaning,” or
muscle contractions to move food into the intestines
Liver
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Bile is a fluid substance
made of water, electrolytes,
cholesterol, acids,
phospholipids, and bilirubin
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Allow digestion and
absorption of fats and fatsoluble vitamins is small
intestine
Releases waste from body
Detoxifies toxins in food
Gall Bladder
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Holds Bile for future use
(Non vital organ)
Pancreas
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Secretes hormones and
insulin into small
intestine for digestion
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Insulin is a hormone that
enables cells to absorb
sugar
Islets of Langerhans
produce hormones,
while the Pancreatic
acini create the
digestive enzymes.
Small Intestine
Duodenum
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The beginning part of the
small intestines and extends
to the middle of intestine
Most of the chemical
digestion occurs after food
moves through stomach acid
Here, food mixes with both
bile and digestive enzymes
from pancreas breaking
down food even further
Small Intestine
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Jejunum
Mid section of the intestine
Has villi that increase
surface area for absorption
Sugars are absorbed, while
amino acids, peptides and
vitamins are transported
actively.
Small Intestine
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Ileum
Absorbs Bile salts and vitamin B 12
Also does clean up duty for the intestine, by
absorbing the nutrients the other sections missed.
Contains protease enzymes and carbohydrase
enzymes
Lacteals are lymphatic vessels that absorb fatty
acids.
Large Intestine
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Broken up into two sections,
the cecum and colon
Absorbs water from the
leftover waste of digestion
700 different species of
bacteria
Mucus layer protects
intestine from attack by
bacteria
Waste exits through rectum
Appendix
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Scientists debate function
Can cause death due to
infection and can be removed
without any problems
Theorize that the appendix
houses and produces bacteria
for the large intestine
Scientists have seen endocrine
cells and immune cells in the
appendix of 11-week-old
fetuses leading them to believe
it might be a part of the
endocrine or immune systems.
Diseases
Peptic Ulcer
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Sore in the lining of your
stomach or duodenum
Most common cause is from
bacteria called Helicobacter
pylori
Aspirin and stress usually
irritate but do not create
peptic ulcers
Symptom is usually
abdominal pain
Peptic Ulcer Cont.
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Complications:
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Gastrointestinal Bleeding: the ulcer has eroded a
blood vessel, this can be life threatening
Perforation: the ulcer has completely eaten
through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract
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Stomach acid goes into abdominal cavity which cause
internal damage
Penetration: the ulcer moves into another organ
Peptic Ulcer Treatment
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Antacids and antibiotics usually help cure the ulcer
Commonly, two antibiotics are used to fight bacteria
such as Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, or
Metronidazole and a PPI (Proton pump inhibitor) that
reduces gastric acid production
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Proton pump inhibitors work by irreversibly blocking the
hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme
system created by the parietal cells
If the ulcer is perforated or bleeding, surgery will be
required immediately.
New Treatment
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Manuka honey
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Comes from New Zealand
The antibacterial properties
of the honey inhibits the
growth of the bacteria
helicobacter pylori
It is an all natural remedy
and can be consumed
without worries of overdose
or side effects
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Crohn's Disease
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The immune system
suddenly does not
recognize the
gastrointestinal tract.
The intestines are
attacked, causing them
to swell.
This causes abdominal
pain and weight
fluctuation.
Crohn's Disease Cont.
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Crohn’s disease can affect other parts of the
body.
If it is contracted by a child, their growth may be
stunted.
Eye swelling may be common causing pain in the
eye.
Sores may be present on the shins.
Blood clotting is more likely which can lead to an
emolism.
Crohn's Disease
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Crohn’s disease is not curable, however its symptoms are treatable
Symptoms can be controlled through medication such as :
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Aminosalicylates- interfere with the body's ability to control inflammation
Corticosteroids- a steroid that decreases inflammation and reduces the
activity of the immune system
Immune modifiers- drugs that target the immune system to reduce
inflammation
Biologic therapies- medication that is made to specifically target an
immune or genetic mediator of disease
Antibiotics
Inflammation can be controlled through medication
Surgery can be used to repair any extreme damage to the intestines
from the disease
New Treatment
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Stem Cells
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Bone marrow is transplanted into patient created by stem
cells
Immune system is reset and does not attack GI system
First, all of the leukocytes (white blood cells) are destroyed
through treatment
Then stem cells in the new marrow that have been created
replace the old bone marrow
The immune system is been reset
Ulcerative Colitis
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It is an inflammatory bowel disease that is located in
the inner lining of the colon and rectum
Symptoms include:
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bloody diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Rectal bleeding
Very similar to that of chron’s disease. However,
ulcerative colitis is only found in the large intestine
where as chron’s can be located through out the GI
tract
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative Colitis Treatment
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Follows many of the same medications given
to a patient with Chron’s disease
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Aminosalicylates
Corticosteroids
Immunomodulators- lessen inflammation by
affecting immune system
In more sever cases surgery is required and
part of the patient’s colon is removed
New Treatment
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Remicade
It is a medication that blocks the effects of TNF
(Tumor necrosis factor)
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TNF is a cytokine that regulates immunity cells
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Cytokines are signaling molecules that allow cellular
communication which in TNF’s case is with immunity cells
Reduces symptoms of UC
Promotes intestinal healing
It does not cure UC, only treats it
Cholera
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Caused by a bacteria called
Vibrio cholerae
This bacteria is usually
contracted through means of
food and water which have
been contaminated with the
disease
The bacteria produces a toxin
that effects the epithelium lining
of the small intestines causing
severe diarrhea and vomiting
If cholera is not treated quickly,
the body can rapidly dehydrate
within a few hours causing
shock then death
Treatment
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Cholera is treatable and can be fixed with
two methods
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Antibiotics to destroy the bacteria
Rehydrating the body with essential liquids and
nutrients with pre-packaged mixtures
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Cholera usually progresses to dangerous levels in third
world countries compared to more wealthy nations
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