Download What is Geography? Is it more than studying countries and capitals?

What is Geography?
Is it more than
studying countries
and capitals?
Content Standard: 3.0
State Standards
Geography enables the students to see, understand and appreciate the web of relationships between
people, places, and environments. Students will use the knowledge, skills, and understanding of
concepts within the six essential elements of geography: world in spatial terms, places and regions,
physical systems, human systems, environment and society, and the uses of geography.
3.01 Understand the characteristics and uses of maps, globes, and other geographic tools
and technologies.
7.3.01 Discuss applications of current geographic techniques in mapping such as GIS and
GPS
What is Geography?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwbToVFvsU
Two Main Branches of Geography
Geography is the knowledge of the world, its people, and the landscapes they create…
Landscapes are all the physical and human features that make it unique.
Two kinds of features on Earth
means
Two kinds of Geography
physical geography and human geography
Physical vs. Human Landscapes
It is important to remember that a feature can
only be classified as being physical if it is not
created by humans. Examples: rivers and
mountains.
This means that features such as agricultural
crops and man-made dams, are considered to be
human features.
Human landscapes are those which have been
made by humans. The most obvious examples
are settlements (towns and cities),
transportation systems (road, rail, sea and air)
and industry (mining and agriculture etc).
Physical vs. Human Landscapes
Geographers
who study
primarily
physical
landscapes are
call Physical
Geographers
Physical Geography
Human Geography
Rocks and Minerals
Population
Landforms
Settlements
Soils
Economic Activities
Animals
Transportation
Plants
Recreational Activities
Water
Religion
Atmosphere
Tropical Rainforests
Rivers and Other Water
Bodies
Political Systems
Environment
Human Migration
Climate and Weather
Agricultural Systems
Oceans
Urban Systems
AND MORE…………
MORE………..
Social Traditions
Geographers
who study
primarily
human
landscapes are
call Human
Geographers
Two Main Branches of Geography
Geography is the knowledge of the world, its people, and the landscapes they create…
Green Slides
Green Book
Pages 4-5
Two Main Branches of Geography
Branches of
Geography
Physical
Geography
Human
Geography
Two Main Branches of Geography
Physical Geography
Study of Earth’s physical features– its landforms, bodies of water, climates, soils,
and plants ---- how they work and influence humans.
Physical Geography
Two Main Branches of Geography
Geographers who study the physical features of Earth, like scientists, ask questions
such as:
Physical Geography
What causes things?
• Why are some mountains still growing? Why are they located where they are?
• What causes rivers to flow North, South, East or West?
• Why are there different climates?
Example: Geographers, and
other scientists, researching
volcanoes:
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/disco
very/7158-kilauea-a-volcano-labvideo.htm
Physical Geography
Two Main Divisions of Geography
…as you can see from the definition of geography, there are two
main divisions…
Physical Geography
Why study Earth's features?
• By understanding of Earth's features and how they effect people, we can
really understand our world.
• Studying physical features allows geographers to see changes - such as the
damage caused by pollution
Physical Geography
Two Main Divisions of Geography
…as you can see from the definition of geography, there are two
main divisions…
Physical Geography
Why study Earth's changes?
•To see if we can prevent the changes or slow them down. Example: global
warming.
•Helps us prepare for those changes. Example: knowing what causes volcanoes
helps us to prepare for danger.
Physical Geography
Two Main Divisions of Geography
…as you can see from the definition of geography, there are two
main divisions…
Physical Geography
Closely linked to science
• Studies Earth's physical features and how they work. Example: how it is
shaped and what is happening now.
• Studies Earth's surface such as plate tectonics; climate; glaciers
Delicate Arch LaSalle in Utah’s
Arches National Park.
Physical Geography
Two Main Divisions of Geography
Physical Geography
Examples of Questions
1.
What does the land look like? Are
there tall mountains or is the land flat?
