Download - Free Documents

Contents
Articles
Dutch/Cover Dutch/Introduction Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Example Dutch/Lesson A Dutch/Lesson
Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson
Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson
Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Afrikaans
Dutch/Lesson A Dutch/Alfabet Dutch/Appendix Dutch/Appendix Dutch/Websites Dutch/What
time is it Dutch/The numbers
References
Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Article Licenses
License
Dutch/Cover
Dutch/Cover
Dutch English
Learning the Dutch Language Continue to the Main Content Page
Begin the Wikibooks Dutch Language Course
you may be surprised to learn that English and Dutch are closely related languages and
share many words that are very similar. This is particularly true for everyday words in English
that are AngloSaxon i. Dutch and English If you are an English speaker unfamiliar with
Dutch.Dutch/Introduction Dutch/Introduction Inleiding Introduction Hoe Nederlands leren met
dit lesboek How to Study Dutch using this Textbook Les gtgt The Dutch Language Dutch
Nederlands is a member of the western group of the Germanic languages. and in a major
part of both Belgium and Surinam. Consider the following list of English words followed by
their Dutch counterparts arm arm book boek cat kat father vader finger vinger house huis
hand hand man man mother moeder mouse muis name naam son zoon begin begin Many
words of French origin have entered both languages and are quite recognizable
communication communicatie proclaim proclameren But in many cases Dutch retains a
Germanic word. but the French influence has been less pervasive. Continue reading about
the Dutch language and its history at Wikipedia. e. This may have been an obstacle when
learning to write English but when learning Dutch the investment pays off.g.e. Dutch has licht
and the ch is very much . After English has absorbed a lot of Norman French. sometimes
aside the Latin one proclaim uitroepen English spelling has conserved many now silent
consonants. gh in light. Germanic in origin. so make sure your computer can play them.
There are many sound files embedded in the course. Listening and speaking yourself are an
important part of language acquisition. It is spoken primarily in the Netherlands. Dutch also
has been exposed to contact with first vulgar Latin and then French.
even in many short words. Deze week is mijn vader op de werf met mijn broer en zijn
dochter. Notice however the position of the verb is in these two phrases. but it hardly ever
leads to miscommunication. In Brugge Flanders. But even in the way that it is spoken there
are many regional differences in pronunciation but even in syntax and grammar. including for
English as spoken in the UK. This is because Dutch has retained something that English has
lost the rather complicated word order syntax of the WestGermanic languages. By
urbanization. common or not. . Some of these developments are still taking place today.
Many English speakers who learn Dutch find that one of the most difficult aspects to learn to
do correctly. This has led to some interesting shifts in its grammar and syntax. This course
aims at teaching Dutch that would be received by most if not all speakers but will point out a
number of important differences that a nonnative speaker is likely to encounter in his/her
interaction with native speakers. by door worst ergst. Rotterdam Netherlands or Paramaribo
Surinam Dutch will sound as different as English does in Edinburgh. suburbanization and the
influence of the mass media the standard language has been gaining ground at the cost of
the dialects for over a century. In Dutch it stands in front of the father. This means that Dutch
grammar is less set in stone than the reader may be familiar with from other grammars. Of
course. These sentences consist almost entirely of cognates words that evolved from the
same source. when reading Dutch you will see the kinship between the languages. A
dynamic language Dutch has undergone far more sweeping changes in grammar and syntax
in the last century or two than either English or German. Occasionally we will have to discuss
the evolution rather than the creature to explain modern Dutch usage. Dialects As a standard
language Dutch is relatively young phenomenon. so that it is now the mother tongue of most.
slechtst sausage worst Nevertheless. my father is on the wharf with my brother and his
daughter. This holds for many languages. For example compare This
week.Dutch/Introduction still pronounced as a guttural fricative /x/ like in German Bach or
Scottish Loch. even words whose spelling is no different in English and Dutch may be
pronounced quite differently or mean something different false friends door deur through.
The standard is based on a variety of dialects that are much older and show considerable
differences not only in pronunciation but even in grammar and syntax. It has lost most of its
case endings and much of one of the three original genders feminine. London or
Indianapolis.
First of all. In Dutch sch can either denote and s followed by a velar spirant x. They are
useful when you are trying to memorize vocabulary . Compare English Dutch German the old
man sees the pretty woman de oude man ziet de mooie vrouw der alte Mann sieht die
hbsche Frau the pretty woman sees the old man de mooie vrouw ziet de oude man die
hbsche Frau sieht den alten Mann Knowledge of German can certainly help in learning
Dutch. In German it denotes the same consonant as sh in English in IPA . Here you need to
repeat words or utterances in the pauses. English. French etc. two important aspects to be
mastered are vocabulary and grammar others are pronunciation and syntax. It is not easy to
master that system if your mothertongue does not have it. These files take different forms .
Spoken text of the chapter. Compare English water make pepper Dutch water maak peper
German Wasser mache Pfeffer This makes a major part of Dutch vocabulary easier to
memorize. German retained its system of case endings in contrast to Dutch and English.
Translation drills. Here you are told to say something in Dutch yourself. like in schip. High
German underwent a major shift of almost all its consonants in the early Middle Ages. .
Vocabulary and Grammar In learning to read or speak any new language. It only occurs in
loans from languages like Frisian. but they usually do not stop you from being
understood.Dutch/Introduction Dutch and German Both Dutch and German are
WestGermanic languages and this means that there are many resemblances. Single words.
In the ending isch the ch is mute and it is pronounced as is as in English fleece. but they are
at an advantage they memorize far easier than grownups. Secondly. Acquiring vocabulary is
a quotsimplequot matter of memorization. in Dutch this sound is relatively rare. However.
They should be used to study the conversations . Dutch is easier to learn for a speaker of
English for a number of reasons. A good example is the letter combination sch. Age is a
definite disadvantage in language learning. More than once. The childs learning process can
be quotreactivatedquot to some extent by immersion in a second language a method of
learning a new language by moving to a place where that language is spoken and having to
get around and live without use of ones native tongue. Drills. If you do not have the
opportunity of residing in a Dutch speaking area an alternative is to listen to recordings and
we are in process of adding bits and pieces as . but it can also be a source of confusion. Use
them as much as you can.ogg files so that you can learn by ear. Learning by ear Children do
it all the time. A topic where knowledge of German is a great help is syntax word order. . In
term of its consonants Dutch has been pretty conservative.
Further. . structure by structure. In part they are visual and there are exercises to go with
them still being created. a sentence can usually be translated correctly. The Dutch Wikipedia
provides an ever expanding source of Dutch language articles that can be used for this
purpose. The student should generally recognize the parts of a sentence. Learning grammar
and syntax This is where as a grown up you are at an advantage. because you may already
know how grammar works from your mother tongue or other languages you are proficient in
to some extent. This is why we often say Your turn Uw beurt So what do you need to do
There are a variety of things. Throughout the text. word for word. We are tackling the
problem with a multipronged approach.he has been seen. Of course there are some notable
exceptions and false friends. will most likely want to be literate in Dutch. With a good
dictionary. Particularly the latter word order is rather different. To help you accumulate
vocabulary there are a number of additional pages see Dutch/Vocabulary. a Dutch version of
the English Wikibooks projecta library of textbooks in Dutch is available at Dutch Language
Textbooks and there is a growing Dutch version of wiktionary to which a number of words in
the text have been linked for direct reference. You as an internet user. Learning a language
goes bit by bit. but they are not ashamed or humiliated by that.he is seen hij is gezien . in the
way that the passive voice is formed hij wordt gezien . Children dont always understand
everything either. can also be useful in building vocabulary and developing a sense of how
Dutch words are put together. web sites. We will gradually introduce it. more complex
discourses often as photo captions are included to introduce the student to regular Dutch in
use. Just keep at it and look at what you have gained not at what you dont understand.g. but
this will not work without effort from your side. Do not be daunted by it. It may be helpful to
translate these using a DutchEnglish dictionary access to one is a must. Other sources of
Dutch. To speak and write Dutch you do need to learn its grammar and syntax. Early lessons
have simple sentences because it is assumed that the students vocabulary is limited.
magazines. etc. Be sure to quotlearnquotcommit to memoryall of the vocabulary words in
each lesson as they are presented. such as newspapers.Dutch/Introduction Of course there
is also a drawback to the byear method You do not get much immersion into reading Dutch.
e. Learning by eye This is why this course also tries to train your eyes. Dutch grammar is
sufficiently similar to English grammar that quotreadingquot Dutch is possible with minimal
vocabulary.
convey how Dutch words should be pronounced. but multiple times. not exactly. not once.
The Student and the Lesson The text is designed to constitute a course of study in the Dutch
language. fill in the blank exercises etc. there will seem to be many words in a Dutch
sentence that are out of place or even redundant or unnecessary. Most of the text must be
translated by the student using his or her acquired vocabulary and the vocabulary presented
at the bottom of each lesson. wikipedia. These add subtleties to the language that will make
sense eventually. reading material. The pronunciation guide in Appendix can only closely. To
the beginner. sound files accompany appropriate parts of each lesson. the student must
succeed in gaining an understanding of the meaning of each sentence. interspersed with
some exercises. Therefore each lesson is accompanied by a parallel lesson A that
elaborates the material further in conversations. etc. Layout of Lessons This textbook is
intended as a beginning course in the Dutch language for English speakers. People who
have experience with other languages. might want to follow the order Lesson gt gt gt gt and
on to the end of the basic text Others that want to start tackling the language in context of a
situation and worry about grammar later might want to start with Lesson A and then check to
understand some of the grammatical details Another strategy is Lesson gt A gt gt A gt gt A
gt. You should become familiar with this page early on. Analyze the spoken words carefully.
Which way the reader wishes to use the book may vary. Of course that is not sufficient to
actually start speaking the language. and the role each word plays in establishing that
meaning. But it is important to experience these subtleties from the very
beginning.Dutch/Introduction Pronunciation A guide to pronunciation of Dutch is provided as
Appendix . and refer to it often. Nothing can replace learning a language from a native
speaker. As the Dutch is read out loud is better. Substantial text in Dutch is included and the
student should read all of it. The main lessons aim at introducing grammatical topics by
means of conversations. References http/ / nl. grammars etc. rather than focussing on
grammar. org/ . Complete translations into English are included only in selected places. Each
lesson should be read thoroughly and mastered before moving on. In addition there are
pages intended to build up vocabulary. but the text is liberally sprinkled with audio files
providing the student with valuable input from hearing spoken Dutch. Early lessons
emphasize conversational subjects and gradually introduce Dutch grammatical concepts and
rules. In addition.
Polite and clitic forms ltlt Voorwoord Les Les gtgt Grammatica Introduction to Dutch
grammar Children learn their mother tongue without knowing the parts of speech such as
verbs. First guess what a word means. As of June they are still in construction. We do
recommend that you use them as much as you can. Where possible we will try to point out
the similarities and exploit them. concentrate more on practice. marked Engels . concentrate
on introducing points of grammar. but that is still a cumbersome substitute. The main lessons
Dutch/Lesson . There may even be a geluidsopname sound recording or an phonetic
description under Uitspraak. Of course the layout is in Dutch and you may not immediately
understand everything. Pay particular attention to sentence word order as you progress
through the lessons. pronunciation drills. Dutch grammar is more complex than English
grammar. and identifying the meaning of words in a Dutch sentence is difficult without
understanding the clues to word function that come from the grammatical rules.me etc. But
such a speaker may not always be available to you. nouns and phrases. then click . etc.
There usually is an English translation of a word under the heading Vertalingen. However.
English speakers will find many strong parallels between their language and
Dutch.Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson Eenvoudige Gesprekken Simple
Conversations Simple conversations Grammar Pronouns I. However these are helpful for
anyone attempting to learn a second language from a book or a website. Using Wiktionary
Throughout the texts and in the vocabulary lists there are blue links that take you to the
Dutch version of our sister project Wikitionary . but that is not a disaster. This book will try to
compensate this by addition of audio files. Of course the children have it right the best way to
learn a language is to listen to a mother tongue speaker and simply repeat. as noted in the
introduction. The basic lessons of this textbook are set up to first introduce the parts of
speech. although there are exercises. A etc. and then bring in the rules that govern these.
more conversation etc. Lessons A. If you can listen to the pronunciation a few times it will
help you remember the word and become an active speaker. Dont let that scare you off Here
are a few useful pieces . sound files etc. If you are really lost use the interwiki link to the
English version or any other language you know as back up. Firefox seems to give easier
access to them than other browsers. but dont give in to it too easily We strongly encourage
you to use the links to expand your vocabulary. If you want to learn a language you also
should learn to be a bit of a detective you often need to get the gist of something with a few
pieces of the puzzle missing.
g.u.ka. Once you have an idea of the gist of the story you can open up the drop down box
and read the translation to see if you were right. When to use one or the other is not always
easy to decide.m.at.zn. je does not. Polite forms The above conversation was between two
good friends. Karel Hoe gaat het met je Karel Hoi Dank je. However. Karel Tot ziens.at. or in
Russian .c j.t. When learning a new language it is very important to be able to deduce
meaning from limited information.n.vrin. It utilizes the familiar form of the personal pronoun
je.jn Grammatica Forms Clitic forms Notice the difference between quotHoe gaat het met
jequot and quotEn met jouquot.rl.te. Dutch word order is quite different and a difficult aspect
of the language. usted in Spanish. because you will often not know all the words used. met
mij gaat het goed.kj.p.m. Ze zijn vrienden.xut. Tot ziens.c d. Dutch also has a polite or formal
form of the personal pronoun for the second person you. Use the hover method to see an
instant translation of a certain word and try to piece together the meaning of the story. met
mij gaat het ook goed. The latter roughly corresponds with the first name basis in
English.mt.d.ka. Picking up their meaning from context is an important skill.t.m. The clitic
forms cannot have emphasis and the vowel in a clitic is often reduced to a neutral schwa or
omitted entirely.m. It is e. Both translate literally into with you. is generally u. Jan Hoi. jou.
Notice the use of u in the conversation below. comparable with Sie in German. Try to hover
your mouse over such words. .dn j. Jan Dutch pronunciation varies with region and
speaker.tsins t.Dutch/Lesson Hovering Some words will be underlined. particularly if older.
vous in French.at. an old friend typically je.t. but there is a difference in emphasis. Someone
unknown. jou where English uses you.rl.xut.tsins.ok. Gesprek Vrienden Jan en Karel Read
the following conversation.kmt. En met jou Jan Dank je. Many languages have this
distinction. You will also see that Dutch sometimes strings words together a bit differently
than English.stra. Jan komt Karel op straat tegen. In Dutch. In colloquial English the same
thing can be heard at times seeya instead of see you. but the following gives a reasonable
idea jn.mt.kj. t. Jou carries emphasis.n z. u. there are often two forms of the same pronoun a
strong one and a weak clitic one.
Grammatica Introduction to pronouns A pronoun is a short word that takes the place of a
noun previously mentioned in the sentence.Dutch/Lesson Regional forms In the South of the
area where Dutch is spoken Flanders mostly. including in Suriname and the Antilles. but
some important differences will be pointed out. Mevrouw De Vries Mooi. meneer Standish.
You remains the same. Recall Kent u meneer Standish Bent u hem al tegengekomen Hem
refers back to meneer Standish. close your eyes and see how much you understand now.
Kent u meneer Standish Bent u hem al tegengekomen Meneer Jansen Uit Engeland Nee.
Lets look at the personal pronouns first.you and they. object u. It is a pronoun that stands for
pro.she. Het zijn handelaars. mevrouw De Vries Mevrouw De Vries Goedendag. Personal
pronouns Personal pronouns are quite familiar in English They are words like I. It is used
much like you in English for both singular and plural. or conversation. relative and indefinite
ones. Much like in English ik subject turns into mij as object in Dutch. In the North gij is only
encountered in archaic phrases like gij zult niet stelen .he. Notice how I turns into me when
used as an object. If you are not sure of the meaning of a word.you. You see me. Gesprek
De handelaars Push the button and listen to the following text.we. people do not distinguish
between familiar and polite forms. if it is underlined. Have you figured out the gist yet Then
open the translation box to see if you were right Go back to the pronunciation. Meneer
Jansen Goedendag. There is a variety of pronouns like personal. Tot ziens. dank u wel. It is
a bit more formal than the one before. mevrouw De Vries.you. Meneer Jansen komt
mevrouw De Vries tegen. At least this is the case for the subject nominative case. meneer
Jansen Meneer Jansen Tot ziens. It is recommended to first just listen. Hij spreekt
Nederlands.him.them. Je ziet mij. Is hij op bezoek Mevrouw De Vries Ja. . meneer Jansen
Meneer Jansen Hoe gaat het met u Mevrouw De Vries Zeer goed. You may have to repeat
the process a few times. As object accusative some of them are different me. possessive.
This course is mostly based on northern usage as this is most widely accepted. Compare I
see you.you. paragraph. hover your mouse over it. En met u Meneer Jansen Ook goed. A
translation will pop up. Please read the following conversation.thou shalt not steal. instead
they use yet another pronoun gij clitic ge. whereas je remains the same in both roles Ik zie
je.us.
