Download Nutrition for Infant

Cont. Childhood
& Adolescent
Let.6
Nutrition concerns in childhood:
1-hunger & malnutrition
2-malnutrition –lead connection
3-Hyperactivity & hyper behavior.
4-childhood obesity.
5-meal times at home
6-nutrition at school.
1-hunger & malnutrition
 Low income children maybe hungry &
malnourished.
 When hunger is chronic ,children become
malnourished and suffer growth
retardation.
 Worldwide ,malnutrition takes a
devastating toll on children, contributing to
nearly half of the deaths of children under
four years old.
 Hunger and behavior:
Even when hunger is temporary, as when child
misses one meal, behavior and academic
performance is affected.
Children who eat nutritious breakfast
improve their performance and are tardy
or absent significantly less often than
their peers who do not.
 Iron deficiency and behavior:
Iron deficiency has well-known and wide
spread effects on children's behavior.
In addition to carrying oxygen in the blood,
iron transports oxygen within cells, which
use it to help produce energy.
Iron is also used make neurotransmittermost notably, those that regulate the
ability to pay attention ,which is crucial
learning.
 Other nutrient deficiencies and behavior:
A child with any of several nutrient
deficiencies may be
irritable,aggressive,disagreeable,or sad
and withdrawn.
2-malnutrition –lead
connection
 Children who are malnourished are
vulnerable to lead poising .
 Common to both iron deficiency and lead
poisoning are
1-low socioeconomic background and lack of
immunization against infectious disease.
2-pica-a craving for nonfood items. Many
children with lead poising eat dirt or chew
on newspapers( two common sources of
lead).
3-Hyperactivity & hyper
behavior
 Hyperactive children have trouble few
minutes sleeping, cannot sit still for more
than few minutes at a time, act impulsively,
and have difficulty paying attention.
 These behaviors interferes with social
development and academic progress.
 The cause of hyperactivity remains
unknown, but it affects about 5 % of young
school age children.
4-childhood obesity.
 An estimated one out of every five U.S
children is overweight.
 Several factors affect the chance of
whether an obese child become an obese
adult.
 Obesity results from an
1-imbalance between caloric intake & caloric
expenditure.
2-physical inactivity.
 Most likely, children have grown more
overweight because of their lack of
physical activity.
 TV watching may contribute most to
physical inactivity.
TV factors obesity because:
1-requires no energy beyond basal
metabolism.
2-replace vigorous activities.
3-encourge snacking.
4-promote sedentary lifestyle.
5-playing computer games influences
children's activity patterns similarly.
 The single most important problem for
obese children is the potential of becoming
obese adults with all the
social,economic,and medical ramifications
that often accompany obesity.
 They have additional problems ,too ,arising
from difference in their growth ,physical
health ,and psychological development.
Prevention & treatment of obesity:
 Parents are encouraged to make major
efforts to prevent childhood obesity or
begin treatment early.
 An integrated approach is recommended,
involving diet, physical activity,
psychological support, and behavioral
change.
5-meal times at home
 Parental guidance in food choices is
necessary ,but equally important is
teaching children consumer skills to help
them make informed choices.
 Child feeding tips:
serve vegetables raw or slightly
undercooked & crunchy.
provide child-sized portions and utensils to
make meal time fun for children.
encourage children to help plan and prepare
meals.
Do not use food as reward for good
behavior
to prevent chocking watch children eat and
enforce a “sit down rule”.
play first ,then eat.
provide healthful snacks.
set a good example-enjoy nutritious foods.
6-nutrition at school.
 Meals
at school
-The US governments funds several programs to
provide nutritious meals for children at school.
-Breakfast skipping is a concern of parents of
school age children.
-Studies suggest they cognition & learning are
adversely affected when children skip
breakfast.
-Breakfast eating is correlated with improved
school attendance.
 Serving healthful lunches is only half the
battle; students need to eat them ,too.
Nutrition
during
Adolescence
Nutrition during Adolescence
Adolescence is a transitional stage of
physical and mental human development
that occurs between childhood and
adulthood.