2. Is the land covered with snow? Is the
ground covered with green vegetation?
3. Does the area experience tornados,
hurricanes, or earthquakes?
4. What kind of seasons does the area
experience?
Physical Geography
Two Main Branches of Geography
Geography is a Science
Physical geography is a science in
that it researches, makes
observations, gathers data, takes
measurements, and analyzes data.
Planet Earth: What a Wonderful World
Physical Geography
Two Main Branches of Geography
What a wonderful world! But what is missing?
Human Geography
Two Main Branches of Geography
Human geography is a social science in that it studies
people and the relationships among them.
Relations with other people.
Relationships with the environment.
Human Geography
Two Main Divisions of Geography
Human Geography
Studies
•World's people, communities, culture...and interactions
•Geographers look at where people live and why. They look at why some parts of
Earth are more densely populated and why other parts of Earth have almost no
people living there at all
Human Geography
Two Main Divisions of Geography
Human Geography
Studies
• Human geographers study what people do: What are their jobs? What crops do
they grow? What makes them move from place to place?
Human Geography
Two Main Divisions of Geography
Human Geography Studies how Earth’s
features affect humans.
Studies how humans affect
Earth’s features.
Two Main Divisions of Geography
Human Geography
•Studies governments and
politics.
•Studies population
•Studies cities
•Studies race and nationality
•Studies culture: the
language, religion, music,
economy, government and
other cultural aspects
•Studies the history of how
people have interacted with
their environment, and
created culture.
Two Main Branches of Geography
Geographers who study people and their interactions with each other and their
landscapes are called social scientists. They ask questions like:
1. Do people live in apartments or houses?
2. Do most people own cars? Have telephones? Have Internet?
3. What kinds of goods do they manufacture? What kinds of services do they
provide?
4. How long do they live?
5. How many people immigrate or emigrate?
6. Where do people build cities and why?
Example: Geographers, and other
scientists, study Southeast Cities.
Human Geography
Two Main Branches of Geography
Geography is a Science
How do Physical
Geographers gather
data?
Some ways are:
1. Take detailed
measurements of
places like mountains or
measurements of
temperature.
2. Study satellite
images.
3. Track changes
over time.
4. Keep careful
records.
How do Human
Geographers
gather data?
Geography is a science in that it
researches, makes observations,
gathers data, takes measurements,
and analyzes data.
Some ways are:
1. Take detailed
measurements of
people’s interactions
with each other, their
government, their
religion or with their
physical
environment.
2. Study satellite
images.
3. Track changes
over time.
4. Keep careful
records.
Two Main Branches of Geography
Geography
Human Geography
(Social Science). Study
of the world’s people,
community and human
landscapes.
Physical Geography
(Science) Wants to learn
how world works.
Uses Scientific
Methods
Observes, asks
questions, forms
hypothesis
Conducts
Experiments
Uses scientific
method
Researches to gather
data (Read books. Study
environment, like
crawling in caves,
climbing mountains and
taking measurements.
Analyzes satellite
Images)
Collects &
Analyzes Data
Study where
people live.
Want to learn how people
interact with their
environment: 1. How
people influence the
environment and 2. How
the environment influences
the people.
See picture on page 17
Study how
people and the
environment
interact
Two Main Branches of Geography
H=
P=
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN1D3D0f5Lg&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL
Summary: p. 5
1. What are the ways that geographers can gather scientific data about places?
2. Why is geography sometimes called a social science?
3. What are some types of work a geographer might do?
4. In what ways could studying geography be useful?
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Purple Slides
Green Book
p. 16 - 20
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Physical Geography
Physical Geographers study Earths physical features such as plate tectonic activity,
land forms, climate, bodies of water, soils and flora and fauna… Every place on Earth
is unique.
Physical
Geographer
Plate Tectonics
“Why do earthquakes happen? Where do they
happen? Are they related to volcanoes?”