Dutch/Lesson The system in Dutch resembles the English one quite a bit, after all the
languages are close relatives As in English there are three persons in Dutch grammar first I,
second you and third he As in English there is a distinction in number between singular I and
plural we. As in English there are gender distinctions in the third person singular he, she, it
As in English there are case distinctions between subject and object he, him
Nevertheless the Dutch system is a little more involved, as we have seen there are familiar
and polite forms je versus u. weak clitics and strong forms je versus jou. In addition there are
regional differences jij/jullie u North versus gij South a growing rift between how inanimate
and animate nouns are treated In English he and she are reserved for animate nouns usually
persons and this is increasingly the case in Dutch as well, certainly in Northern usage. In
English all inanimate objects can be referred to as it. However, in Dutch this is only true for
hetwords neuter gender and that leaves two thirds of all nouns uncovered.... We will revisit
this awkward problem later.
Subject case nominative
Person st nd fam. nd polite nd South rd ge ie ze t u gij zij singular clitic k plural clitic we ge ze
Object case accusative
person st nd fam. nd polite nd South rd u u hem haar het singular clitic me je m dr t plural
ons jullie u u clitic
hen hun ze
Dutch/Lesson Remarks . As you see not all pronouns have clitics and some of them shown
in parentheses are not used in the written language. . The pronouns in italics hij, zij sing.,
hem, haar, hen and hun are increasingly reserved for persons and animate objects. For
inanimate objects these pronouns usually get replaced either by demonstrative pronouns see
lesson or by a special kind of adverb, the pronominal adverb see lesson . In speaking, many
Dutch speakers use the dative form hun instead of the accusative hen. This is because the
hen form was artificially created by the grammarians of the past In the spoken language hen
is seldom used and speakers increasingly avoid the issue by opting for the clitic ze.
Woordenlijst
You have already encountered quite a few words above. Now make sure you own them
Listen to their pronunciation, sort the table by English and read back to Dutch, check the
pronunciation again. Click on the blue link to go to the Dutch wiktionary and try to figure out
what you may. If you do not understand, follow the interwiki link to go to the English
wiktionary. In short there are many ways to use this table and you can try one thing one day
and come back another to try something different. Dutch word de appendix het bezoek het
Engeland het Nederlands de vriend, vrienden de handelaars het gesprek, gesprekken de
grammatica de les de straat de woordenlijst de woordenschat op straat tot ziens uit Engeland
Met mij gaat het goed goedendag de dag goed En met jou Hoe gaat het met jou u hoe gaan
audio file English translation appendix, supplement visit, attendance England Dutch friend,
friends business people, businessmen, tradesmen, merchants pl. conversation,
conversations grammar lesson street word list vocabulary on in the street goodbye lit see
you again from England I am fine lit With me goes it well Good day greeting Good day Hi
Hello good And how are you lit And with you How are you lit How goes it with you how to go
Dutch/Lesson
it goes with is visiting to meet, come across, encounter, run into comes across , runs into,
meets to visit but, however also, too, as well thank you thanks simple it pronoun Ms., Miss, or
Mrs. Mr. me no yes correct already, yet beautiful in this case, nice or fine very and
het gaat met is op bezoek tegenkomen komt ... tegen bezoeken maar ook dank je, dank u.
bedankt simpel het mevrouw meneer mij nee ja correct al mooi zeer en
Your turn Building vocabulary
When learning a language you need to start building up your vocabulary. There are various
ways of doing that. One is to study the above conversations well. Often words are easier to
remember when put in context. But there are other ways. Wiki adds a few methods to the
range of possibilities. One is the hover method. Just hover your mouse over this. We will add
vocabulary building exercises to each lesson to make it easier for you to memorize it all. You
may want to study some example conversations from world literature in Voorbeeld . Les A
more conversations and practice gtgt
ltlt Lesson Layout Guide Pronunciation Guide gtgt http/ / nl. wiktionary. org/ wiki/
Hoofdpagina quotDutchquot by Jan G. Kooij in The worlds major languages edt. Bernard
Comrie ISBN Oxford University Press
dank je. also whole .quot Woordenlijst en vuur met and fire with hoe gaat het met je
lit.Dutch/Example Dutch/Example The following voorbeelden examples accompany Les .
mejuffrouw Poesje. how are you. How can she be fair In comes the little dog. Het gaat heel
goed met me op dit moment. how do you do heel very. Zeg me. In order to get a literal
translation. How goes it with you. ben je daar Zo. Poesje en Hondje The following text was
taken from a Mother Goose rhyme and translated to Dutch. Nederlands Poesje zit naast het
vuur Hoe kan zij braaf zijn Dan komt het kleine hondje binnen quotPoesje. quotPussy. Pray
tell me how do you doquot quotThank you. Hondje. the Dutch text was not made to rhyme.
Im very well at the moment.quot English Kittycat sits beside the fire. little dog. hoe gaat het
met jequot quotDank je. zo. are you there So. The original appears in the Project Gutenberg
text Verse and Prose for Beginners in Reading. thank you. so. dear miss Kittycat.
The meter in the Dutch version is nearly perfect and should provide hints for pronouncing
the words. Poesje Mauw The following is a Dutch volksliedje folk song. pussy would be an
acceptable pronunciation. . Among some speakers of Dutch. Lekkere is pronounced as lekre
in this case. scene . The digraph oe is pronounced somewhere between u and
oo.Dutch/Example Opmerkingen . The English word pussy is actually a very Dutchlike
diminutive of puss. as translated by Edwin Bjorkman and included in Project Gutenberg .
Nederlands Poesje Mauw Kom eens gauw Ik heb lekkere melk voor jou En voor mij Rijstebrij
O wat heerlijk smullen wij English Pussy Mou Come quickly I have tasty milk for you And for
me Rice porridge Oh how we will enjoy this meal Opmerkingen . . from the August Strindberg
comedy There Are Crimes and Crimes. The Cremerie. Poesje is pronounced pussyah. to fit
the meter but this is nonstandard pronunciation. Woordenlijst brij mash smullen to thoroughly
enjoy food Crimes and Crimes The following is a fragment of act .
Hoe gaat het met je Laat me deze dame voorstellen aan mijn oudste en beste vriend.
Zojuist. Woordenlijst voorstellen to introduce aan to addressing aangenaam kennis te maken
lit. We have seen each other before. babbelen. Jan Jan van Galen. after him HENRIETTE
Why. Is dat zo Wanneer. Dutch speakers wont use phrases such as how are you and nice to
meet you. net . ADOLPHE. . It is not wrong to use them. hence the French names and
phrases. theres Maurice. We hebben elkaar al eerder gezien. The play takes place in Paris.
OohBut now you must stay and have a chat with us. although Dutch praten lacks the
negative connotation Opmerkingen . Saluting stiffly Pleased to meet you. MAURICE. seen.
ADOLPHE. mag ik Jan van Galen aan je voorstellen Hariette Hariette van Dorp. A moment
ago. but neither is it considered impolite to leave them out of a conversation. HENRIETTA.
kletsen. Such a conversation could have the following course Anonieme spreker Hariette van
Dorp. OohMaar nu moet je blijven en wat met ons kletsen.Dutch/Example Dutch ADOLPHE.
ADOLPHE. elkaar each other. als ik vragen mag MAURICE. Mademoiselle
HenrietteMonsieur Maurice. if I may ask MAURICE. How are you Let me introduce this lady
here to my oldest and best friend. Mademoiselle HenrietteMonsieur Maurice. Comes in first.
Stijfjes groetend Aangenaam kennis te maken. References http/ / www. Past participles in
Dutch often end in d or t. ADOLPHE. MAURICE. pleased to meet you. and start with ge.
HENRIETTA. daar heb je Maurice. Right here. gutenberg. na hem HENRIETTA Hee. Is that
so When. English ADOLPHE. . Gezien is an irregular form. as is its English counterpart. nice
to make your acquaintance. Komt eerst binnen. een praatje maken chat compare prate for
the last form. Generally. Hier.
If not hover to see an instant translation. hij is slechts een medewerker Dan heb ik dat
verkeerd begrepen. Some words will already look familiar.Dutch/Lesson A Dutch/Lesson A
back to Lesson Gesprek A Lets have a look at some more conversations with everyday
phrases. Try to memorize some phrases. Ik moet nu gaan. Is die man daar de baas van het
hotel Nee. Ik moet nu gaan. Hoe gaat het met je Met mij gaat het prima. met jou Ben je
gisteren naar dat concert geweest Nee. Tot ziens Dag Fill in the blank. Het was prettig om
kennis met je te maken.AF Dat is de baas van het hotel niet. ik had andere verplichtingen. en
met jou Nee. Wanneer ben je hier weer Ik ben hier elke week om deze tijd Vorige week was
ik hier ook. particularly the greetings. tot Ben je hier elke week om deze Ben je naar het
concert geweest Heb ik dat verkeerd . Met gaat het goed. dat is slechts een . verplichtingen
zijn niet altijd .
Did you notice how the z of ziens assimilates from z to s once it is put behind the t of tot.
Thats why the sentence starts with it. wilt u iets eten Ja. This happens a lot to voiced
consonants in initial position. Gesprek A Jan en Mieke have a bite to eat in a small restaurant
Mieke. Kijk Jan.Dutch/Lesson A Pronunciation drill AP Listen to the following audio files and
repeat what the speaker says in the pauzes. dat lijkt wel aardig. vind je niet Ja. dan ga ik wel
weer naar de gym. je wordt veel te dik. wil je iets drinken Nou. ze appelpannenkoeken
hebben Hmmm. much like in the question above. Wat wil je drinken Een biertje. eigenlijk wil
ik ook wel iets eten. because emphasis is put on it. ja. meneer. All final obstruents are
voiceless automatically and they even infect the next word If you are American pay attention
to the u sound in moet. This in turn switches the words quothetquot and quotgaatquot into
inverse order. Ik heb trek. mevrouw. it is quite a bit more rounded than Americans pronounce
a u sound. en jij Geef mij maar groene thee Appelpannenkoek . eh. This is very common in
casual speech. Kijk dat lijkt wel een leuk tentje. Notice the use of the full pronoun mij. Je hebt
al een buikje Ach kom. Ze gaan het restaurant binnen. Notice how quotmetquot and
quotjequot meld together. ik heb liever een spekpannenkoek Pas op. graag Kunnen we op
het terras zitten Natuurlijk Ik pak even de menukaarten. Goedemiddag.
producing interesting combinations if preceded or followed by a g or ch. Weet u hoe die
mevrouw daar heet Jansen Ik geloof dat zij Alice heet. so that you do need to practise them.
At least in the Netherlands it is. so it is not a disaster if you do that one wrong. First push the
button to simply listen to the following conversation. Robert Standish. Hoe heet u Standish Ik
heet Standish. . En u Wat is uw naam Jansen U heet Robert Wat toevallig Ik heet ook
Robert.Dutch/Lesson A Pronunciation drill AP Did you notice the /w/ It is produced not
between the upper and lower lips as in English or French. Standish Goedemorgen meneer.
First with eyes open to see the text. Robert Jansen. Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson Onbekenden
en vrienden Strangers and Friends Simple conversations II Grammar Introduction to Verbs
Grammar Adjectives. Of course the latter will test your abilities to produce gutturals. If there
are parts you do not understand when listening. Standish Inderdaad toevallig Wij heten
allebei Robert. Then study the text to find out what the meaning is. Ze heet Alice Koopman.
Standish Gelooft u dat of bent u zeker ervan Jansen Vrij zeker. demonstratives and articles
Syntax Question and negation ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Gesprek . this speaker still uses the
oldfashioned rrolling one. . Finally listen to the conversation again and see how much you
understand. Hoe gaat het met u Jansen Goedemorgen. Then do it with eyes closed.. In
Flanders and in Surinam a bilabial w is more common. Goed. hover your mouse over a word
if you dont know it. . but today there are many different varieties being used. They are quite
numerous in Dutch.. As the /r/ is concerned. go back to step . but between the upper teeth
and the lower lips. Once you think you understand the conversation open the dropdown
below to see the full translation. If necessary. .
Als u een beetje langzamer spreekt. Mevrouw Nieman Aangenaam kennis te maken. ik ben
een Engelsman. This can be seen from I believe do you believe Ik geloof gelooft u In the
case of heten the extra t does not get added because the stem already ends in a t. Actually
there are usually three forms. Meneer Standish Goedemorgen. Zij is het meisje daar. a
singular one heet used with ik. In a later lesson we will revisit the verb forms associated with
each person. For the moment lets just leave the above sentence for what it is and start with
questions. a plural one heten used for wij as well the other plural persons. En u Hoe heet u
Meneer Standish Ik heet Standish. mevrouw Koopman Meneer Standish Jazeker
Grammatica Inversion in questions and negations You may have wondered about the order
of the words in ik geloof dat ze Alice heet. Bent u mevrouw Koopman Mevrouw Nieman Nee.
gaat naar de boekhouding. een Engelsman. transitive. Bent u Nederlander Meneer Standish
Nee.u. The irregular verb to bezijn has a few more forms in both languages. I am called
Standish What are you called named .that she is named called Alice We are both called
Robert Ik heet Standish Hoe heet u . Fortunately. Mevrouw Nieman Goed zo Mag ik u mijn
collega voorstellen. .. and ergative verbs.Dutch/Lesson Grammatica Introduction to Verbs A
verb in Dutch werkwoord is that part of speech that describes an action.. Verbs come in an
almost bewildering array of tenses. Mevrouw Nieman Echt waar Dat is erg interessant.
Gesprek De Engelsman Meneer Standish.dat ze Alice heet Wij heten allebei Robert The
Dutch verb heten can best be translated as quotto be namedquot or quotto be calledquot and
we see two forms of it here . Kunt u mij verstaan Meneer Standish Ja.ze . although it does
have a few more forms. moods. Even though Dutch verbs are not so much more complicated
than English ones.. the Dutch verb is not too different from the English one. Ik ben mevrouw
Nieman. voices and aspects. ditransitive.. and there are several major types intransitive.
word order is. In fact it is quite a bit more complicated than in English.
Dutch/Lesson Questions A question sentence in Dutch simply reverses the order of subject
and verb. Recall U heet meneer Standish You are named Mr. an interrogative hoe or
quothowquot added. Ik geloof English does the same thing when using the verb to be I am .I
do not understand you Again. Even a negative question does not use to do Verstaat u mij
niet .I understand you Ik versta u niet . Standish. Karel Ze is erg mooi. Wat een mooie meid
Heleen Karel toch . Heleen Ik geloof dat ze Karolien heet. Dutch does not use the auxiliary to
do. in this case. Karel Heleen. U verstaat mij quotYou understand mequot. Karel Ja.weet u I
know .Dont you understand me Gesprek Het nieuwe meisje In this conversation. wie is dat
nieuwe meisje Die brunette daar. als je kleine meisjes met lange zwarte haren leuk vindt. It
became Hoe heet u as a question The normal word order of subject u or quotyouquot then
verb heten is reversed and. In fact using it sounds very foreign.bent u Dutch does not use the
auxiliary to do as English requires in most other cases ik weet . Ik ben gek op dat haar. the
parties are close friends.are you ik ben . Heleen Ze is leuk. Additional examples Hoe gaat
het met u Het gaat goed met u Bent u mevrouw Koopman U bent mevrouw Koopman Bent u
Nederlander Verstaat u mij Gelooft u U bent Nederlander quotYou are Dutchquot.do you
know instead of quotknow youquot Negations The negative is formed by simply adding niet
at the end Ik versta u .
that brunette Similarly. demonstratives and articles Gender Where English uses the
demonstrative pronoun that. the girl We will revisit this phenomenon gender in the next
lesson more extensively. In English the adjective remains the same regardless The house is
red copula adjective The red car adjective noun Behind a copula as predicate this is true in
Dutch as well Ik ben gek I am crazy Ze is mooi She is pretty De auto is rood The car is red
But in Dutch they are inflected if they occur in front of a noun as attribute.the red cars rode
autos .where English uses the article the. small or exciting Inflection Recall that some
adjectives in the dialogue ended in e mooie meid. .a red house de rode huizen rode huizen
As you see the adjective is not inflected after the indefinite article een. het rode huis een rood
huis . Dutch uses either dat or die. Adjectives can be used in two ways in front of a noun and
after a verb like is a copula.the administration. het meisje.a red car de rode autos . Dutch has
two possibilities de or het.Dutch/Lesson Grammatica Adjectives. For the moment it is enough
to realize that there are two kinds of words.with great ease het gemak neuter But in hoge
nood .the red car een rode auto . There is a bit of a problem with it in Dutch. This also holds
if there is no article met groot gemak . They are a bit different Again we will revisit them in the
next lesson. Die brunette. recall dat nieuwe meisje. sometimes they did not is erg mooi.
recall de boekhouding. .that new girl. ones that take de and die ones that take het and dat
Both articles and demonstrative pronouns are a special kind of adjectives words that are
added to make the meaning of another word more precise.red cars Neuter words are the
ones that carry the definite article het and the demonstrative dat.in desparate need de nood .
