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Water and Minerals: The Ocean Within BIOL 103, Chapter 10-1 Today’s Topic • Water: Crucial to Life • Intake Recommendations: how much water is enough? • Minerals Overview • Major Minerals: Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sulfur Water: Crucial to Life • Water is the most essential nutrient – _____% of body’s weight – _____ of body water is intracellular: inside the cell – _____ of body water is extracellular: water between cells and in (blood) plasma Water: Crucial to Life • Electrolytes and water – When minerals or salts dissolve in water, they form ions (electrolytes) • Cations: _____________________________________ • Anions: ______________________________________ – In your body cells: your body controls and balances the concentration of electrolytes, both within and outside of each cell. • The body uses osmosis to move water across cell membranes to ___________ concentrations of dissolved particles. • The water moves from __________________ side to _______________________side. Fig 10.4 Functions of Water Intake Recommendations • Intake recommendations: How much water is enough? – Men = 3.7 liters/day – Women = 2.7 liters/day – Pregnancy and lactation = 3.0–3.8 liters/day – Increased needs for activity and sweating • Sources: – Drinking water – Beverages – ______________________ – ______________________ (250-350 mL/day) Water Excretion: Where Does the Water Go? 1. Insensible water losses: the continuous loss of body water by evaporation from the ________ and diffusion through _________. – ¼- ½ of daily fluid loss 2. ________ (~1-2 liters per day) 3. ________ (coughing, watery nasal secretion, rapid breathing) • External factors that contribute to water losses: – __________________________ – __________________________ – High protein/salt foods Water Balance • Water balance: water input vs. water output • How does your body regulate water balance? 1. Hormonal effects: • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates kidneys ____ __________________________ • Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys retain _______ __________________________ 2. Thirst: reminds us to drink more water, but it is unreliable during _____________ or _____________ _______________ • Alcohol, caffeine, and common medications are usually _______________ ____________ urination more ________________. Regulation of Water Balance • Dehydration – Can be caused by __________ ________________________ _________________________ • Water intoxication (without electrolytes) – Causes low blood sodium ___________________ _____________ coma death. Fig 10.7 Effects of progressive dehydration Understanding Minerals • Minerals – – – – _________________ _________________ by heat, light, acidity, alkalinity _________________ (needed in small amounts) Grouped as: 1. _________________ : required in the diet in relatively large amounts 2. _________________(AKA microminerals): required in the diet in relatively small amounts – Involved in body ___________ and ____________. Minerals in Foods • Found in ____________ _______________foods • Mineral absorption limited by several factors: 1. 2. 3. Person’s _____________ ____________________ _______________ contain phytates phytates binds to minerals minerals are not absorbed in your small intestine Sodium • Functions: 1. _________________ 2. _________________ _________________ • Food sources – Processed and convenience foods – Added (table) salt Potassium • Functions: 1. ____________________________ 2. Nerve impulse transmission 3. Regulates _______________________________ • Food sources: – Unprocessed foods: fruits, vegetables, grains – _____________________ – Meat, poultry, fish, dairy products Chloride • Functions: 1. Fluid balance 2. ____________________ (stomach acid) • Food sources: – Table salt (NaCl – sodium chloride) • Deficiency: – Excessive __________________ Calcium • Functions: 1. ________________________ • Made up of Hydroxyapatite: a crystalline mineral compound of ___________ and ____________________ • _________________ to supply calcium and phosphorous to blood and soft tissues • Bone remodeling by two bone cells: – Osteoblasts (build) vs. Osteoclasts (cut) 2. ___________________________: flow of calcium causes muscles to contract or relax 3. Other functions: blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission Calcium • Regulation of blood calcium levels: – Calcitriol: _____________ calcium absorption in the intestine – Parathyroid hormone: • Activates osteoclasts to release bone calcium ______________ blood calcium • Signals kidneys to conserve more calcium and produce more calcitriol ____________________ blood calcium – Calcitonin: _________________ blood calcium • Food sources: – Dairy products, green vegetables, processed and fortified foods – Oxalate: ____________________ less calcium absorbed Phosphorous • Functions: – ____________ structure – Component of _______________ and phospholipids • Food sources: – Meat, milk, and eggs – Processed foods • Phosphate balance – Too much phosphorous and too little calcium = ___________________ Magnesium • Function: – Participates in more than ________ types of enzymedriven reactions, including ____________ metabolism. – Required for __________ and ___________ functions • Food sources: – Whole grains, vegetables, legumes, tofu, seafood, and chocolate • Magnesium balance – At risk for deficiency: chronic diarrhea, poor diet, and heavy alcohol use. Sulfur • Function: – Primarily a _______________ of organic nutrient, including other vitamins/amino acids – Help proteins maintain their ________________ • Food sources: – Typical diets contain ample sulfur • Deficiency: – __________________