See animation: http://www.neiu.edu/~llsander/earthquakes.html
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Physical Geography
Physical Geographers want to know where the world’s plains and mountains are
located. They want to know how rivers flow. They want to know why it is hot in
some places and cold in another.
Physical
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Physical Geography
Physical Geographers want to know what causes the different shapes on Earth. They
want to know why mountains are located where they are and why some of the
mountains are still growing.
Physical
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Physical Geography
Physical Geographers want to know why some rivers flow north, some flow south,
and others flow east or west.
Physical
Geographer
“What are natural causes that change
Earth’s physical features?”
Most of the time, natural changes to Earth’s physical features are slow. But such fast
changes can occur by earthquakes and ocean waves.
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Physical Geography
Physical Geographers want to know the world’s different weather patterns and
climate.
Physical
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Physical
Geographer
Geography
Physical Geography
(Science) Wants to learn how world
works.
Uses Scientific Methods
Observes, asks questions, forms
hypothesis
Researches to gather data (Read
books. Study environment, like
crawling in caves, climbing
mountains and taking
measurements. Analyzes satellite
Images)
Conducts Experiments
Collects Data
How do they gather
data?
Some ways are:
1. Take detailed
measurements of
places like mountains or
measurements of
temperature.
2. Study satellite
images.
3. Track changes
over time.
4. Keep careful
records.
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Physical Geography
Uses:
1. The main purpose of physical geography is to give us a better understanding of
the physical features of our world. Once they study the physical features, the physical
geographers want to know how these effect people and how they live. The main
reason is to learn how the world works.
2. Studying changes of the physical features helps us prepare to be safe. For
example, physical geographers study volcanoes so they can predict when the next
eruption will occur so people can evacuate. Similar with storms… This helps us adjust
to the changes and dangers of our world.
Physical
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Study of the world’s people, community and human landscapes.
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Study of the world’s people: their past and present. Look at where people and why.
They want to know why many people live in one area and a few people live in
another.
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Study of the world’s people: What are the jobs? What kinds of crops do they grow?
What makes people move from place to place?
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Because there are so many different people in our world, human geographers often
specialize.
a. Some may choose to study a certain region like Africa.
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Because there are so many different people in our world, human geographers often
specialize.
b. Some human geographers don’t want to study just one place. Instead,
they choose to study a certain aspect of people’s lives: religion, economics, politics
or government types.
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Geography
Human Geography (Social
Science). Study of the
world’s people,
community and human
landscapes.
Human
Geographer
How do they
gather data?
Uses scientific method on
people
Study where people live.
Want to learn how people interact with
their environment: 1. How people
influence the environment and 2. How the
environment influences the people.
Study how people and the
environment interact
Some ways are:
1. Take detailed
measurements of
people’s interactions
with each other,
government, religion
or with their physical
environment.
2. Study satellite
images.
3. Track changes
over time.
4. Keep careful
records.
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Uses:
1. By studying basic needs of all humans: food, water, and shelter. These are
needed to survive. Human geographers can help people improve their lives.
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Uses:
2. If study government systems, the Human Geographers can give people
information so they can make good decisions.
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Uses:
3. If study different cultures, they can provide information to help people
understand one another so they will get along with one another.
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Uses:
4. If study cities, they can provide information to help people build efficient cities
with well planned roads, school, and neighborhoods.
By studying where people g and what they need,
geographers can help city planners place roads,
shopping malls, and schools.
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Human Geography
Uses:
5. If study people and environment, then Human Geographers can help local and
federal governmental agencies protect the environment.
Human
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Cartography
The science of making maps. Without maps, geographers could not study the world.
Cartography
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Cartography
The science of making maps. In the past, maps were drawn by hand. Therefore, not
many maps were not completely accurate.