Compare de rode auto . like new.
a big man een groot man . apart from the indefinite neuter an attributive adjective is usually
inflected with e. compare e.strength droog droogte dry .warmth zwak zwakte weak . by
assuming their inflected form Dat is een grote That is a big one Dat is een kleine That is a
small one Die lange heeft mijn fiets gestolen That tall guy has stolen my bike Notice that
Dutch does not use one in such cases.the man een grote man .dearth gewoon gewoonte
usual .heaviness heet hitte hot .Dutch/Lesson Thus.habit More about nouns in the next
lesson.crowd duur duurte expensive .length groot grootte big . They all carry de. There are a
number of adjectives that can be turned into nouns by adding te.g.width lang lengte long. In
English the corresponding suffix is th wijd wijdte wide . There are a few exceptions.a great
man Making nouns out of adjectives Adjectives can be turned into nouns.heat warm warmte
warm .drought hoog hoogte high . de man .height menig menigte many .narrowness zwaar
zwaarte heavy .size breed breedte broad . tall .weakness sterk sterkte strong .breadth eng
engte narrow . Woordenlijst .
leuk vindt Nederlands het neuter de m/f dat neuter die m/f daar daarginds daarachter een
een beetje haar interessant leuk kort. korte lang. indeed Pleased to meet you Thats nice to
be crazy about to understand do you understand to believe I believe to name...Dutch/Lesson
Dutch word de brunette de Engelsman het haar.. girls colleague May I introduce. call a name
she is called to speak. de meisjes de collega Mag ik. an somewhat...voorstellen Jazeker
Aangenaam kennis te maken Goed zo gek zijn op verstaan verstaat u geloven ik geloof
heten ze heet praten u praat voorstellen leuk vinden als je .. de haren het meisje.. Dutch the
the that that there over there over there a. a bit her interesting cute short long slow . to talk
you speak to introduce to like if you like . lange langzaam audio file English translation
brunette Englishman hairs girl. yes..
and number formation is similar in that the first twelve numbers are unique. twee. As in
English. Other numbers will be the subject of more advanced lessons. vijf. tel ze maar zes.
there are several variants eerste. and achtste. Mam en je andere hand Jeroen ook vijf Mam
Ja. acht. vier. Above twelve. numbers are formed by combination. tien become tiende in
Dutch. zwarte zij u als wie slower my me beautiful to new black she you if who Pronunciation
Guide gtgt Advanced Lesson gtgt Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson De Getallen The Numbers ltlt
Les Les Les gtgt Gesprek Mam teaches her toddler. derde. there are both ordinal and
cardinal numbers. For example. drie. zeven. Ten becomes tenth in English. . as in English.
negen en tien Leren Tellen van tot In Dutch. Note in the table how ordinals are formed from
the cardinals in Dutch by adding de. Jeroen to count Mam Hoeveel vingertjes heb
je.Dutch/Lesson langzamer mijn mij mooi naar nieuw. Jeroen Jeroen een. is vijftien and is
zestien. nieuwe zwart.
We spelen nog een uur lang Karel Ja.the last train. The only exception is eerst. Eerst en
laatst The ordinals are a special kind of adjectives. Grammatica Telling time hours Knowing
the numbers from to .he first goes home Its opposite antonym is laatst as adverb and laatste
as adjective de laatste trein . . Op een middag komen ze elkaar tegen. Hoe gaat het Karel
Hallo Hendrik Wil je voetballen Karel Graag. Karel Dan kan ik nog tot twee uur spelen. There
is also a difference in pronunciation /n/ schwan for the article and /en/ ayn for the number.
Gesprek Twee jongens. Hendrik en Karel. maar hoe laat is het Hendrik Het is n uur. One
often puts accents on the es when one is meant in case of ambiguity n. you can now begin
asking and telling time in Dutch.Dutch/Lesson hoofdtelwoorden rangtelwoorden cardinal
numbers ordinal numbers one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve een
twee drie vier vijf zes zeven acht negen tien elf twaalf st nd rd th th th th th th th th th eerste
tweede derde vierde vijfde zesde zevende achtste negende tiende elfde twaalfde Remark
een is used both as an indefinite article a or an and a number one. As in English. So. zijn
vrienden. words like zesd do not exist. Hendrik Dat is goed. En daarna breng je me op je
motor naar huis. Hendrik Karel. They always have the inflection e. it can be used as an
adverb Hij gaat eerst naar huis .
three. Dutch grammar is therefore structured a bit differently from the English one. This
causes inversion. it is half past eleven Kwart het is kwart voor zes . nameword that does not
translate well into English. These are not questions. still there is inversion. The answer is Het
is uur . thing or conceptquot. We could also have said Jij brengt mij daarna op je motor naar
huis. both independently used like nouns or used to specify another word like adjectives.
cardinals telwoorden e.g. Naamwoorden indicates a rather broad class of words. Notice that
the verb loses final t when using the informal second person jij of je in such cases as it does
in questions jij brengt .. Zij komen elkaar op een middag tegen. . substituting the correct
cardinal value. The reason is that the adverb daarna or the adverbial expression op een
middag was put before the subject verb part for emphasis.g. proper nouns eigennamen
e.quotIt is oclockquot.breng je Grammatica Introduction to naamwoorden Dutch grammar
uses the word naamwoord lit. recall from the conversation that inversion happens for other
reasons. Half The half hours are indicated differently in Dutch het is half twaalf .. lit. occurring
in sentences in two different ways as subjects performers of action. quotJanetquot .. het is
kwart over zes . common nouns zelfstandige naamwoorden e.Dutch/Lesson Asking for the
time is accomplished by the sentence Hoe laat is het quotWhat time is itquot. a noun is the
name of a quotperson. De klokkentoren van Antwerpen Grammatica Some more word order
inversion We have seen that inversion of subject and verb is used to create a question Het is
twee uur Hoe laat is het However.op een middag komen ze. Besides naamwoorden there
are two other large classes of words in Dutch werkwoorden verbs and bijwoorden adverbs. .
etc.. quotHow late is itquot... As a generality. two. or objects recipients of action. one.g.
quotgirlquot . A noun is a fundamental part of speech... place.daarna breng je. . Nouns are
classified into .
zijn is not used much anymore to refer to a neuter word and we will see a different way of
expressing quotitsquot later. as this is a good way to memorize gender. her. you would say
het kalf. We also saw that adjectives depend on gender in Dutch. They stand in for pro.
pronouns voornaamwoorden e. and het in Dutch. Words like quothijquot . quothehtquot de
pronounce /d/ all other cases Animate nouns Much like in English there are three genders for
animate nouns people. Naamwoord is more general than noun. because kalf is a neuter
noun. and this shows up clearly in their personal pronouns hij. possessive pronouns
bezittelijk voornaamwoord are used as adjectives quotmijnquot auto quotmyquot car A
special class of adjectives is formed by the articles lidwoorden quotthequot car quotdequot
auto Gender of Nouns We have seen evidence of word gender in the pronouns we have
been encountering. Noun is rendered as zelfstandig naamwoord nameword that stands on
itself. you would say de man. zij and het he. quotherquot The latter group is often considered
a separate class of words. but mostly it must be learned as children do word by word. You
refer to de man with hij he Hij is een man. Definite Articles Definite articles are equivalent to
an English the. It derives from the Latin term nomen nomen substantivum zelfstandig
naamwoord and nomen adiectivum bijvoeglijk naamwoord.g. haar and zijn his. quotshequot.
because man is a masculine noun. Adjectives are usually added to nouns to further
determine them quotmooiquot weer quotbeautifulquot weather Some pronouns. Noun gender
is also reflected in the definite article It should always be learned as part of the noun. she. .
zij. You would say Zij she is een vrouw. You would say Het it is een kalf. Een vrouw en haar
her werk To say the calf in Dutch. voor nouns.quothequot are known as personal pronouns
persoonlijke voornaamwoorden Dutch has its own grammatical nomenclature and to use
dictionaries and grammars it is useful to know it. she and it and their possessive pronouns
zijn. Een man en zijn his hond To say the woman in Dutch. its To say the man in Dutch. and
the two basic gender forms in Dutch are as follows het neuter singular pronounce /hEt/.
notably he. because vrouw is a feminine noun. An adjective is called bijvoeglijk naamwoord
nameword that can be added. you would say de vrouw. e. Een kalf en zijn its stal However.
There are a few rules that help to determine a nouns gender. pets etc.g.Dutch/Lesson . and it
in English and hij.
Notice that you cannot resort to het it as done in English. because it is common gender the
book is het boek. de kalveren are all refered to by zij they and hun their. because it is neuter
gender This does not hold for the South. her. so they indicate natural rather than
grammatical gender. In the South de klok may still be called a she. because de klok is not
neuter. Someone learning the language therefore best considers Dutch a twogender
language for anything but persons the clock is de klok. but also adjectives and pronouns that
must match the gender of the noun they are related to. The reference problem As we saw
above the personal pronouns hij. where a quotde klokquot may still be referred to as
quotzijquot she. The fine distinctions between the varieties of the language can wait. By
contrast. certainly in the North. That is Memorize the word for book in Dutch as het boek.zij. .
but it is not just definite articles. it is important when learning Dutch nouns to always learn
them together with their correct definite article. We shall see three common ways that
speakers use to avoid this reference problem using demonstratives using pronominal
adverbs using diminutives always neuter These three aspects of the language play a more
prominent role in Dutch than they do in English. This leaves roughly two thirds of all
inanimate nouns without a personal pronoun to refer them by. concepts etc. but Northerners
avoid such references and so should you.. the twofold split commonneuter is still very much
alive in Dutch and this must be mastered by any beginner to learn the language well. The
feminine and the masculine have merged into a common gender north of de grote riveren the
Great Rivers the Meuse. not simply boek. not simply klok. Therefore. That makes it hard to
use personal pronouns for an inanimate common gender word. This is by far the most
important thing you should do right now. For possessive pronouns his. One could say that
the merger of m/f into common gender has triggered a number of shifts in the language.
Inanimate nouns In the Netherlands the North the distinction between masculine and
feminine was lost for inanimate nouns things. As you see the definite article is the same for
masculine and feminine. but it is acceptable standard Dutch to disregard the
masculinefeminine distinction. that for example German or English do not have and must be
mastered to speak Dutch well. de vrouwen.Dutch/Lesson In the plural the gender distinctions
are absent de mannen.het still show the threegender distinction that Dutch inherited from its
Indoeuropean ancestry. its a similar problem exists. in the th century. Nowadays hij and zij
are pretty much restricted to people or their pets. the Rhine and its branches almost entirely.
Memorize the word for clock in Dutch as de klok..
Dutch/Lesson Rules for gender There are a few general and helpful rules for gender .
adjectives and demonstratives follow the neuter pattern... heid. nouns should be memorized
together with their definite article. It is What is the time one afternoon until two oclock . boys
clock clock tower man girl afternoon motorcycle hour. diminutives of people The girl het
meisje The little boy het jongetje Grammatically they are neuter and their articles. Words in
ing. but do not worry about that. numbers house boy. de getallen het huis de jongen.
However the personal and possessive pronouns follow the natural gender Een mooi n meisje
en haar f moeder Dat n jongetje Hij m is niet hier Woordenlijst Dutch word het boek het getal.
So. they are actually feminine. Loans usually retain their gender Latin museum het museum
both neuter. ... quotthat is goodquot I can play. learn quotde klokquot.. dat is goed Ik kan.
Diminutives are neuter de klok het klokje .. very well lit. Apart from these general rules. zij
etc. teit.. die.g.. te carry de. spelen Het is Hoe laat is het op een middag tot twee uur audio
file English translation book number. e. all use de. also quotoclockquot woman you take me.
Another helpful fact is that all genders behave the same in the plural. not just quotklokquot
and quothet paardquot not just quotpaardquot Double gender There is an interesting group
of words for which the natural gender is in conflict with the grammatical gender. de jongens
de klok de klokkentoren de man het meisje de middag de motor het uur de vrouw breng je
me.
.Dutch/Lesson Wil je. van x tot y Do you want. from x to y exclusive to bring to play to count
to play soccer/football then after that each other hello your you long late my to as in quotIm
driving to London. familiar form. also Would you like to..quot to/until we brengen spelen tellen
voetballen dan daarna elkaar hallo jouw je lang laat mijn naar tot we Also included in the
vocabulary for Lesson are the ordinal and cardinal numbers through from the table at the
beginning of this lesson... Pronunciation Guidegtgt Advanced Lesson gtgt ...
The few deviations are best learned when listening to the language or speaking it. vooruit
dan maar weer. whereas a book or een boek is indefinite about which book is referred to.
Grammatica The indefinite articles een en geen . He Pa. Feesten zul je bedoelen.. Dutch
indefinite articles only come in one form een. Indefinite articles precede nouns in the same
way that definite articles do.. Hij gaat naar de universiteit. Nou. ik heb geld nodig Alweer Ja..
tafel .. These are a or an in English. Thus.. studeren is duur.. stoelen en een tafel . maar hij
heeft geen geld. Hij kan er niks aan doen... ja. Hij wil Elly uitnodigen voor een etentje.. Pa.
heeft geen geld In the previous lesson you were introduced to the definite articlesthe in
English and het or de in Dutch..Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson ltlt Les Les Les gtgt
Gesprek Peter is een student medicijnen. maar ik heb echt stoelen en een tafel nodig Ja.
sorry hoor. the book or het boek refers to a definite or specific book. toe nou.chairs and a
table . The use of definite and indefinite articles is virtually the same as in English.has no
money. but convey a general or indefinite sense. tafels en stoelen zeker. Die heb ik echt
nodig... hoor. so they dont display gender.
Dutch/Lesson stoel een de masculine/feminine de tafel . Occasionally Dutch has one and
English the other op een middag . To denote the difference. There is an inflected form ene
that is used independently Occasionally Dutch has one.a table het raam . English the other.
The numeral n one is pronounced /en/. there is a difference in pronunciation.a window een
het neuter Please note see also previous lesson that the indefinite article has the same form
as the numeral one n. Also.een tafel the table .een raam the window . In Dutch there is a
special negative of een geen. dit is een auto dit is geen auto. one could place accents on the
numeral. not say in contrast to two or three. . this is not a grebe but a duck. the article een a
with a much weaker /n/.one afternoon Notice that one is used here in the meaning of a
certain. The combination niet een is only used in contrasting things dit is niet een fuut maar
een eend. Engels het andere Negation In English a negative of an indefinite article is simply
formed by adding not this is a car this is not a car Alternatively one can drop the article and
say this is no car. One could argue that one is a clitic form of the other. Soms heeft
Nederlands het ene.
this house So.denk A third. Again. theirs is possessive case. In Dutch a similar distinction
exists. jouw or je.. and his/her/its in English and mijn.yesterday de gist . The pronoun je is a
weak form of jouw and it is used when the emphasis is on something else.de that .this train
het huis dit huis . the two languages betray their kinship. such as the motorcycle in this case.
In some words. These are singular my. this is used as demonstrative pronoun to indicate
something in proximity. Compare gisteren . where mine and yours. In English one could say
this house of mine.Dutch/Lesson Grammatica Possessive and demonstrative pronouns
Recall the following from Gesprek Ja. See Dutch/Appendix for a table of the possessive
pronouns. one replaces de by deze and het by dit. and zijn/haar/zijn in Dutch. even more
distant pronoun exists gene. his. ours. your.yellow . Dutch will have d the . but it is about as
common as its English equivalent yon. gindse.dat think . En daarna breng je me op je motor
naar huis. Which translates as Yes. a g in Dutch corresponds to a y in English. hers. but
gender plays a role de trein deze trein .the yeast geel . Dutch does not have a possessive
case as English does. yonder. That indicates greater distance. Dutch uses objective case for
this dit huis van mij as if van of is a preposition. yours. At a greater distance de trein die trein
het huis dat huis Notice that often when English has th. In English. And after that take me
home on your motorcycle. The sentence demonstrates one of the possessive pronouns.
With few exceptions like ox .. i and y get an apostrophe before the s baby .de tafels de
familie . He is strong. Which plural applies is best learned case by case as gender is. em. Hij
is sterk . Many recent latinate loans from English or French and all diminutives get a s.
Forming the plural of the noun itself is a bit more complicated. The ones in a. Grammatica
Plural of nouns As seen above the plural definite article is always de for all genders. if they
end in . Die is duur. personal pronouns are reserved for reference to persons natural gender
as in English. Note because de auto is not neuter.Dutch/Lesson Using demonstrative
pronouns instead of personal pronouns Recall Die heb ik echt nodig. Using die avoids the
issue. All others get en. Compare close gender neuter personal het far def. although we can
attempt a general rule All words of more than one syllable get s. this makes demonstrative
pronouns a more attractive choice to refer things by than personal pronouns. Dutch however
has two main ways to form a plural by adding s and by adding en.tafels en stoelen. // or even
as a syllabic /n/ depending on the region. o.babys Unfortunately there are lots of exceptions.
hoor As we have seen Dutch is on its way to a twogender system. The latter is pronounced
/n/. vowels a.. de tafel . Compare Ik zie Jan. eliquid el. Increasingly. there is no indefinite
article and the demonstratives are deze and die and the personal pronoun is zij or its weak
form ze.I see his car. er. it is not correct to say Het is duur. Recall . i. For inanimate nouns.de
families .I see John. o. Ik zie zijn auto. It is expensive. To refer to things people resort to
substituting the demonstratives. . indef. But saying hij is duur or zij is duur makes the word
specifically masculine or feminine. demonstrative dit deze dat die het de article een
masculine hij feminine plural zij zij As you see demonstratives do not distinguish whether a
word is feminine or masculine and follow the same commonneuter pattern as the articles.
en.. because die follows the common gender pattern of the definite article. e. u and y . .oxen
pretty much all words simply get an s in English..