The period from the beginning of puberty
until maturity.
In general ,the adolescent growth spurt
begins at age 10 or 11 for females
12or 13 for males.
Before puberty male & female body
composition differ only slightly but
during the adolescent spurt ,difference
between the genders become apparent in
the skeletal system ,lean body mass, and
fat stores.
Energy and nutrient needs
 Energy & nutrient needs are greater during
adolescence than any other time of life
,except pregnancy and lactation.
Because it is the period of physical
,emotional and sexual maturation.
 Approximately 15-20% of adult Ht & 50%
of adult Wt are gained during adolescent.
 The energy needs of adolescent vary
greatly ,depending on their current rate of
growth ,gender ,body composition ,and
physical activity.
  boys` energy needs may especially be
high ;they typically grow faster than girls
,develop a greater proportion of lean body
mass.
 girls
 girls` start growing earlier than boys and
attain shorter heights and lower weights
,so their energy peak sooner and decline
earlier than those of their male peers.
 Thus girls need to pay attention to being
physically active and selecting foods of
high nutrient density so as to meet their
nutrient needs without exceeding their
energy needs.
 The insidious problem of obesity becomes
ever more apparent in adolescence and
often continuous into adulthood.
 Those with low-self-esteem may diet to
lose weight even though their weight
normal or even below normal.
Vitamins
 The RDA for most vitamins increase
during adolescent years.
 During puberty, both the activation
of vitamin D
And the absorption of calcium are
enhanced, thus supporting the intense
skeletal growth of the adolescent
years without additional vit. D.
Iron
 The needs for iron increase during
adolescence for both females and males
,but for different reasons
females :iron needs increase as they start
to menstruate
males: iron needs increase as their lean
body mass develops.
 Iron intake often fails to keep pace with
increasing needs ,especially for females
,who consume less iron-rich foods such as
meat & fewer total kcal than males.
Calcium
 Adolescence is a crucial time for bone
development, and Ca requirement reaches
its peak .
 Low Ca intake in times of active growth,
especially when paired with physical
inactivity, may compromise the
developmental peak bone mass, which
considered the best protection against
adolescent fractures and adulthood
osteoporosis.
 Teenagers need to select 3-4 servings
from the milk group daily to meet their Ca
goal of 1300 mg/day.
Food choices and health habits
Teenagers eat what they want if it is
convenient and if they have the time.
At any given time on any given day ,a
teenager may be skipping a meal
,eating a snack ,preparing a meal ,or
consuming food prepared by a parent
or restaurant.
Snacks
o Snacks typically provide at least a fourth
of the average teenager's daily food
energy intake.
o Most of snacks are
high in fat and
low in Ca, iron, vitC, vitA,
and folate.
Beverages
o Most frequently ,adolescent drink soft
drinks instead of fruit juice or milk with
lunch, supper and snacks( only breakfast
they select juices).
o Soft drinks have higher energy intake and lower
Ca .
o The substitution of soft drinks for milk appears to
contribute to
1-inadequate Ca intake.
2- the phosphoric acid in soft drinks works against
calcification & may lead to bone resorption.
o Soft drinks may present a problem when caffeine
intake become excessive causes symptoms
associated with anxiety-sweating ,tenseness,&
inability to concentrate.
Eating away from home
o Adolescent eat about one-third of their meals
away from home ,and their nutritional welfare
is enhanced or hindered by the choices they
make.
Peer influence
o Many of the food and health choices
adolescent make reflect the opinions and
actions of their peers .(ex. milk is “babyish”).
o Parents can setup the environment so that
nutritious foods are available and can stand by
with reliable nutrition information and advice
,but the rest is up to the adolescent.
Problems Adolescent Face
Physical maturity and growing
independence present adolescent with new
choices to make.
The consequences of theses choices will
influence their nutritional health both
today and through out life.
Some teenagers begin using drugs, alcohol,
and tobacco; others wisely refrain.
 Examples: vitC requirement for people who
regularly smoke cigarettes is an additional
35 mg/day.
Thank you