Cartography
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Cartography
John Ogilby (1600-1676) was a Scottish cartographer, translator and publisher who
was appointed “His Majesty's Cosmographer and Geographic Printer” under the royal
patronage of Charles II in 1674. After the Great Fire of London in 1666 had destroyed
his house and shop along with a majority of his inventory, Ogilby began to publish the
geographical works that he would later become famous for. One of the most
important volumes that he published was "America" (1671).
Cartography
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Cartography
John Ogilby "America" (1671).
Cartography
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Cartography
Now, maps are made by computers. Satellite images are sent to computers. Then
the computers use the information to make maps.
Read: Computer Mapping, p. 19
Cartography
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Hydrology
The study of water on Earth.
Study world’s rivers and rainfall patterns. Study what causes floods and how people
can have safe drinking water. Work to measure and protect world’s supply of water.
Hydrology
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Meteorology
The study of weather and what cause it.
Meteorologists study weather patterns in an area. Then they use the information to
make predictions of future weather. This helps people to plan what to wear or to
cancel school.
Their study can also save people’s lives by predicting
tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, or hurricanes.
Meteorology
Geographer
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Branches of
Geography
Physical
Geography
Human
Geography
Population
Geography
Cartography
Hydrology
Meteorology
And more
+
Political
Geography
Religion
Geography
=
And more
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Other Branches:
Anthropology – the study of humans.. They gather information about places,
sometimes, by crawling into deep caves or climbing tall mountains to make
observations or to take measurements. Sometimes they study satellite images.
Urban Studies – study city life, government, and services.
Population Geography – studies the distribution, composition, migration, and growth
of populations.
Medical Geography – the study of the geographical aspects of health and
healthcare.
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Summary: p. 17
1. How is the study of geography similar to pieces of a jigsaw puzzle?
2. What might a geographer measure to learn about the world?
3. How could the study of physical geography help people who live in an area at risk
for tsunamis?
Summary: p. 19
1. How do smaller branches of geography like cartography, meteorology and
hydrology relate to the two main branches of geography?
2. What is hydrology?
3. What are some smaller branches of human geography? Think of another one on
your own.
+
=
Branches of Geography – In Detail
Game: Use a sheet of paper and label H or P
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3W8fdFDiOE&feature=autoplay&list=UL2u3nk
rbK5MY&index=3&playnext=1
+
=
Different Ways of Looking at the World
To fully understand how the world works, geographers often look at places at three
different levels.
Gray Slides
Green Book
p. 6-7
Different Ways of Looking at the World
Whether they study volcanoes or people, geographers use three different levels for their
investigations: local level, regional level, global level. At each level they ask different
questions and look for different types of information. Then they put the information
gathered from each level.
1. Local Level:
Study a neighborhood
or city’s local foods,
housing, clothing,
physical landscape,
climate, government…
Johnson City
Different Ways of Looking at the World
2. Regional Level
Sometimes geographers study bigger parts of the world so they study regions.
Regions are parts of the world that has one or more common features that make
it different from its surroundings.
A geographer might study physical
characteristics such as mountain
ranges, climates, or plants. Some
examples of physical regions are
the Rocky Mountains or the
Sahara.
A geographers might study regions
based on human characteristics of
a place such as language, religion,
or history.
The Three Grand Divisions of TN
are based on politics and historic
boundaries,, not physical features.
Culture is also different in East TN.
The steep terrain has kept many
towns isolated.
Different Ways of Looking at the World
Some regions are small, like Chinatown in
San Francisco.
Different Ways of Looking at the World
Other regions are huge, like the Americas.
Different Ways of Looking at the World
Studying the whole world is difficult, so geographers divide their study into regions. A
smaller area is easier to examine than a large area.
When studying the region
of East TN a geographer will
examine many
characteristics. Some
features include how
people interact with one
another, government
structure, climate,
mountains, valleys,
Appalachian culture….
Different Ways of Looking at the World
3. Global Level
Sometimes geographers what to see the “whole picture.” They want to learn how
people interact globally. They study how events and ideas from one regions of the
world affect people in other regions.