Dutch/Lesson het meisje de meisjes Words in te and laar usually get s de hoogte de hoogtes
de kandelaar de kandelaars Amongst the many words that get en are the ones in ing de
helling de hellingen
Vowel changes
Most monosyllabic words have en in the plural de stoel de stoelen het raam de ramen In the
latter case, notice that one of the as is dropped in the spelling of the plural. This difficulty is
related to the fact that most Dutch vowels occur in two varieties, a closed one and an open
one. Dutch spelling has a rather ingenious and systematic way of denoting which one is
intended. It involves the doubling of either vowels or consonants. Compare het bot /bt/ the
bone has an open vowel // like British pot or American paw de boot /bot/ the boat sounds
much like British boat. In this case the vowels remain the same in the plural, but notice the
doubling het bot de botten btn botten de boot de boten botn boten It is customary to call the
first sound a short o and the second o a long o, but this terminology can be rather confusing.
There are languages like Czech where vowels are indeed distinguished purely on their
length. In Dutch, however, the difference in length quantity is actually pretty negligible, but
the difference in vowel sound quality is not. This presents a problem for speakers of the
many languages with a fivevowel system, like Italian, Russian, Arabic or isiXhosa whose
ears are not accustomed to this kind of difference. Anglophones usually do quite well.
The Dutch spelling rule
The Dutch Spelling Rule is an open syllable that ends in a vowel such as bo sounds like boat
/o/, a closed one bot like pot //. If the opposite is desired, either the vowel is doubled boot or
the consonant botten.
For nonnative speakers a complication arises in those cases where the actual vowel
changes lengthens in the plural, compare dat pad /pt/ die paden /padn/ vowel changes that
path those paths die pad /pt/ die padden /pdn/ no vowel change that toad those toads The
vowel // in pad and padden is approximately as in father. Paden has a vowel /a/ like in broad
American Oh, my God In Dutch the spelling would be Gaad. Also, notice the gender
difference of the two words. Vowel change is systematic in the plural of the past of certain
strong verbs see . ik zat /zt/ wij zaten /zatn/ I sat we sat A few words show vowel changes
other than between the open and closed variety of the same vowel de stad de steden city.
Dutch/Lesson Words ending in heid get heden beleefdheid beleefdheden There are about a
dozen plurals in Dutch that end in eren het kind de kinderen child children het lam de
lammeren lamb The ending eren is essentially a double plural. It derives from a plural in er
and in some compounds that is still visible de kinderkamer the childrens room de lammergier
a species of vulture Some words in ie have an en plural that requires a diaeresis trema in
Dutch. The spelling depends on where the stress falls de kolonie de kolonin de dynastie de
dynastien A trema is also used after ee de zee de zeen de diatomee de diatomeen
Occasionally a Latin or Greek plural is preserved in Dutch het museum de musea de
chemicus de chemici
Woordenlijst
Dutch term de tafel de stoel het geld de student de universiteit het medicijn kan er niks aan
doen nodig Ik heb nodig bezoeken verkopen wat niks nog duur weer vooruit Audio file
English translation table chair money student university university the medication, the drug
cannot help it necessary I need attend as a student sell some nothing still expensive again
ahead, lets go
Dutch/Lesson
te weinig too little
Pronunciation Guidegtgt
Advanced Lesson gtgt
Dutch/Lesson
Les Lesson
ltlt Les Les
Les gtgt
Gesprek
The beautiful train station
John is te voet op zoek naar het station en spreekt een voorbijganger aan. Kunt u mij
vertellen waar ik het station kan vinden Zeker, neem de derde straat aan uw rechterhand. Als
u de weg volgt, dan vindt u het station aan de linkerkant. Het is een prachtig gebouw. U kunt
het niet missen. Ik vind het wel.
Station Valkenburg
Hij volgt de weg en vindt zijn bestemming. Dat gebouw ziet er inderdaad mooi uit. Vind je
ook niet
Grammatica Conjugation of verbs the four moods
Dutch has a relatively simple system of verbs with four moods and eight tenses. The Dutch
verb has a few more endings than the English one. We will focus on three forms . stem .
stem t . stem en
As in English it is simply the stem of the verb Neem . then hover you mouse over the verb to
see the right answer. even in the closed syllable.you can formal. .g. when the word order is
reversed. In English it gets a s instead ik volg .lopen gt o remains o. e.I take The third person
he/she singular acquires a final t in the present. We will look at the present tense only
here.they can Notice that the vowel usually does not change and therefore we are doubling
either consonants or vowels when we go from one syllable to two vertel . as indicated by
quotooquot. The first person singular has the same form as the imperative neem . the t
ending is lost for the informal jij form.I follow hij volgt .he follows In contrast to English this
also applies to the second person singular jij vindt .take ik neem .take you all. that takes an
extra t Neemt .to tell wij nemen .Dutch/Lesson Imperative mood The simplest form is the
imperative mood. which is used for all plural persons and for the infinitive as well vertellen .
polite However. Brief exercise Choose the correct form of the verb.loopt . when asking a
question Vind je dat ook niet The Dutch verb has a plural form that generally ends in en.we
take jullie volgen .vertellen gt single e remains in syllable closed by extra l.you all follow zij
kunnen .you find informal U kunt .vertelt . loop .take There is a rather archaic plural of the
imperative. Indicative mood in the present tense By far the most important mood is the
indicative one and its tenses.
life There is a present participle. e.that is hard to make The infinitive can be used as a noun
where English uses the gerund in ing. zien .g.I see hij ziet .we make maken . It is used
mostly as an adjective de week die volgt de volgende week the week that follows the
following week volgend jaar next year There are forms ending in ing in Dutch but they are
feminine nouns of action only loosely associated with the verb they derive from.the
translation We will revisit verbal nouns much more extensively in one of the later lessons. het
eten . the meal het eten is klaar .to see ik zie . It is always neuter in gender het vertellen van
volkverhalen is een leuk tijdverdrijf.he sees zij zien .Dutch/Lesson jij werken jullie werken wij
volgen werken ik lopen u graven wij lopen zij kijken ik bereiken verkopen ik zitten wij halen jij
hij verstoppen het waaien wij begrijpen Infinitive mood The plural form is also the infinitive of
the verb wij maken .they see .to translate de vertaling . vertalen .the food. it ends in ende
rather than ing. Some verbs are monosyllabic.dinners ready het leven . e. the telling of
folktales is a nice pastime.g.to make It occasionally takes te as in English to but that is more
exceptional in Dutch and not usually considered part of the infinitve dat is moeilijk te maken .
I can jij kunt .they or she hen.I may jij mag .you subject jou. Exercise .none .je . May one take
two pounds of ground beef minced meat Het zij zo . Exercise . It looks like the infinitive minus
n Men neme twee pond gehakt lit. It is only used in a few wishes and recipes.ze .he can no t
. . again and underline all verbs. Mark all endings as .no s mogen ik mag . In English can and
may do not take an s in the third person. but often they are the same ones as in English.me
object jij.He sees me in the mirror not on television. Hij ziet me in de spiegel . we and ze are
used when the emphasis lies on some other part of the sentence.be it so It is only mentioned
here for the sake of completeness.we zij. there are a number of irregular verbs in Dutch.
je.ze . It only exists in third person singular and with few exceptions present tense.je . Read
conversation .we .them The weak forms me. Some irregular verbs Of course.you object
wij.you may hij mag .you can hij kan .no s We will revisit irregulars later. In Dutch a similar
thing happens kunnen ik kan .he may no t . The strong form expresses mild emphasis.t and
en and identify in each case why this ending is used.Dutch/Lesson Subjunctive mood The
subjunctive mood is even rarer in Dutch than it is in English.me . Translate into Dutch
Grammatica Clitics revisited As shown before many personal pronouns have a strong and a
weak form mij.
g.My bike is a Honda.his haar. e. and especially dr are often written as mijn. de weg m.my
jouw. The form je is pretty much the only clitic possessive generally accepted in writing. je .Id
love to ride yr bike mijn. beautiful the train station the side the road the mirror the building . In
the spoken language there are more weak forms than in the written one. The forms mn.
prachtig mooi het station de kant m.He beat r up Ze hebben m gezien . . zn.He sees me in
the mirror not my mother. sure indeed to tell to miss to follow to see You can the destination
beautiful fine. zn . mn . What is your bike Ik wil graag een ritje op je motor maken.her Again
the spoken language has a clearer distinction than the written one. Compare Mijn motor is
een Honda. zijn and haar in formal writing. him m and for her dr or r Dat heeftie niet gedaan .
de spiegel m.your zijn.Dutch/Lesson Hij ziet mij in de spiegel . Woordenschat Dutch term de
tafel zeker inderdaad vertellen missen volgen zien U kunt de bestemming f. Wat is jouw
motor . pretty. dr. het gebouw Audio file English translation table certainly.They spotted him
For possessive pronouns the same holds. for he ie.He aint done it Hij heeft r geslagen .
hoor.Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson ltlt Les Les Les gtgt The Spanish general is
led before Prince Maurits at Nieuwpoort Gesprek Jan Zestienhonderd was de Slag bij
Nieuwpoort. natuurlijk. Grammatica . which means quottenquot and is very similar to English
teen dertien veertien vijftien zestien zeventien achttien negentien . jongen. dat weet ik niet.
maar wat was er in zestienhonderdn Ma Eh nou.. Numbers Use the sound buttons to help
you with the pronunciation. it is mainly the simple number e.g. he mam Ma Ja. vijf. zes
followed by tien. heb je dat op school geleerd En wat gebeurde er toen Jan Prins Maurits
versloeg de Spanjaarden. Jan Het njarig bestaan van de Slag bij Nieuwpoort.. teen tien
Dutch has a similar way of constructing the numbers for as English.
dertig tweendertig veertig vijftig zestig zeventig tachtig negentig The only irregular one is
tachtig. though. biljoen. Large numbers honderd Dutch does not use one as in quotone
hundredquot or quotone thousandquot honderdn honderdelf honderdtwaalf honderddertien
honderdnentwintig negenhonderdzevenenvijftig In Dutch all numbers lower than one
thousand are written as one word. Dutch puts the single unit before the tenunit eenentwintig
literally oneandtwenty tweentwintig drientwintig vierentwintig vijfentwintig zesentwintig
zevenentwintig achtentwintig negenentwintig Notice that one way to deal with two
subsequent vowels in Dutch spelling is the diaeresis . the English ending ty in twenty.
duizend duizend n duizend zeventien duizend vijfhonderdachtendertig or
vijftienhonderdachtendertig tweeduizend achtduizend . Notice that and are pronounced with
initial s.. miljard. The same system goes for . biljard. etc. thirty etc. .. There should be a
space after duizend. Theres also a space before and after miljoen..Dutch/Lesson ty tig As
another example of the relationship between English y versus Dutch g. is quottigquot in
Dutch twintig Starting at twenty one things get a little funny. . honderdduizend .
. honderddrienveertigduizend vijfhonderd ... The numbers . they learned Notice the similarity
with English the past is formed with a dental suffix de Dutch ed English. Dutch has a decimal
comma. tweehonderdvijfenveertig biljoen achtenzeventig miljard vierhonderdzesenzeventig
miljoen vierhonderddrienvijftigduizend achthonderdnegenenzeventig Notice also that the
interpunction is the reverse English .... However if the root ends in a voiceless consonant t.
not a decimal point. n miljard not biljoen. Weak verbs leren . n biljoen . he learned wij.... jij. zij
leerden . p and x the endings are voiceless in Dutch te. ch... honderddrienveertigduizend .
Past and perfect tenses Recall .Dutch/Lesson . jullie... n biljard .. twee miljoen .. However..to
learn ik leer .. Irregular verbs often have a combination of the two or show other
idiosyncrasies. you. The vast majority thousands of Dutch verbs are regular weak verbs..
Dutch .I. . ten . the strong and irregular verbs are amongst the most frequently used ones..
see below . Strong verbs change the vowel of the stem. There are some strong roots. . hij
leerde .. Derived verbs included there are some strong verbs in total..wat gebeurde er .heb je
dat op school geleerd. Grammatica . s.. The more specialized and recently formed ones are
typically weak. .I learn stem is leer Past tense The past tense typically has a singular and a
plural form ik.. n miljoen .we. . f. Maurits versloeg. you.. . These are examples of past and
perfect tenses. There are three kinds of verbs in Dutch when it comes to forming them. Weak
verbs add either ten or den to the stem of the verb. There are only about six irregular roots
and about two dozen derivatives. k... .. vierhonderddrienvijftig miljoen
achthonderdzevenennegentigduizend tweehonderdvijfenveertig For higher power of one
thousand Dutch follows the British rather than the American system .
as t. as in English the participle can also be used as an adjective. Prefixes If the verb
already has a prefix like be.Dutch/Lesson passen .we passed This happens in about a third
of the weak verbs.I passed wij pasten .to pass ik pas . s.the lesson learned Gepaste eerbied
.prefix is omitted Wat bedoel je .What do you mean Ik heb dat zo niet bedoeld.I have passed
Dutch has quotfinal obstruent devoicingquot. the ge.fitting reverence In this case the /d/ of
geleerde is actually also pronounced d and the /t/ of gepaste as t. ch.or ver.gefeest baden .
Perfect tense The past participle on d and t The perfect uses an auxiliary the past participle.I
pass stem is pas ik paste .I pass stem is pas ik heb gepast . p and x the ending is a
voiceless t passen . That means that both the d of quotgeleerdquot and the t of
quotgepastquot as actually pronounced the same.and suffixing d in the case of leren the
perfect ik heb geleerd . k.to pass. As such it also has an inflected form with e De geleerde les
.gebaad Word order In contrast to English the participle is put at the end of the sentence Ik
heb dat op school geleerd. a fancy term for the fact that a consonant at the end of a word is
always pronounced as voiceless. f. Wat gebeurt er Wat gebeurde er Wat is er gebeurd . to fit
ik pas . However. It is formed by prefixing ge.I did not mean it that way. . If the root already
ends in d or t the ending is omitted feesten .I have learned If the root ends in a voiceless
consonant t.
there are more than strong verbs in Dutch. belopen.spoke gesproken . Compare type
process movement action zijn zijn hebben Dutch English de sneeuwballen zijn gesmolten
have the snowballs have melted ze zijn gegaan ze hebben dat gedaan have have they have
gone they have done that Strong verbs lopen . The past tense corresponds more to the past
continuous in English.e.e. This is why is uses to be as auxiliary if a direction of the movement
process is specified.leed . verlopen etc.ij. Ik liep naar huis . Compare Ik ben naar huis
gelopen . unlike English there is a group of verbs ergative verbs that take zijn to be instead.
There are more than strong roots and including all derived forms lopen..schreef .to speak
sprak . schrijven .past tense .I walked home Ik heb altijd veel gelopen . The most common
one Class I has . Fortunately for all Dutch verbs except a handful it is enough to memorize
de stamtijden the primitive times lopenliepgelopen infinitive .I walk Ik liep .
However.geschreven blijven . compare spreken ..gebleven lijden .spoken We will come back
to strong verbs later. the patterns are no longer very recognizable..I was walking home The
past of some of the strong verbs has a plural that undergoes lengthening of the vowel ..I
walked notice the vowel change Ik heb gelopen The participle ends in en in the case of
strong verbs.to walk cf.ee. There are seven distinct patterns classes of vowel change.
...geleden English has far fewer strong verbs left and they have become irregular. Notice that
gebeuren to happen is one such case It is an ergative verb. leap Ik loop . Notice that Dutch
often uses the perfect tense where English uses a simple past.I always did a lot of walking In
the latter case the verb takes quothebbenquot because the emphasis is not on the
movement process but on the activity action.. although sometimes the resemblance is still
striking. Instead of an action such verbs express either a process or a movement..bleef
.Dutch/Lesson Auxiliaries The auxiliary is usually a form of hebben like it is to have in English
see below for its forms. .past participle Lopen is a verb of movement. i.. although the division
of labor between the tenses is different in the two languages.
you. hij had . liggen walk. This is a very ancient aspect of the language. although there is a
construction using aan het infinitive that can be used to describe continuity rather
emphatically Ik was naar huis aan het lopen. you.to have ik heb .Dutch/Lesson
brekenbrakgebroken ik brak as in father wij braken as in Gaad Thus the verb has four stages
of vowel change. jullie. toen ik hem zag I was busy walking home when I saw him Verbs like
lopen. they have Past tense ik. AngloSaxon had something similar. mogen. jij. staan.he is .
they had Perfect ik heb gehad The auxiliary to be zijnwasgeweest zijn. kunnen and willen
The auxiliary to have The most important irregular verbs are hebben and zijn
hebbenhadgehad hebben .he has wij.I was on the phone while standing Irregular verbs
There are only a few verbs actually that demand more knowledge than that which is
contained in the three stamtijden primitive tenses They are zijn. zij hebben . zitten. jullie.to be
ik ben . sit and lie can also be used to express continuous action.we. you. hebben. They take
te infinitive Ik zat te denken .I was thinking while sitting Ik stond te bellen . he had wij.I have
jij hebt .you are hij is . wezen .I am jij bent . It stems straight out of IndoEuropean. Past
continuous Dutch does not have a past or present continuous as such.you have hij heeft . zij
hadden . stand.we.I. zullen.
