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Nutrition Basics Nutritional Requirements: Components of A Healthy Diet empty calories-food that supplies food energy but little or no other nutrition--------cokes,cookies,cake beer, margarine, corn syrup,ice cream Essential nutrients Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Minerals and Water. Fuel Potential=energy=Kilocalories (kcalorie). 1 Kcalorie (Kcal)= nutritional calorie= amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 liter of fluid 1 degree of centigrade----or 1 pound of water another 4 deg F. 1 calorie (cal)=scientific calorie= amount of heat to raise one gram of water 1 deg C. 2000 kcalorie or calories per day meets a person needs. 1000 calories = 1 kcalorie. 3 things supply energy Fat = 9 calories per gram Protein = 4 calories per gram Carbohydrates = 4 calories per gram Chapter Twelve 2 bomb calorimeter to figure calories Chapter Twelve 3 Proteins Forms muscle, bone, blood, enzymes, hormones and cell membrane. Twenty(or 22) common amino acids amino acid has COOH at one end, then NH2, and a side chain gives amino acid name. Nine essential amino acids(must get from diet) Eleven nonessential amino acids Complete proteins provide all essential amino acids. Most animal proteins. Most plant proteins are incomplete. Combine 2 vegetables to make up missing amino acids. Recommended amount 0.8 gram per kilogram of body weight 10-35% of total calorie intake per day Average is 15-16% Chapter Twelve 4 Fats or Lipids Most concentrated source of energy stored energy and provides insulation and support for body organs Saturated Fat Mono-unsaturated Poly-unsaturated Hydrogenation Trans fatty acids Chapter Twelve 5 Fats and Health Cholesterol High Density Lipo-Protein (HDL’s) – good cholesterol Low Density Lipo-Protein (LDL’s) – bad cholesterol 60 mg/dL and above=High HDL cholesterol. An HDL of 60 mg/dL and above is considered protective against heart disease. LDL less than 100 mg/dL=Optimal Absorbs Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K) Make up 25%-35% of total daily calories 7% from saturated fat 10% from polyunsaturated fat 20% from monounsaturated fat Recommended Intake Adults Men 17 grams per day of linoleic and 1.6 grams of alpha-linoleic Women 12 grams per day of linoleic and 1.1 grams of alpha-linoleic Only 3-4 teaspoons (15-20 grams) of vegetable oil per day Recommended daily range for total fat= 20-35% Chapter Twelve 6 Carbohydrates(plants) Supply energy for the body cells Two groups Simple Carbs: One or two sugar units Fruit, sugar, honey, malt, and milk Complex Carbs: Multiple sugar units Starches and fiber Grains – wheat, rye, rice, oats, barley, and millet Legumes – dry beans, peas, and lentils Tubers – potatoes and yams Digestion Mouth and small intestines Break down to glucose Chapter Twelve 7 Recommended Carbohydrate Intake Average American – 200-300 grams 130 grams needed to meet the body’s requirements for essential carbohydrates Adults – 45-65% of total daily calories or 225-325 grams Chapter Twelve 8 Fiber – A Closer Look Food and Nutrition Board Sources Dietary fiber nondigestible carbohydrate that is present naturally Functional fiber nondigestible carbohydrate that has been isolated or synthesized Total fiber is the sum of both All plant substances Recommended intake 38 grams for adult men 25 grams for adult women Needs to come from foods not supplements Chapter Twelve 9 Vitamins Organic (carbon-containing) substances required in small amounts to promote specific chemical reactions (catalyst) within a living cell. Thirteen vitamins: Four Fat Soluble: A, D, E, and K. Nine Water Soluble: C and 8 B-complex vitamins. Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Folate, B12, Biotin and Pantothenic acid. Sources: Human body does not manufacture most vitamins Abundant in fruits, vegetables and grains Chapter Twelve 10 Minerals Inorganic compounds. Helps to regulate body functions,aid in growth,maintenance of body tissues, and a catalyst for energy release. 17 essential minerals. Major minerals - 100 milligrams or more. calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, sodium, potassium and chloride. Trace minerals – minute amounts. Cobalt, copper, fluoride, iodide, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc Chapter Twelve 11 Water body Composed of about 50-60% water Can live up to 50 days without food , but only a few days without water Water and other beverages make-up 80-90% of your daily water intake Men – 3.7 total liters of water, with 3.0 liters (13 cups) coming from beverages Women – 2.7 total liters of water, with 2.2 (9 cups) coming from beverages Chapter Twelve 12 Other Substances in Food Antioxidants – Reduction in cancers Vitamin C & E, selenium, carotenoids Phytochemicals Soy foods may help lower cholesterol levels