They try to find relationships among people who live far apart. For example, they
may examine the products that a country exports to see how those products are
used in other countries.
Since world trade is
increasing, as well as
world communication,
we need to understand
how our actions affect
people.
Different Ways of Looking at the World
Global
Regional
Local
Analyzing Visuals: Looking at the World, p. 6 & 7
Tools of Geography
Geographers use tools such as maps, instruments, graphs, and statistics…
It answers such questions as, “How do maps, satellites, graphs, and charts help
geographers?”
Blue Slides
Green Book
Pages 8 – 9, 15
Tools of Geography
Map – flat drawings that shows all or part to Earth’s
surface.
Globe – a spherical, or ball-shaped, model of Earth.
A globe shows the world as it really is.
Both maps and globes show what the world looks like.
They can show where mountains, deserts, and oceans
are. They can also identify and describe the worlds'
countries and major cities.
However, there are
major differences. What
are they?
Tools of Geography
A map cannot show Earth perfectly as the globe
can. Why?
Think of the peel of an orange.
Tools of Geography
A map cannot show Earth perfectly as the globe
can. Why? Distortion.
Although Alaska is a large state—
more than twice the size of Texas,
its nearest competition—it is
hardly as large as it appears.
Greenland presents a more
extreme example: while in this
projection it appears to be about
the same size as Africa, it is in fact
about fourteen times smaller.
(Africa weighs in at a mighty
30 million square kilometers,
easily trouncing Greenland’s
2.2 million.)
Whole-Earth Mercator projection
Tools of Geography
What are the advantages of flat maps over globes?
Tools of Geography
Advantages:
1. Easier to work with than globes.
2. Shows more information like cities in a
state.
3. Less expensive to make.
4. Easier to carry around.
Tools of Geography
Advantages:
5. Can show more information like land use and
city streets.
6. Special purpose maps can show such things as
languages of the world. ..
Tools of Geography
Advantages:
6. … like land use
Bosina and Herzegovina Land Use
Map
6. …like oil trade
Map Tools
The Middle East is the
biggest oil producer,
currently providing nearly
one-third of the world's
total.
Europe and Eurasia
(mainly Russia and the UK)
and North America are
also big producers. The
difference is, nearly all the
Middle East oil is for
export while Europe and
the US do not produce
enough to meet their own
needs.
Maps, Charts, and Graphs Tools
U.S. Population, 1790 - 2000
See: http://www.quantcast.com/dhlusa.com
Technology Tools
Geographers study images
gathered by satellites.
1. These images show what
and area looks like above
Earth.
2. Satellites also collect
information that we cannot
see from the planet’s
surface.
3. Images from satellites
help cartographers make
accurate maps.
True color and infrared are two
basic types of satellite images. See
page 15.
Tools of Geography
Satellite images
See:
http://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/Ocean/loggerhead.html
Tools of Geography
There are many types of satellite images.
Below are two types: true color and
infrared.
True color images are similar to what we
see on the ground. For example, we see
vegetation, ice/snow, and barrenness.
This infrared image are taken with special
lenses and cameras. This shows heat
patterns that we cannot see on the
ground.
Tools of Geography
Analyzing Satellite Images
p. 15
This image is taken in the
infrared band of light and show
relative warmth of objects.
Colder objects are brighter and
warmer objects are darker.
Lower layers of clouds, generally
warmer and lower in altitude,
are colored gray. Colder and
generally higher clouds tops are
highlighted in colors. Infrared
imagery is useful for determining
cloud features both at day and
night.
So… Why Study Geography?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pbgai3dK16Q
Secondary Rehearsal
Online quiz practice:
http://www.thinkcentral.com/index.htm
Keyword: TN TEACHER
Chapter Resources
Homework
Pages 21 – 22
Numbers
1 – 11
12a
13
15 – 17
Page 23
Numbers
1-3, 5, 7 - 8