I have been Notice that to be is seen as an ergative it is not an action. to teach to mean. of
course to write to read to learn.bracht . but a process. In these cases it is still enough to
know the three primitive tenses to reconstruct the entire verb. they are Past tense ik was wij
waren Perfect ik ben geweest . thought. We have seen one verslaan ik versla ik versloeg ik
heb verslagen Notice that the present tense and the infinitive do not have a
quotgquot.Dutch/Lesson wij. strong or irregular by these primitive tenses and reserve the
term irregular for the handful cases where this does not suffice. Strong and weak verbs with
irregularities Some strong and weak verbs do not completely follow any of the regular
patterns. battle nature boy naturally. to aim at to walk to exist . zij zijn . Woordenschat Dutch
word de school het jaar jarig zijn de slag de natuur de jongen natuurlijk
schrijvenschreefgeschreven s lezenlasgelezen s lerenleerdegeleerd w
bedoelenbedoeldebedoeld w lopenliepgelopen s bestaanbestondbestaan s audio file English
translation school year having a birthday blow.gedacht The vowel of these roots also
changes.gebracht denken . There is also a group of weak verbs ends in cht rather than just t
brengen .dacht . jullie. but historically these verbs are weak. As this is the case for all Dutch
verbs bar six it is customary to represent a verb whether weak. Notice that English has
something similar brought.we. you.
je bent braaf geweest. However in English. Grammatica . Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson
Samenstellingen en Verkleinwoorden Compounds and Diminutives I want an ice cream
Grammar compound nouns Diminutives ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Gesprek Ma. Dutch. Een kleintje
Nee. like German. is often mocked for the theoretical possibility of creating long words such
as randjongerenhangplekkenbeleidsambtenarensalarisbesprekingsafspraken the
agreements for the negotiations concerning the salary of public officials who decide on the
policy regarding areas where unemployed youth are allowed to hang out. Notice that when
you pronounce quotapple juicequot you pronounce the word quotjuicequot with much less
emphasis than you pronounce quotapplequot with. This is what signals word compounding in
English and Dutch alike.Dutch/Lesson zijnwasgeweest irr hebbenhadgehad irr
wetenwistgeweten irr zienzaggezien s zwemmenzwomgezwommen s vindenvondgevonden
s etenatgegeten s zittenzatgezeten s denkendachtgedacht s slapensliepgeslapen s to be to
have to know to see to swim to find to eat to sit to think to sleep Also see Dutch/The numbers
for a synopsis and the hover test based on it. compounds are written as separate words.
Norwegian and Danish. ik wil een bananenframbozenmokkaijsje met vanilleslagroom. een
grote. so English speakers are often not aware that a word like quotapple juicequot is a
compound. much like its Dutch counterpart quotappelsapquot. Actually compounds are
seldom so excessive and the compounding of words happens in English as well. Wil je een
vanilleijsje Nee. . Compounds In this chapter you will learn how to glue words together. krijg
ik een ijsje Ach vooruit dan maar.
Dashes are used sparingly and never in simple compounds like deurbel door bell. This is a
comparison of the changes between and . you can replace it by a dash quotondergrens en
bovengrensquot lower boundary and upper boundary can be replaced by quotonder.
Examples apple juice appelsap. the difference is made clear quotStandaardtemperatuur en
drukquot means standard temperature and standard pressure quotStandaardtemperatuur en
drukquot means standard temperature. Obviously. the text becomes ambiguous. The result
of this kind of changing is that most speakers and writers of the language do not know what
to do anymore. There is a verb for quotto imitatequot that literally means quotto ape afterquot
someone.used to be changed every half century or so. . wrong post bus Linux operating
system Linuxbesturingssysteem. In Dutch. it can no longer be seen from the text itself
whether quotstandardquot applies to just to the temperature. and pressure Spelling revisions
Dutch orthography in contrast to the English one. lower and upper boundary Remember that
you can do this in English as well quotstandard temperature and standard pressurequot is
often replaced by quotstandard temperature and pressurequot. It used to be written as
napen. Many of these words had already changed in . In Dutch orthography however. For
example. write them together.en bovengrensquot. The Genootschap Onze Taal Society Our
Language has even published an alternative spelling guide the little white book in opposition
to the governmental one the little green book. The question whether something is written
separately. In the latter case Linuxbesturingssysteem is more usual because Linux is a brand
name.e. compounds are spelled as a single word even in English. The exact meaning will
have to be gathered from the context. the word quotdatabasequot is a compilation of the
words quotdataquot and quotbasequot. For some words. wrong appel sap mail box postbus.
with a diaeresis trema in Dutch or with a hyphen seems to be a favorite playground for this
kind of activity. the rule for spelling compounds is simple if two nouns form a compound. a
double spelling can be used quotmail boxquot is also acceptable in English. wrong DNA
molecuul If you use two compound words in the same phrase that have an element in
common. together. no Dutch speaker will dare to fault a nonnative for doing such things
wrong. This rule even applies to words imported from English into Dutch sciencefiction
businessunit This dash is required when one of the elements in a compound is an acronym
DNA molecule DNAmolecuul. but recently we have seen revisions every decade. Many
publishers and media representatives have joined the revolt. One aspect of the new spelling
is that in compounds a quotcollision of vowelsquot in not resolved with a diaeresis anymore
but with a dash. Always. by means of the dash.Dutch/Lesson Sometimes. tax payer
sponsored craze for change and not always for the better. you can use a dash to make it
more readable. now it is naapen. It is fair to say that there is a government i. wrong Linux
besturingssysteem Should a word get unreadable by writing it together. such as
quotmailboxquot. A good example can be found here . or to the pressure as well. But note
that by omitting the second occurrence of quotstandardquot.
the postcard het kaartje . Often the diminutive is as frequently or even more frequently used
than the noun itself.the maid het meisje .softly Even the names of persons are at times
turned into the diminutive. the original word meid can be rather derogatory Die meid hoort in
het gevang lit. e.the ice cream de meid . Compare het ijs . In the case of meisje.the
geographic.de vaasjes.the girl de kaart . the business card This implies that a big cone of ice
cream becomes een groot ijsje lit. a big little ice. but the usage in Dutch is quite pervasive.
you are a darling Even cardinal numbers are not safe We gaan met zn tweetjes Well go the
two of us Some words are better left alone. road map.het vaasje Diminutives have a plural in
s het vaasje .the ticket.a snack Adverbs can be formed from adjective by adding an extra s
zacht . je bent een schat Mary dear. One reason is that turning a word into a diminutive is
another way of avoiding the m/f gender problem.soft zachtjes .What a cutie Grote meid . In
some cases the diminutive has acquired a life of its own become lexicalized.Attagirl
Lexicalized diminutives are even formed from other parts of speech than nouns.g. It is
formed by adding je to the noun and is always neuter in gender de vaas . tussendoor . The
word vaas is more reserved for something that needs to be carried with both
hands.Dutch/Lesson Grammatica . A handsize vase will generally be called vaasje. That
broad belongs in jail It can also be a somewhat colloquial term of endearment Wat n leuke
meid .the ice het ijsje . Usage Het vaasje literally means the little vase. usually as a term of
endearment Marietje. Diminutives Apart from a plural the Dutch noun generally also has a
diminutive.in between een tussendoortje . .
the little turtle In other cases an extra syllable is inserted de kom . Formation The formation
of the diminutive sometimes requires the addition of tje or pje. obedient ahead.
blommeke.the turtles het schildpadje . obtain apple juice cream milk fat whipped cream mail
box molecule border. come on. They are a major mechanism of producing derived terms.the
bowl het kommetje The suffix je often causes consonants to be more or less pronounced as
palatals. to the front get.the paths het paadje . If would indicate that the speaker is involved
with such things for fun on a daily basis.kreeg gekregen s de appelsap de room de slagroom
de postbus het molecuul de grens audio file English translation ice ice cream good. There is
considerable variation between the dialects in the formation of the diminutives.the food het
etentje .the little path.the funeral Putting these in the diminutive is downright disrespectful
and morbid. the latter after m het eten .the path de paden . the suffix tends to be ke
meiske.the flower het bloempje . Woordenschat Dutch word het ijs het ijsje braaf vooruit
krijgen . limit . In others.taking someone out for dinner de bloem . Paadje as IPA /pac/ rather
than /patje/.the turtle de schildpadden . In other words diminutives in Dutch express a whole
lot more than just small size.Dutch/Lesson de moord . Many dialects pronounce je as ie
/i/.the little flower In some cases the vowel changes like it does in the plural het pad . the trail
but de schildpad .the murder de begrafenis .
er zijn er zelfs twee. . Zie je de broodtrommel Ze liggen er vlak onder.Dutch/Lesson de
temperatuur de druk de vaas het meisje de kaart zacht zachtjes de schat de moord de
begrafenis de bloem het pad de pad de kom temperature pressure. in de kast. postcard soft
softly treasure. Zijn er zakjes Ja. print edition vase girl map. org/ spelling/ archief/
overzichttrefwoordenmetspellingwijziging/ Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson Er en de
voornaamwoordelijke bijwoorden Er and the pronominal adverbs Is there coffee Grammar
Pronominal replacement Use of the locative er ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Gesprek Marjo Ja. Heb je
er ook nog een pak koekjes bij Ja. Nou. darling murder funeral flower path toad bowl
References http/ / taalunieversum. dan doe ik dat wel even. wat is er Is er al koffie Nee ik
heb er nog geen gezet.
daarvoor and daarna./Interrogative Indefinite Negative indefinite General dat wat iets niets
alles something somewhere nothing nowhere everything everywhere Er relates to more
specific indications of place like here. Another way of putting it is that er is a clitic weak form
of hier or daar. If anything their use is increasing due to the gender problem. where.th.
however. erna from a more specific accentuated daarvan. or somewhere in a similar way as
the word it does to the more specific this. However. ik ben er geweest. Pronominal adverbs
In English pronominal adverbs like therein or hereby are a remnant from the past.
Pronominal adverbs are commonly used in Dutch to replace the combination of preposition
pronoun. thereafter etc. I have been there This is also true in the relatively few cases that
English uses pronominal adverbs like thereof. in Dutch this replacement/swap is not just
common.Dutch/Lesson Grammatica Er and the pronominal adverbs Locative adverbs The
word er is one of the most ubiquitous words in the Dutch language and often rather hard to
translate. because it does not have an exact counterpart in most other languages. that or
what. therefore. Their formation is still an active mechanism. The word is a kind of locative
wildcard. Indeed it never carries emphasis. In many cases where Dutch uses er. with being a
wildcard for h.Is there coffee Ken je Londen Ja. They are quite old and occur in most
Germanic languages. . pronominal adverbs are much more prominent in Dutch than in
English or the other Germanic languages. English will resort to a more specific there Is er
koffie . . In computer terms you could say that er is ere. They form an important part of the
grammar and have to be mastered to speak the language properly. Historically. This is true
in both languages. ervoor. Compare Dutch Type Personal Pronoun het Locative adverb er
hier daar waar ergens nergens overal Pronoun it this that what English Locative adverb here
there where Demonstrative close dit Demonstrative far Rel. In part it also reflects an old
genitive of the pronoun quothetquot. French being an exception with the words y and en.
there. Dutch will distinguish a more general clitic ervan. the word only partly originated as a
weakening of hier or daar. in many cases it is mandatory . While rare in English. The two
sources have coalesced so strongly that they cannot be distinguished anymore. both of the
Western and the Northern Scandinavian group.Do you know London Yes.or wh. particularly if
the latter is an inanimate it or them of it thereof ervan for it therefore ervoor Notice how the
elements swap place the prepositional part moves to the end.
Translating its by replacement In English it is common to use the possessive pronoun its to
refer to a noun that indicates a thing. Deze vertelling is leuk. because er is genderless. Its
beginning is spectacular. please. please. again representing a convenient way to avoid the
gender issue This tale is nice. Zijn begin is spectaculair. it is uncommon. Deze vertelling is
leuk.die daarvan van welk huis van wat. please.. dat or interrogative/relative wat the resulting
pronominal adverb is written as one word ervan. but a neuter inanimate possessive zijn is so
uncommon that it is better avoided. Possessives like zijn and haar are more and more
reserved for animate masculine and animate feminine nouns person. The most common
pronominal replacements from the table above are van het huis van het ervan van dit huis
van dit. Please use the adverbial ervan. even somewhat disrespectful to apply pronominal
replacement to people animate nouns after her na haar not erna for them voor hen not
ervoor In all other cases pronominal replacement is frequent or even mandatory.... The latter
is strictly speaking correct Dutch. It is a major way of avoiding m/f gender references for
inanimate nouns. daarvaan. Notice that if the replaced pronoun is personal het. in principle
the latter is correct. pets and indicate natural rather than grammatical gender. . but who
remembers Occasionally a writer will try to dazzle the reader with this kind of superior
knowledge. just like the personal pronouns hij and zij. hiervan. Yes. In this case the
replacement is so common that not using the replacement is simply bad Dutch.
demonstrative dit. No. In other cases an adverbial expression with two separate adverbs
results. Dit verhaal is leuk. In Dutch.Dutch/Lesson Pronominal replacement Although in the
spoken language even this is slowly changing. please..deze hiervan van dat huis van dat..
van welke waarvan van iets ergens van van niets nergens van van alles overal van . A word
in ing is feminine.. waarvan.. especially if the noun is inanimate. often only to get it wrong.
This is true for neuter nouns as well Dit verhaal is leuk. No. Haar begin is spectaculair. Het
begin ervan is spectaculair. a pronominal adverb like ervan is used instead. This means that
replacement can also be applied to common gender words that do not really have a personal
pronoun to refer them by. Yes. Het begin ervan is spectaculair Yes.
the vanpart may be omitted. pronominal adverbs are usually split apart in the sentence. The
first translation is unacceptable. Hij heeft een remedie ervoor. Compare He has a remedy for
it. Hij heeft zeven van ze. Words like ertussenin lit. Hij heeft er zeven van. Hij heeft er een
remedie voor. The partitive flavor extends to the negative Is er koffie . Usually this
prepositional adverb is the same as the preposition itself van het ervan tussen het ertussen
But this is not always the case met het ermee arch. reasonable and most common
respectively. Separation To further confuse the enemy. Hij heeft een remedie voor het.
somewhere behind or even nergens onderuit lit. ermede tot het ertoe Pronominal adverbs
can be formed from most prepositions.Dutch/Lesson Formation A pronominal adverb is
formed from the locative adverb that corresponds to the replaced pronoun the preposition in
adverbial form. Sometimes the two parts of the pronominal adverb can end up quite far apart.
Dit is de weg via dewelke ik naar huis fiets. The four translations are unacceptable. the third
one is what most people would say. Because via does not have a prepositional adverb one is
forced to use a relative pronoun like dewelke that is more and more experienced as awkward
and archaic. behalve. This makes it difficult to use them in relative clauses or in combination
with it. Hij heeft er zeven. The second one is awkward.I have thereof yet none made . do not
have a corresponding prepositional adverb.Is there coffee Ik heb er nog geen van gezet . Hij
heeft zeven ervan. awkward.I havent made any yet. In the case of the preposition van of.
Compare Dit is de weg waarlangs ik naar huis fiets. because in most constructions it is
replaced langs dewelke waarlangs. mits etc. Notice what happens to quotby itquot door het
gt quoterdoorquot . A few adverbial forms do not have a corresponding prepositions eraf off
of it erheen expresses a direction to Conversely. some prepositions like via. giving the word
er a partitive flavor He has seven of them. nowhere from under out do not raise any
eyebrows. This is the road along which I ride my bike on the way home. thereinbetween or
ergens achter lit.
Exercise .g. Exercise . given his seven consecutive victories in the Tour de France. Replace
the object by a pronominal adverb e. Woordenschat van met door voor achter tussen onder
over boven tot na naar de overwinning de loopbaan het koekje de wielrenner het wiel de zak
het zakje de koffie de wereld zetten koffie zetten weerhouden schrijven behalen of. takes a
lot of practice. he did not in any way allow himself to be thwarted by it in his career as the
worlds strongest cyclist. op geen enkele manier in zijn loopbaan als s werelds sterkste
wielrenner door laten weerhouden. behind between under. Hij heeft zich er echter. However.
As an exercise identify all the parts of this sentence to see how different the word order is.
until after to victory career cookie loanword of New York/Dutch origin cyclist wheel bag
baggie coffee world to to to to to put make coffee keep from. Translate the above sentences
into English in both forms. from with by. through for. Het boek ligt in de kast Het boek ligt
erin. let alone producing them in speech. Lance Armstrong had cancer. beneath over above
to. to obtain . blijkens zijn zeven opeenvolgende overwinningen in de Tour de
France.Dutch/Lesson Lance Armstrong heeft kanker gehad. to thwart write score. Getting
used to understanding such sentences. before after.