Cruciferous(brocolli/cabbage) vegetables render some carcinogenic compounds harmless Allyl sulfides (garlic and onions) boosts the cancer-fighting immune cells Chapter Twelve 13 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) Set standards by Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences developed RDAs and AI (adequate intake) Include standards for both recommended and maximum intakes Established standards for nutrient intake in order to prevent nutrient deficiencies Should you take supplements? DRIs guide you will the nutritional needs with food, rather than the use of supplements Daily values – U.S. Food and Drug Administration use on food labels Based on 2000 calorie diet Chapter Twelve 14 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Eating a variety of nutrient-dense foods Control calorie intake to manage healthy weight Physically active every day Plenty of grains, vegetables and fruits Choose fats wisely Choose carbohydrates wisely Prepare foods with little salt and sugar Moderation of alcohol consumption Keep foods safe to eat Chapter Twelve 15 Weight Management Overweight and obesity are major public health problem Americans need to reduce the amount of calories Increase physical activity Make wiser food choices Chapter Twelve 16 Physical Activity Aim to accumulate at least 30 minutes (adults) or 60 minutes (children) of moderate physical activity Brisk walk at a pace of 3-4 mile per hour Manage body weight--- engage in 60 minutes of moderately to vigorous intense activity Sustain weight loss engage daily in at least 60-90 minutes of moderate activity Chapter Twelve 17 Food Groups to Encourage Fruits and vegetables 4 1/2 cups or the equivalent of 9 servings each day Dark green vegetables Orange vegetables Legumes Whole grains Low-Fat and Fat-free milk and milk products Chapter Twelve 18 Fats Fats and oils provide the essential fatty acids needed Total fat: 20-35% of total daily calories Saturated Fat: Less than 10% of total calories Trans fat: as little as possible Cholesterol: Less than 300 mg per day Chapter Twelve 19 trans fat Chapter Twelve 20 Carbohydrates Important energy source Fiber promotes healthy digestion and helps reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease Consumption of foods and beverages high in added sugar should be avoided Chapter Twelve 21 Food Safety Foodborne disease affect 76 million Americans each year Be careful around Poultry Meats Eggs Shellfish Milk products Fresh fruits and vegetables Chapter Twelve 22 Serving Sizes Grains - 1 slice of bread,1 small muffin (2.5 diameter), 1 cup ready-to-eat cereal flakes Vegetable – 1 cup raw leafy vegetables, 1/2 cup cooked or raw vegetables, 1/2 cup of vegetable juice Fruit – ½ cup fresh, canned, or frozen fruit, 1/2 cup 100% fruit juice,1 small whole fruit, 1/4 cup dried fruit, 3/4 cup fruit juice Chapter Twelve 23 Serving Sizes Milk/Dairy -1 cup milk or yogurt,1/2 cup ricotta cheese,1.5 oz natural cheese,2 oz. Processed cheese. Meat and Beans – 1 ounce cooked lean meat,.1/4 cup cooked dry beans or tofu, 1 egg, 1 tablespoon peanut butter, ½ ounce nuts or seeds Chapter Twelve 24 Personal Plan: Making Informed Choices About Food Reading Food Labels Reading Dietary Supplement Labels Evaluating Functional Foods Chapter Twelve 25 Food Allergies and Food Intolerances Food allergies Reaction of the body’s immune system Affect 2% of the adult population 4-6% of infants 90% of food allergies Cow’s milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish Food intolerances Chapter Twelve 26 body mass index--BMI measure for human body shape based on an individual's mass and height. Formula: weight (lb) / [height (in)]2 x 703 or use internet Chapter Twelve 27 BMI-----kg/m2 Below 18.5 Underweight 18.5 -- 24.9 Normal 25.0-- 29.9 Overweight 30.0 and Above Obese Chapter Twelve 28 BASAL METABOLIC RATE calories released per kilogram of body weight or per square meter of body surface per hour. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state (meaning that the digestive system is inactive, which requires about twelve hours of fasting).The release of energy in this state is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain and the rest of the nervous system, liver, kidneys, sex organs, muscles and skin. BMR decreases with age and with the loss of lean body mass. Increasing muscle mass increases BMR. Chapter Twelve 29 BMR formula Men: BMR=66.47+ (13.75 x W) + (5.0 x H) - (6.75 x A) Women: BMR=665.09 + (9.56 x W) + (1.84 x H) - (4.67 x A) or use internet Chapter Twelve 30 what is Lets go! 5210? Let's Go! childhood obesity prevention program aimed at increasing physical activity and healthy eating for kids. 5 fruits and veggies 2 hours or less of recreational screen time* 1 hour or more of physical activity 0 sugary drinks, more water and low-fat milk