Dutch/Lesson echter even al nog niet geen geen enkel eenvoudig though, however quickly,
with no effort, even already not yet no not a single simple
See also nlwiktCategorieNederlands voornaamwoordelijk bijwoord
Dutch/Lesson
Les Lesson
Annemiek has her passport extended Grammar Future tense Modal verbs Kunnen and laten
Stative verbs Staan, zitten, liggen, lopen.
ltlt Les Les
Les gtgt
Gesprek
Annemiek wil op reis naar ZuidAfrika. Daarvoor heeft zij een paspoort nodig, maar haar
paspoort is verlopen. Zij gaat daarom naar het gemeentehuis en vraagt een ambtenaar om
inlichtingen A. Dag meneer, zou u mij kunnen zeggen waar ik mijn paspoort zou kunnen
laten verlengen ambtenaar Goedemiddag, mevrouw. Zeker, u kunt het beste de lift naar de
derde verdieping nemen. Daar zult U een loket vinden. Het zal alleen nog niet open zijn. Het
is nog lunchtijd. A. Wanneer zal ik er dan terecht kunnen ambtenaarDat zal maar een paar
minuten duren. Dan is het half twee. A. Weet u misschien hoe lang een verlenging gaat
vergen ambtenaar Dat zou ik niet precies durven zeggen, maar het zal een weekje of twee
duren.
Grammatica . Zullen, kunnen and laten
Future
The official future tense is formed using the auxiliary zullen the infinitive In Dutch this tense is
called de onvoltooid tegenwoordige toekomstige tijd ottt, the imperfect present future tense.
We shall revisit this nomenclature later. ik vind I find. ik zal vinden Ill find. But you can also
express the future by using a present, if futurity is declared in the sentence by an adverb like
tomorrow.
Dutch/Lesson ik vind het I find it. ik zal het vinden Ill find it. ik vind het morgen wel Ill find it
tomorrow Occasionally, Dutch resorts to the use of gaan dat gaat twee weken kosten that is
going to take two weeks. In both cases the infinitive ends up at the end of the sentence. je
zult het op de derde verdieping vinden you will find it on the third floor zullen is an irregular
verb shall ik zal jij zult, u zult u zal hij zal wij zullen jullie zullen zij zullen
Conditional
Its past tense forms what it known as the onvoltooid verleden toekomstige tijd ovtt, the
imperfect past future tense that roughly corresponds to the conditional tense in English. ik
zeg I say ik zou zeggen I would say ik zou jij zou, u zoudt/zou hij zou wij zouden jullie zouden
zij zouden
Infinitives instead of participles
The verb zullen does not have a past participle, instead its infinitive is used in phrases like
Ja, ik heb dat zullen doen, maar ik had geen tijd meer. Yes I had intended to do so, but I ran
out of time
Kunnen
There is a number of verbs that show this phenomenon, A good example is kunnen can
although this verb does have a past participle and it can be used in separation ik kan dat niet
I cannot do that ik heb dat nooit gekund I have never been able to. ik heb dat nooit kunnen
doen I have never been able to do that. Sometimes this leads to lengthy strings of infinitives
waar ik het zou hebben kunnen laten verlengen.
Dutch/Lesson where I would have been able to have it extended. Kunnen is an irregular verb
as we have seen before. Its past tense is ik, jij, hij kon wij, jullie, zij konden could hij kon niet
meer he was exhausted lit. he could no more
Laten
The verb laten corresponds to the English verb to let but is used somewhat differently. It is a
regular strong verb latenlietgelaten Laat mij maar rijden just let me drive Dat zul je laten no,
you wont Ik heb het zo gelaten I left it the way it was Hij liet zich niet kisten He fought back.
lit. he did not let himself be put in a coffin. Iets laten maken Have something fixed. Laat maar
Dont bother Hij kan het roken niet laten He cant stop smoking.
Stative verbs staan, zitten, liggen, lopen
All of these are strong verbs staan stond gestaan to stand zitten zat gezeten to sit liggen lag
gelegen to lie lopen liep gelopen to walk Scholars do not agree whether to consider these
verbs as auxiliaries. Some do consider them aspect auxiliaries, because but they often serve
to express continuity Ik zit te lezen I am reading while on my chair Ik loop te denken I am
thinking while going somewhere The prefect of these expressions drop the quottequot and
use an infinitive to replace the past participle Ik heb zitten denken I have been thinking on my
chair We hebben staan bellen We have been on the phone while on our feet These verbs
also frequently replace to be in impersonal expressions with er Er liggen drie boeken op tafel
there are three books lying on the table Er zitten nog drie koekjes in de doos there are still
three cookies sitting in the box Er loopt een goeie film there is a good movie on.
.deed .the cold has made the grease solidify Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson Meer over
werkwoorden More about verbs ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Gesprek Jan. Maar Jan.the cold makes
the grease solidify Again the perfect has an infinitive De koude heeft het vet doen stollen. In
English one could consider to go off as the infinitive of a distinct verb. dat levert zo weer een
dikke stroomrekening op.Dutch/Lesson Doen to do As in English this verb is irregular. de
bom zal afgaan. heb je het licht uitgedaan Nee schat. but at times it can be used as an
auxiliary that turns an ergative into an active construction Het vet stolt .to mean hij bedoelde .
because in some of the forms of such a verb. alles wordt keurig opgeruimd.the grease
solidifies De koude doet het vet stollen . This becomes clear in the future tense the bomb will
go off. wees maar niet bezorgd. Compare the bomb went off. dan ga ik weer naar beneden.
ik doe het straks wel uit. het licht ging aan. the light went on. Grammatica Separable verbs A
lot of verbs in English have fixed adverbial complements and a comparable association often
holds in Dutch. ruim je dan ook even op Ja hoor. e. de bom ging af. In Dutch the association
is even stronger. the infinitive. doen . ik heb dat karweitje nog niet afgemaakt. the adverb af
is actually written as a prefix.gedaan Its role is much more restricted than in English.
Wanneer ga je het afmaken Ik moet alleen even naar de WC. Als je het af hebt. This means
that there are two types of prefixes to a Dutch verb inseparable ones such as be and
separable ones like af. The first kind we have seen before bedoelen .g.
i. with different meanings. Many prepositional adverbs occur both as part of pronominal
adverbs and of separable verbs meelopen met. to partake in an official dinner party aan alles
gt overal aan at everything pronominal replacement Thus. the other not. .e. one separable..
gt loop mee met .marker of the past participle whereas the inseparable ones do
not.Dutch/Lesson hij heeft bedoeld The primitive tenses of a separable verb look like afgaan
het ging af het is afgegaan..before and in some cases there are two different verbs that look
deceptively the same.. by and voor. we have to prevent its disappearance. he was a high
level social tiger The latter should not be confused with hij zat overal aan.kwam voor . The
comedian Toon Hermans exploited this oddity once to great effect in one of his One Man
Shows.. occasionally the same prepositional adverb appears twice at the end of the phrase
hij liep overal mee mee.. to not being able to keep your hands off something. wij moeten er
het verdwijnen van zien te voorkomen. the two parts of the separable verb can end up rather
far apart in the sentence.. he could not keep his hands off of anything zitten aan to
touch..voorkomen . There is another difference.to prevent de kluut komt meer in Nederland
voor dan in Engeland.for. the Avocet is more numerous in the Netherlands than in
England..voorgekomen .voorkwam .to absolve ones education at a school takes years.
Relationship to the prepositional adverbs In fact the comparison between pronominal
adverbs and separable verbs is rather pertinent. lit. but this is not visible in the written one
unless accents are deliberately added to avoid confusion. . one says fgaan. In the spoken
language they differ by wordaccent. Notice that the separable verb does take the ge. Some
prefixes can occur both separably and inseparably such as door.through.to walk through a
school building takes minutes een school doorlopen .. Another example een school
doorlopen . Compare voorkomen . Notice that just like in the case of the pronominal adverb
ervan that translates its. he went along with anything at all hij zat overal aan aan.. to march
along with verbal separation met alles gt overal mee with everything pronominal replacement
aanzitten aan . but bedlen. at least in the spoken language the accent of the word lies on the
prefix if it is separable.occurs more in NL than.to occur voorkomen .
uitgedaan opruimen . e.Dutch/Lesson Subclauses In a dependent subclause. . well groomed
worried in a moment again thus. switch off clean up deliver produce finish finialize fixing job
current. electricity bill neat.I switch the light off.opgeruimd opleveren afmaken karweitje
stroom rekening keurig bezorgd straks weer zo even extinguish. Notice also the peculiar
position of the verb in the subclause it moves to the end of the phrase in its entirety. a clause
that starts with dat quotthatquot the separated forms of a separable verb reunite ik doe het
licht uit. ik zeg quotdatquot ik het licht uitdoe. Woordenschat uitdoen . so.deed uit .I say
quotthatquot I switch off the light.g.ruimde op . before you know it quickly . .
how goes it How are you Another example of inversion occurs when the order is changed for
the sake of emphasis by putting an item at the beginning of the sentence. For example. this
is not unfamiliar. Well examine a number of aspects. Sometimes this is not so much a
question of emphasis. One is that Dutch speakers consider it polite to reply in English when
detecting an English accent and it takes some insisting to break through that
barrier.Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Word order Many
English speakers who set out to learn the Dutch language succeed in their effort to a
considerable extent. Zonder twijfel gaat hij morgen naar huis. as inversion also occurs in
some English phrases like Hi. Inversion We have already seen a number of examples of
inversion. Some of them become quite fluent. It is more a way to stuff a few more items in
the same sentence. . Notice that the adverb of time morgen precedes the indication of place
here. They do encounter a few problems. because naar huis gaan is felt as a verbal
expression and verbs tend to end up at the end of the sentence. Undoubtedly he will go
home tomorrow. that of the of verb and subject in questions Jij hebt een mooi huis.
Tomorrow Im going home. Heb je een mooi huis Apart from the fact that the final t is lost for
the jijform of the verb. particularly adverbs or adverbial expressions. Another major stumbling
block is the fact that Dutch has retained WestGermanic word order and English has
abandoned it in favor of one that resembled that of the Frenchspeaking nobility that ruled the
land after . Een mooi huis heb je Thats a fine house youve got Morgen ga ik naar huis.
zal ik.. in English. Je hebt gelijk omdat ik met de auto gegaan ben. they are known as
subordinating conjunctions.Dutch/Lesson Verbs in final position Another feature we have
already encountered is that in tenses that use an auxiliary the participle or infinitive is put at
the end of the sentence Ik heb gezien Gisteren heb ik vanaf de dijk een aantal kluten gezien
Morgen zal ik nog eens op de dijk gaan kijken.e. coordinating conjunctions. Conjunctions that
produce a subordinate clause are known as onderschikkend. The indirect clause has a
different order. i. Whether gaan or kijken goes first varies a little from region to region. The
same principle applies after a conjunction like omdat because. the conjugated part of the
verb that carries the t ending that moves to to the end of the clause to indicate that it has
become the direct object of the main clause ik zie.. Conjunctions voegwoorden like want for
of or and en and maar but simply link two equivalent phrases. and that in compounds with
more that one infinitive as gaan kijken go have a look they both end up at the end. Compare
Je hebt ongelijk want ik ben gisteren wel degelijk met de trein naar huis gegaan Je hebt
ongelijk omdat ik gisteren wel degelijk met de trein naar huis gegaan ben In the case of want
for the two clauses are on equal footing. Onderschikkend and nevenschikkend Not all
conjunctions produce a hierarchical relationship. particularly in the position of the the verb. in
English. the ones that link two phrases in equality are called nevenschikkend. one can also
hearparticularly in the south Morgen zal ik nog eens op de dijk kijken gaan.. This is also true
if the persoonsvorm is an auxilliary jij bent gisteren met de trein naar huis gegaan ik betwijfel
dat je gisteren met de trein naar huis gegaan bent Again there is some variation possible ik
betwijfel dat je gisteren met de trein naar huis bent gegaan. Notice that in this case the
inversion is applied on the auxilliary heb ik. but in English where the distinction is of no
consequence for the syntax this is unusual.. Indirect clauses and conjunctions In Dutch. word
order is used to mark what role a clause plays with respect to the rest of the sentence. ... in
the case of omdat because the first part je hebt gelijk you are right is the master program and
the rest a subroutine initiated with omdat because. jij hebt een mooi huis ik zie dat je een
mooi huis hebt In this case it is the persoonsvorm... the German wiktionary.g. Sometimes the
onderschikkend kind is called subjunctions rather than conjunctions see e.
omdat Het is niet mogelijk. Hij blijft hier een paar dagen. Jan. het is uit. zodat Dutch/Lesson
Les Lesson De telefoon Grammar The use of the verb worden. Conversely Dutch may look
somewhat longwinded to an English speaker. Is het antwoordapparaat ingeschakeld Mirjan
Nee. Je wordt bedankt. When writing English. maar Jan is met de trein gekomen. Neem
even op. het zal ma zijn. Het is wel op deze manier gebeurd. Exercise Use the conjunction in
brackets to unify into one sentence Het is niet mogelijk. of Jan is met de trein gekomen. Dit is
niet op deze manier gebeurd. a speaker of Dutch needs to fight the tendency to produce
convoluted sentences. Wanneer zal ze eens door je vader tot de orde geroepen worden Ik
word naar van haar gezeur. Mirjam Ze bedoelt het goed. In English compound sentences
become confusing and ambivalent more easily. Het is wel op deze manier gebeurd. en Jan is
met de trein gekomen. .whether wanneer Nevenschikkend want en maar of or dus Most
other voegwoorden are onderschikkend Because the relative role of the clauses is more
clearly marked by their word order. je moeder. Anders wordt ze weer kwaad. ik hoor het. Jan
Ja ik zal wel een grote teleurstelling geweest zijn. Jan Ach ja. Grammar Transitives and the
passive voice Grammar The use of the auxiliary zijn Grammar Ergatives and unergatives ltlt
Les Les Les gtgt Gesprek De telefoon Mirjam Jan. Hij blijft hier een paar dagen. Maar ze is al
vaak door mensen teleurgesteld. it is possible to make longer sentences in Dutch without
generating ambiguity. hoewel Het is heel erg. er wordt gebeld Jan Ja. Hij is met de auto
gekomen.Dutch/Lesson Onderschikkend omdat hoewel zodat of if.
mam . Jan Ja. The passive voice is formed by means of its own auxiliary worden in Dutch...
ik hoor je wel.. Passive Dinner is prepared by the cook. It is a regular strong verb worden
werd geworden Use as a copula The verb can also be used as a verb copula in its own right
rather than as an auxiliary and then it translates into to become or to get. Jan U spreekt met
Jan Snijders. .. Jan Maar wie is er .... .. Compare Ik word piloot I will become a pilot Hij werd
zo rood als een kroot He became as red as a beet He blushed for shame. maar wat is er nou
gebeurd Is het. . ... mam. The object dinner of the active sentence becomes the subject of
the passive one.. It is this transition that makes the verb to cook a transitive one... Worden
and the Passive Voice In most languages transitive verbs can be put in the passive voice.
Jan Oh. In English for example Active The cook prepares dinner. de kat Is de kat
weggelopen Grammatica . Jan Ja... Je schilderij wordt erg mooi Your painting is turning out
very well Niet kwaad worden Dont get mad .Dutch/Lesson Jan neemt de telefoon op. .
As in the case of the perfect tenses the past participle moves to the very end of the
sentence. i. active perfect auxiliary for ergative verbs. The ergative perfects do not have such
an agent. . three rather different roles . waren etc. Use as an auxiliary As an auxiliary past
participle it expresses the passive voice Hij verslaat me gtIk word door hem verslagen He
beats me gt I am beaten by him Notice the change in word order . copula Ik ben naar huis
gelopen ergative perfect of directed motion Dit ongeluk is gisteren gebeurd ergative perfect
of a process Ik ben door hem geslagen passive perfect The latter sentense is a transpostion
of Hij heeft mij geslagen active perfect Notice that the agent of the action quothijquot
reappears as a prepositional object with door quotdoor hemquot in the passive. copula the
verbal equal sign . bent. More about those below. Thus. . As in English the subject he and
the object me swap places. those of motion or those describing a process instead of an
action. In Dutch that means that it takes the verb zijn in the perfect and not to have as in
English. was. passive perfect auxiliary for transitive verbs. They also generally take quotto
havequot in English. is. Notice that this imparts to the verb zijn and its forms ben.e. The old
subject becomes an expression with door English by The perfect tense of the passive The
perfect tense of the passive can cause some confusion because of the ergative conjugation
with zijn and the fact that the participle geworden is usually omitted Ik ben door hem
geslagen geworden Ik ben door hem geslagen I have been beaten by him. . but into I have
been. . it is itself an ergative verb. Compare Ik ben piloot. in such cases ik ben does not
translate into I am.Dutch/Lesson The perfect of worden As worden describes a process
rather than an action. Hij is piloot geworden He has become a pilot.
. Er wordt vaak om gelachen no subject It is often laughed at. A house has been given to
him by me Een huis is door mij aan hem geschonken. one expects that you participate they
expect you to participate men lacht erom / ze lachen erom they laugh at it Indirect objects
and ditransitive verbs The transition to the passive construction normally involves the direct
object. Er is veel om die grap gelachen That joke has been much laughed at. In Dutch that is
not the case a different auxiliary is used krijgen instead of worden. Notice that the agent
usually gets van rather than door in the pseudopassive. In English the same auxiliary
quotbequot or quothave beenquot is used to construct the new sentence. However for some
verbs it is also possible to make the indirect object the new subject. It often occurs without a
clear subject in conjunction with the adverb er to describe circumstance. veel is subject Much
is expected from you. Er wordt veel van je verwacht. pseudopassive perfect He has been
given a house by me The pseudopassive construction with krijgen is relatively rare in Dutch.
Een huis wordt door mij aan hem geschonken. the passive voice is quite common in Dutch.
Er wordt van je verwacht dat je meedoet dat je meedoet is subject It is expected of you that
you partake.Dutch/Lesson Usage Particularly in the imperfect tenses. Hij heeft van mij een
huis geschonken gekregen. Such verbs are usually called ditransitive. probably more so than
in English because the auxiliary worden makes it easily recognizable. Such a construction is
usually called a pseudopassive construction. Hij krijgt van mij een huis geschonken. The
active version of such expressions requires the use of the indefinite personal pronoun men
that translates into one or an impersonal they men verwacht dat je meedoet lit. Dutch Ik heb
hem een huis geschonken. Compare the following sentence where quothimquot is the
indirect and quothousequot the direct object construction active passive pseudopassive
construction active perfect passive perfect English I give/donate a house to him A house is
given to him by me He is given a house by me English I have given him a house Dutch Ik
schenk hem een huis.
Impersonal passive voice In contrast to English intransitive verbs.do not have a direct
object.He has smoked for many years.I have come yesterday.Someone is calling. These
verbs do take hebben in the active perfect. . Hij rookt gt Er wordt door hem gerookt. worden
and a few others. In this case een inbreker is the subject. English would often use a word like
some.Dutch/Lesson Ergatives zijn and unergatives hebben A verb that carries a direct object
is called a transitive verb. komen. In Dutch these verbs can form passive voice constructions
much like in English De politieman ziet een inbreker gt De inbreker wordt door de politieman
gezien.This has happened yesterday A different group is called unergative. gebeuren. the
most common usage is to leave the actor out altogether Er wordt hier gerookt .People smoke
here. as English does. because the impersonal passive expresses the idea that the identity
of the burglar is either not known or not of interest. but there are really two kinds in Dutch.
Unfortunately. There are the ergative verbs like gaan.He smokes. Some burglar was seen by
the cop. The cop sees a burglar gt The burglar is seen by the cop. Impersonal passives are
not limited to unergative intransitive verbs. Dit is gisteren gebeurd . smelten. Actually. They
take zijn as their active auxiliary in the perfect and they have no passive voice at all. is not
possible. Notice that this sentence has the indefinite article een rather than definite de in the
sentence above. and a real direct translation does not really exist. Er wordt gebeld . Ik ben
gisteren gekomen . but it is an impersonal passive usually initiated with er. In Dutch. Neither
sentence possesses a subject in Dutch. there is not really much of an English equivalent for
this. In Dutch however such constructions are very common. Transitive verbs also form them
Er werd door de politiagent een inbreker gezien. . A sentence like Er werd door de politiagent
de inbreker gezien. such impersonal passives are a very common way to indicate that it is
not clear who the actor is or that the focus is not on the actor. Hij heeft vele jaren gerookt .
Something like quotsmoking is done by himquot is a clumsy rendering of the meaning of the
impersonal passive sentence. Verbs that do not have an direct object are often called
intransitive in English. English typically resorts to an active sentence using someone or uses
an entirely different construction like I hear the bell. Take smoking Hij rookt. Dutch
unergatives such as quotrokenquot do form a passive of sorts. These sentences indicating
that someone is a smoker.
it has happened. not an action.The grease has solidified. het is gebeurd . Sometimes
however quotprocessquot verbs occur both in an ergative and in an active transitive form.
This presents a problem for native English speakers. .The ice has melted Notice that the
active can also be switched into a passive using quotwordenquot passive Het ijs wordt door
mij gesmolten passive perfect Het ijs is door mij gesmolten geworden As quotgewordenquot
is typically omitted in Dutch in contrast to German quotwordenquot the perfects of the
ergative and the passive are very similar. driving. not quotto havequot as English does. One
is the verbs that express motion like coming.to solidify ergative present Het vet
stolt.Dutch/Lesson When is a verb ergative As we saw above ergatives take zijn to be in their
active perfect tense.I have come.I have melted the ice ergative Het ijs is gesmolten . where
English takes to have ik ben gekomen . flowing. The other is verbs that express a process or
event that happens autonomously not a deliberate action. Verbs describing processes Such
verbs often only occur as ergatives Stollen . . Ergativity itself is not the problem English has
that too. without a clear party who is to blame for it like happening. Because this verb
involves a process. The subject of the latter ijs/ice is the object of the former. ergative perfect
Het vet is gestold . melting.to melt active Ik smelt het ijs . sinking. . Dutch uses quotto bequot
to form the perfect. The difference is the presence of an agent quotdoor mijquot. How do you
know what to use There are two main groups of verbs that are ergative. Germans have no
problem. The problem only arises when putting the verb in the perfect. floating etc. their
language has a very similar situation.I melt the ice ergative Het ijs smelt . because Dutch
opts for a different auxiliary active Ik heb het ijs gesmolten .ergative switch.The grease
solidifies. going. solidifying.The ice melts Notice that in this case English has the same active
. Obviously the examples floating and sinking show that the two groups overlap. Smelten .
Dutch/Lesson Verbs of motion Verbs of motion are often more complicated.I have walked a
lot today In general one can say that if the sentence focuses on a directed process of
movement e.. . If the focus is on the action exercising in the park or so the verb takes
hebben. raakte terugzetten. quothomequot the verb of motion is ergative i. custom take into
use thief burglary fraud.e. misfortune. uses zijn. te raken. in which case a personal passive
can at times be formed Rijden . disappointment the hole century closed by means of to
expect to touch put back . but the unergative version can have an impersonal passive. The
ergative version does not possess a passive. zette terug government law pilot misery usage.
conman doubt satisfaction war negligence setback.I walked home unergative Ik heb vandaag
veel gelopen .I took him home in my car transitive passive Hij is door mij naar huis gereden
.to drive ergative Ik ben naar huis gereden . Lopen .He was taken home by me in my car
Exercise For solution see .g. usually with quoterquot impersonal passive Er wordt hier veel
gelopen./Lesson /Key Woordenschat de regering de wet de piloot de ellende het gebruik in
gebruik nemen de dief de inbraak de oplichter de twijfel de voldoening de oorlog de
nalatigheid de tegenslag het gat de eeuw gesloten met behulp van verwachten. because can
be used both as ergatives and as unergatives.I have done a lot of driving today transitive
active Ik heb hem naar huis gereden .to walk ergative Ik ben naar huis gelopen. Besides the
ergative and unergative there can also be a transitive variant.I drove home unergative Ik heb
vandaag veel gereden .
gewonnen lijden . Which one is used depends on a number of factors.vergeten to keep an
eye on recently to adopt to comprehend to win to suffer to blame to fly to forget
Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Gesprek Nathalie is een Franse toeriste die
korte tijd op bezoek is in de Nederlandse hoofdstad Amsterdam. Predicative versus
attributive In general the undeclined form is used for a predicate.verweet . waarvan de
donkere delen zo sterk afsteken tegen dat gouden.verweten vliegen . An adjective generally
occurs in two forms. the declined form if the adjective is used as an attribute predicative dit
huis is prachtig . Het is prachtig.nam aan . Is het niet fantastisch hoe enorm Rembrandt je
blik weet vast te houden Ja.this house is gorgeous attributive dit prachtige huis . lichte deel in
het midden.geleden verwijten . Goedemiddag. Je houdt erg van deze bijzondere stijl.leed
.gevlogen vergeten .doorzien winnen . ending in e. Ja.doorzag . an undeclined one and a
declined one. het is een waar wonder te zien hoe die mensen die al lang dood zijn toch weer
tot leven komen.this beautiful house .won . Een jongeman spreekt haar aan in een van de
achterste zalen van het museum. Je blijft kijken en hoe langer je kijkt des te meer het beeld
gaat leven.vergat . welk doek bedoel je Het linkse of het rechtse Ik bedoel dat linkse daar.
De uitgebreide verzameling Oude Meesters uit de Gouden Eeuw is wereldberoemd. geloof ik
More about adjectives Dutch adjectives are only a little more complicated than their English
counterparts.aangenomen doorzien .vloog .Dutch/Lesson in de gaten houden onlangs
aannemen . Zij heeft veel goeds gehoord over de plaatselijke musea en besluit het bekende
Rijksmuseum te gaan bekijken. dat is waar. heeft U dat prachtige doek van Rembrandt
gezien Goedemiddag.
that is a nice one Notice that Dutch does not add one in this case. in contrast to English this
pattern is used for almost all Dutch adjectives. Compare attributive een langzame afdaling
.interessantst interesting . hoog . in which case it does carry an e in the predicate dat is een
mooie . Adverbial use Dutch adjectives can be used as adverbs without further ado.hoogst
high .interessanter .thats mine. even for long ones and when formidable consonant clusters
form.a slow descent predicative de afdaling is langzaam .more interesting .Dutch/Lesson
Gender and indefiniteness There is an important exception to the above main rule. this
contrasts with English where the ending quotlyquot is usually required. interessant .higher
.he descended slowly Substantives The adjective can be made independent as a
substantive.most interesting After quotrquot often a dental is inserted helder . it remains
undeclined het mooie huis definite een mooi huis indefinite mooi werk indefinite uncountable
The indefinite case includes words like geen. If an adjective is used attributively before a
singular neuter word in the indefinite case.the descent is slow adverbial hij daalde langzaam
af . ieder etc. fantastisch . Comparatives and superlatives In English a few adjectives form
comparatives and superlatives by adding quoterquot and quotestquot.meest fantastisch
Comparatives and superlative receive the ending e as all adjectives de mooiste bloemen . e.
Dutch follows the same pattern. dit is geen mooi huis.g.fantastischer .helderder .hoger . The
same holds for possessive pronouns.highest However. dat is de mijne . welk.helderst For a
few words ending in quotsquot or quotischquot Dutch resorts to paraphrase as English does
far more often.
minder . the preposition van is used de muts is van wol. Materials As in English adjectives
that indicate a material end in quotenquot wollen . Vertrekkende would not be used after
trein.woolen They are indeclinable and are only used attributively de wollen muts To express
the predicate.better . a caughtee In contrast to English the present participle is seldom used
to initiate a clause The train departing from platform is delayed De van perron vertrekkende
trein is vertraagd De trein die van perron vertrekt is vertraagd. .meest much/many .
particularly if other attributes are already prefixed Het uitgestrekte gebied verloren bij het
verdrag van XXX werd heroverd. it remains undeclined gebakken aardappels Only as a
substantive does it receive quotequot dit is een gevangene .this is a prisoner
lit.Dutch/Lesson de meest fantastische webstek As in English a few adjectives have irregular
forms goed .minst little/few .more . The vast territory lost at the treaty of XXX was regained
by conquest.less/ fewer .beter .best good .meer .least/ fewest veel .best weinig .most
Participles As in English a participle behaves as an adjective and in most cases it receives
the suffix quotequot as described above gekookte aardappels kokende olie An exception is
the past participle of a strong verb that ends in quotenquot. Past participles are occasionally
found in such a construction.
in good faith in koelen bloede dat neut.Dutch/Lesson Other endings Dutch lost its case
endings more recently than English did and it is not uncommon to encounter endings like
quoterquot. despite hart being neuter .something beautiful veel liefs . Clearly the case
system was getting pretty corrupt before most of it got abolished in official spelling .with all
my heart te gelegener tijd dat fem. wat. he walked out of the room singing hij liep zingend de
kamer uit . fem.at a convenient time The latter contrasts with ten tijde van where tijd in shown
as a masculine dative. After words that indicate a quantity such as iets. fem. Partitive s One
form of case ending is still productive. De behoefte aan hulp van allerlei aard is enorm maar
het uitvallen van vrijwel alle verbindingen is een grote hindernis voor een toereikende
hulpverlening. part of the present continuous tense . singing is her profession zang is haar
beroep In the above examples singing is used as .a lot of love iets wikibooksachtigs . . sg...
De verwoesting en het verlies aan mensenlevens is uitzonderlijk groot. quotenquot etc.
sg..good evening van ganser harte dat. in frozen expressions te goeder trouw dat. Although
Dutch also has an ending ing it does not correspond to the English one in most situations .
veel an adjective gets a genitive partitive quotsquot iets moois .in cold blood goedenavond
acc masc.something like wikibooks Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson Naamwoorden van handeling
Verbal nouns ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Verbal nouns Na de zware aardbeving in de Indische
Oceaan en de erdoor veroorzaakte vloedgolf op de kust van Atjeh is zoals gevreesd het
dodental nog steeds stijgend. he is singing hij is aan het zingen . The ing problem In English
the ing form is used extensively for a number of rather different functions. vooral de sterfte
onder kinderen. niets. sg. sg. . . sg. .
liggen.staan. liggen etc are used more or less interchangeably as auxiliaries of the
continuous aspect. ach. as a verbal noun gerund. In Dutch different nouns are used in these
three cases none of which ends in ing Properly rendering ing forms in Dutch may therefore
present a bit of a problem for an English speaker. as a participle . was jij schrijvende roughly
Wow. lopen de voetballer liep op de scheidsrechter te schelden. he was walking to school
when he saw the UFO hij liep naar school toen hij de vliegende schotel zag hij was
onderweg naar school toen hij de vliegende schotel zag To emphasize continuity Dutch can
use the infinitive as a neutral noun preceded by the preposition aan hij was aan het
wandelen he was going for a walk zij waren aan het verhuizen they were busy moving
Another common construction is to use an auxiliary verb like zitten. ik zat te denken I was
just thinking on my chair The quoton my chairquot or quoton my feetquot distinction is often
of negligible importance and the verbs zitten. Continuous tenses In the strict sense Dutch
does not have continuous times and in many cases where English uses them Dutch will use
a simple present or past. the soccer player walked around fuming at the umpire. did I catch
you in writing mode Present participles are seldom used to initiate a clause as is common in
English The second car moving at greater speed could not stop De tweede auto die sneller
reed kon niet stoppen . Present participles The present participle in Dutch is formed by
adding de not ing to the infinitive lopen lopende staan staand As in English it can be used as
adjective flying saucer vliegende schotel But it is rarely used as a static predicate kinine is
koortswerend quinine has the property of abating fever Using it in a continuous tense
construction as in English sounds odd and rather ironic.Dutch/Lesson .
Dutch/Lesson De tweede. which translates roughly into quotin order toquot. First of all.
although most of them are no longer productive. This process is still productive ter wikifiring .
sneller rijdende auto kon niet stoppen Either the participle rijdend is used as a preceding
adjective or it is avoided by paraphrase. The ing verbal noun is feminine and occurs
frequently with quotterquot te the old feminine dative der.etc. Gerunds The term gerund is
seldom used in Dutch grammar. It has a plural in en zegening zegeningen blessing blessings
However.. The s ending is an old genitive. the ing form is certainly not as ubiquitous as in
English where only a few verbs like can or must do not possess one. but it usually
corresponds more to an English noun with latinate ending ion than to a gerund with ing deze
aftrekking is niet juist this subtraction is incorrect Note that de aftrekking denotes a particular
case of subtraction. It is also a productive suffix.He discussed methods that could be used to
improve that. but the same holds in English singing is healthy zingen is gezond the singing
finally ended het zingen hield eindelijk op There is typically no plural.See you Willens en
wetens .Deliberately. e. be. this means that even north of the Great Rivers feminine gender
is not quite dead yet. Suffix ing Many Dutch verbs do form a feminine verbal noun in ing.
where het aftrekken denotes the general process of subtracting The formation of a verbal
noun is ing is quite common. Not all Dutch verbs have an ing form as there is a number of
older ways to form verbal nouns. .. Hij besprak maatregelen ter verbetering daarvan . In
times past the word did get inflected as Latin gerunds do.g. One could argue that Dutch does
not have one in the English sense of the word. Tot ziens .to be wikified Interestingly. af.
despite the presence of a rich variety of verbal nouns. which means that newly formed verbs
tend to form their verbal noun this way. particularly for verbs with prefixes like ver. in many
cases Dutch uses the infinitive as a neutral noun where English uses a gerund in ing and one
could argue that this is the Dutch gerund addition and subtraction are the basis of arithmetic
optellen en aftrekken vormen de grondslag van het rekenen There are subtle differences
associated with the use or omission of the neutral article het.
a process not entirely unfamiliar in English vliegen de vlucht plural de vluchten to fly the
flight telen teelt no plural cultivate cultivation At times. For example a weak verb like werken
has het werk and a plural de werken Other endings Some verbs add t or st to the stem.
Sometimes the vowel does not change lopen de loop in de loop van het proces in the course
of the process These nouns are typically common gender and often lack a plural. there is
more than one verbal noun graven graf gracht ltgraft s to dig grave canal Plurals graf graven
gracht grachten After nasals st is more common dienen de dienst plural de diensten to serve
service komen de komst no plural come advent. but this does not always hold. zinging do not
exist in Dutch.Dutch/Lesson Verbal stems Many strong verbs have a verbal noun based on
the stem of the verb with ablaut vowel change and lack an ing form helpen de hulp na drie
dagen kwam er eindelijk hulp after three days help finally arrived wreken de wraak wraak is
zoet revenge is sweet zingen de zang hij studeert zang he is studying voice Notice that in
these cases forms in ing like helping. arrival vangen de vangst catch catch de vangst van
kabeljauw bij de Canadese kust is gestaakt .
In Dutch this is rare sad sadness droef droefenis Usually Dutch has heid in such cases
droefheid Dutch also has latinate endingsas English doesthat sometimes compete with the
germanic ones The latin tion ending is tie in Dutch and usually pronounced as tsi or si see
communiceren communicatie communicate communication but achiveren archivering to
archive archiving . sometimes also n denken gedachten.Dutch/Lesson cod fishing has been
suspended off the coast of Canada A few verbs have te behoeven de behoefte need need
baren geboorte give birth birth Plurals have s behoeftes. gedachtes think thoughts Other
verbs have nis. goodness. bekentenissen In English this ending is more common after
adjectives like baldness. to bother hindernis obstacle Plurals get sen kennissen
acquaintances. enis or tenis kennen kennis to know knowledge / acquaintance gebeuren
gebeurtenis to happen event bekennen bekentenis to confess confession hinderen to
obstruct. geboortes.
.. There usually is a feminine version in ster as well..no plural to miss the lack. he fell on
stage laughter and boos in the audience.g. although under feminist influence it is under
considerable pressure especially for functions in society voorzitten voorzitter voorzitster to
chair a meeting chairman chairwoman Voorzitter is increasingly used.Dutch/Lesson Prefix
geAnother way to form a verbal noun is to add ge..to a stem. getter. wat een gedoe what a
hassle Notice the difference with the past participle gelach gelachen laughing. vallen het
geval de gevallen to fall the case missen het gemis .tend to have a dysphemic connotation
and some are better avoided by a nonnative speaker gezeur. at least for verbs that do not
carry prefixes.. e. gezwam all bull st zeuren to nag etter puss zeik urine four letters.laughter
laughed Verbal nouns with ge. It forms a neuter noun from verbs without prefixes. missing
spreken het gesprek de gesprekken to speak the conversation voelen het gevoel de
gevoelens to feel the feeling This type is still productive. gezeik. eres plural eressen zingen
zanger zangeres . Newly formed nouns carry the connotation of annoying repetition and they
usually have no plural dat onophoudelijk geblaf moet afgelopen zijn enough of that incessant
barking hij viel op het toneel gelach en boegeroep in het publiek. There are other feminine
endings. regardless the gender of the chairperson. zwam fungus Subjects and objects As in
English the er suffix denotes the subject of the verb geven gever to give giver As in English
the plural is in s gevers.
geborgen geborgenheid to secure secured.mortality Exercise In the above text identify all
verbal nouns and adjectives and the verbs they derive from.Dutch/Lesson to sing singer m
singer f There is also an infrequent sel suffix indicating an object. One suffix that corresponds
to the English latinate ending able is baar verstaan verstaanbaar understand understandable
Another suffix heid cf. e.schepsel to create creation . Otherwise creation is often creatie.
English hood can be added to turn the adjective into a feminine noun danken dankbaar
dankbaarheid to thank grateful gratitude The heid suffix plural heden can also be used
behind participles. bergen . Verbal adjectives Apart from the two participles the verb can form
various adjectives as it can in English. The ij is usually pronounced as a schwa. cognate with
ly.creator creature Note that in this case English has completely shifted to latin roots and
endings where Dutch has remained faithful to its germanic roots altogether. safe feeling at
ease opletten oplettend oplettendheid to wacht out attentive attention There is also a suffix
elijk . scheppen schepping . Dutch/Lesson /answer .g. at least in religious context.schepper .
The number and type of available verbal nouns differs from verb to verb. bewerken
bewerkelijk to process requiring much work sterven sterfelijk .sterfelijkheid to die mortal .
. Ik heet Jessica van den Heuvel. he Dus hoe heet u Jessica O ja natuurlijk. dan heeft u
geluk gehad.Dus. Ober Mooi zo. maar ik ben nog maar net begonnen met mijn werk. De
ober keert terug met een grijns op zijn gezicht. wel . They are often hard to translate exactly.
Ik zal wel even vragen of . . Grammatica Modal particles Recall . Dan heb ik hier inderdaad
uw portemonnee. Zij haasten zich terug naar de mogelijke plek des onheils. Dutch has a
variety of adverbs that function as modal particles. Het ligt dus voor de hand dat ze het daar
heeft laten liggen.. maar ik weet wel ... . but add a certain flavor to the phrase they are in.
They do not have so much a clear meaning.. nou. maak je nu maar geen zorgen. maar ik
weet wel dat het een jongeman was met hoogblond kort haar. Wat moet ik anders. Een
ogenblik alstublieft. maar ik weet natuurlijk niet of dat wel van u is. Ik heb hem namelijk
afgelost.. Ze hadden zojuist een broodje gegeten in een restaurantje.Dutch/Lesson
Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Gesprek Marjan en Jessica zijn gezellig aan
het winkelen maar Jessica merkt tot haar grote schrik dat ze haar portemonee verloren heeft.
De ober verdwijnt naar achteren. Dan weet ik wel wie u bedoelt .Ik weet de naam niet. Ober
Wat is uw naam precies. Marjan Marjan Nou.. Jessica Ik hoop nu maar dat het gevonden is.
maar die is net vertrokken. . Weet u nog wie u bediend heeft Jessica Ik weet de naam niet.
Het komt allemaal best wel goed. Er zit weinig anders op dan om het winkelen voorlopig
maar te vergeten en op zoek te gaan naar Jessicas geld en haar pinpas. ... heeft u het
gevonden Ober Ja we hebben wat gevonden. maar ik ben nog maar net begonnen met mijn
werk . mevrouwtje Jessica Hoezo. daar heeft u wel gelijk in... Heeft u die hier soms
gevonden Ober Het spijt me dames. Dat is Pim.. de vriendinnen nerveus achterlatend. Ober
Dan weet ik wel wie u bedoelt.. Marjan Ober. Er zit weinig anders op om het winkelen
voorlopig maar te vergeten . zegt u mij uw naam eens. wij hebben hier zojuist wat gegeten
en mijn vriendin hier is haar portemonnee kwijt. Ik zal wel even vragen of hij iets afgegeven
heeft. vrees ik.
Dutch/Lesson The adverb wel is strictly speaking the adverbial form of the adjective goed. It
is often added to a sentence to indicate that he speaker is making an admission or is
volunteering something Ik zal wel vragen.. zal ik eens koffie zetten . no dit is niet uw
portemonnee this is not your wallet Wel Dit is wel mijn portemonnee yes.. ..did you ever....
maar. Er zit weinig anders op dan om het winkelen voorlopig maar te vergeten ... it is .. but it
is often added to add a flavor of an exceptional occasion. no problem.. Nevertheless it is
used rather differently in Dutch. I volunteer Another use is to indicate that something is
exceptional er waren wel dertig tornados there were thirty tornadoes no less even even
indicates that the action will not cost much time or effort... because I did not know what else
to say . I do not know the name.. I said that ... but. Ik zal wel even vragen of ....Ik weet de
naam niet. but I do know. Adding it to a sentence adds an implicit no problem to the
utterance . maar ik weet wel ... lit there is little else on the list of options than to forget sigh. I
did say that .. One meaning it has is to negate the words niet not and geen not a.. It is often
used to introduce but ik heb wel gezegd dat . the shopping spree temporarily . It is also an
abverb with the meaning of only. heb je wel eens... just as English well and good. Let me go
ask. just ik heb maar zeven euro op zak I only have seven euro on me Geeft u mij maar een
biertje Just give me a beer However it can also be a modal adverb that indicates a certain
measure of resignation or lack of choice of the speaker ik heb maar gezegd dat . will take
just a moment eens literally eens means once. let me go ask...for a change would you like
me to make coffee maar The word maar can be used as a nevenschikkend conjunction and
is usually translated by but.
youre busted combinations In Dutch modal particle can be heaped up into interesting
combinations of flavors. Both languages have lost this system. because the mf contrast was
no longer alive in their spoken mother tongue and neither were the n and r endings. Since
then case endings are a bit of an unpopular subject.or else geef maar hier .. even harmful to
progress.. The discrepancy between written standard and spoken language led to serious
educational problems with equally serious social consequences.why dont you give it to me
Dont worry Ill take care of it With a more ironic intonation it could also mean just give it up .
After the destruction by the second world war spelling modernization was imperative and a
lot of old baggage was thrown overboard. e.. Dutch however a bit later than English.give it .
They are often seen as oldfashioned. IndoEuropean languages. but prior to the second world
war the educational and political establishment tenaciously tried to preserve the case
system. To understand the remnants it is useful to have a peek at the definite article as it
was before case masculine feminine de der der de neuter het des den het plural de der den
de nominative de genitive dative accusative des den den The above implies that prior to one
had to write ik zien den man ik zie de vrouw Worse than that. Grammatica The old cases
Recall de plek des onheils an old genitive. All prepositions had come to use the accusative
which was now identical to the nominative for anything but personal pronouns. it was ik
vereer de deugd f ik haat den leugen m Most people above the Rhine had to use a dictionary
to do the latter right. Nevertheless. geef hier . three genders and usually four or five
declensions. In a small but sweeping change was allowed in the spelling the n in the
masculine accusative was made optional. even tried to introduce forms that never existed in
the language artificially.he was going to show off how strong he was but .Dutch/Lesson
Adding maar can also soften the sentence and indicate that the speaker is trying to be polite
or friendly. The dative only occurred when indirect objects were used without a preposition..
In fact in the written standard language Dutch retained four cases and three genders up to
the spelling reform of . The genitive was still a bit . to which both English and Dutch belong
were originally highly inflectional with eight cases. hij zou wel eens even laten zien hoe sterk
hij was . In the spoken language the case endings and the masculinefeminine distinction had
been gone for much longer. With a sigh of relief everybody promptly stopped using the
infamous buigingsn and it has has not been used since.g. The leftovers are idiom more than
grammar. there is a fair bit of remnants left in the modern language even though case
endings have definitely ceased to be part of a system. This change obliterated both the
accusativenominative distinction and the masculinefeminine one.
like s ochtends in the morning. Still. The adjective had had both strong and weak endings as
it still does in German and the n is weak ending.Annie dr auto For inanimate nouns the
genitive is clearly on its way out. there are numerous relics that are difficult to understand.
iets lekkers something yummy The genitive occurs in various fossilized forms usually
functioning as adverbs. veel etc. The adjective still has a productive partitive genitive in s that
occurs after words like wat.barefoot blootshoofds with bare head grotendeels for the most
part een ieder ging zijns weegs . at day break s morgens .weegs The form s is a clitic form of
des. the masc/neuter genitive article. without some knowledge of the old system. although
the plural can occasionally still be seen het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden de prins der dieven
het periodiek systeem der elementen the periodic system of the elements Occasionally
people deliberately opt to use the odd archaic expression like plek des onheils as a stylistic
gadget.Dutch/Lesson more common although it was always possible to use a construction
with van to avoid it de vloek der mensheid gt de vloek van de mensheid Thus the change of
basically put an end to the case endings as a system.each went in his own direction Notice
the vowel change in dag daags and weg . Genitives As in English. let alone use properly.
Annies auto .twice a day barrevoets . . iets. genitives are regularly used to indicate
possession with proper names Jans auto Johns car There is a growing tendency to extend
this usage to female proper names in defiance of the old case endings in stead of a
construction using the clitic form of the possessive pronoun.in de morning s middags in the
afternoon s avonds in the evening s nachts in the night s winters during the winter tweemaal
daags . Notice the n of grotendeels.
and plural ten tijde van .to be wikified This also holds for words in heid ter gelegenheid This
is one reason why words ending in ing. It is used in combination with infinitives as to does in
English Dat is goed om te weten that is good to know Hij begon af te vallen he began to lose
weight It is also used to indicate excess.of royal blood van harte . There are more oddities
het hart ter harte neuter feminine Te also has a few nonarchaic usages. te der gt ter fem sg..
The noun originally received an e in this case. sg. te. as English too Dit is te veel This is too
much.firstly terdege . to.in the days of. te also occurs without articles te allen tijde at all times
te zijner tijd in due course te gelegener tijd at a convenient moment Notice that tijd is
feminine in the latter two. The feminine is probably a German influence die Zeit is
feminine.Dutch/Lesson Datives One preposition had stubbornly retained the dative and it still
occurs mostly in petrified dative forms.from all my heart met verve with passion in den
beginne in the beginning Genesis in koelen bloede . The proposition often occurs fused with
the old dative articles te den gt ten masc and neut. tie. Or with locations. masculine in the
other. ten hoogste .thoroughly ter gelegenheid on the occasion of ter aarde bestellen commit
to earth. as English at or in te Adam in Amsterdam A few other prepositions had taken the
dative in a previous phase of the language and some forms remain van den bloede .at the
most ten dele partly ten eerste . bury Interestingly the old feminine dative ter still enjoys a
measure of productivity in combinations with verbal nouns in ing ter wikifiring .. It is the word
te at. a good example of how corrupt the case/gender had become in the end. heid are
recognized as feminine proper and Dutch does not have a common gender like a number of
Scandinavian laguages.
. Heeft de dokter nog wat gezegd De dokter Ja. transitive verbs . ben je toch gekomen Ja
natuurlijk. geloof ik. De kamer waar ze lag was niet groot en had een echte ziekenhuislucht.
Hoe is het nou Ach. maar hij vermande zich en trok zijn muts wat verder over zijn oren. The
types that are important in Dutch are basically the same ones as in English . . gaat wel.
Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Les Verhaal Zijn zieke moeder Het sneeuwde
hard. komen zou. had hij gezegd dat hij.. Hij gaf zijn Harley wat meer gas. the werkwoorden..
Ze zuchtte.hulpwerkwoorden modal verbs .koppelwerkwoorden . Daarvoor herinnerde hij
zich te veel goede tijden met haar. Mag je weer naar huis Zo Wanneer Vrijdag.overgankelijke
werkwoorden intransitive verbs . als het maar even kon. Haar ogen sloten zich en gingen niet
meer open. hij moest er niet aan denken dat zij zou kunnen sterven zonder haar nog een
laatste keer te zien. Wat er ook gebeurd mocht zijn..because it was an accusative ending of
the adjective goed. but a greeting like goedenavond has an extra n. . Ja het sneeuwt een
beetje.onpersoonlijke werkwoorden copulas . Ze zorgen goed voor me hier. Ma Jongen. .
Jan rilde. .Dutch/Lesson Accusative relics are rare because the case resembled the
nominative. ik mag weer naar huis. Introduction to werkwoorden The second large family of
words besides the naamwoorden is that of the verbs. de oostenwind gierde over de vlakte en
sneed door alle kleding. Was het niet veel te koud Je bent helemaal nat. ..wederkerende
werkwoorden auxiliary verbs . Dit was en bleef zijn moeder tenslotte.modale werkwoorden
impersonal verbs . Plichtmatig groette hij zijn zus en die zwager waar hij nooit mee op had
kunnen schieten. Toen het bericht hem bereikte dat er naar hem gevraagd
was.onovergankelijke werkwoorden reflexive verbs .
that does have a passive Jij genas hem . However. Often the locative adverb er is used to
open the sentence. De man kreeg een ovenschotel voorgeschoteld . Hij geeft mij . Ik zie het
paard Het paard wordt door mij gezien Ditransitive verbs The verb can have other
objects.Dutch/Lesson Transitive verbs Overgankelijke werkwoorden A transitive verb has a
direct object which can be converted into an object in the passive voice. Door de kok werd
aan de man een ovenschotel voorgeschoteld .. There are some verbs where it can become
the subject but in Dutch. Another way of making a verb transitive is to prefix be Ik kijk naar de
tekening . Intransitive verbs Onovergankelijke werkwoorden An intransitive verb does not
have a direct object Hij gaat naar Amerika . . this is done not with worden but with krijgen to
get as auxiliary De kok schotelde de man een ovenschotel voor .I look at the drawing Ik
bekijk de tekening .The cook served the man an oven dish. They are the only ones that can
undergo this transition overgang.you get well Such phrases cannot be transposed into a
passive voice construction Sometimes the same verb can be used as a transitive. In such
cases it is possible to construct an impersonal passive without a subject in Dutch.he is
healed by you.The man got served .he goes to America Jij geneest .you heal him Hij werd
door jou genezen .An oven dish was served . like indirect ones or prepositional ones..I was
sent for by him Notice that me is transposed into I in English.I examine the drawing In Dutch
there are really two types of intransitives ergatives and inergatives.. In English these can be
transposed into a passive construction where the indirect object becomes the subject He
gives me ..Er werd door hem naar mij gevraagd Notice that the object does not become
subject.I am given by him He sent for me .Mij wordt door hem gegeven / Er wordt door hem
aan mij gegeven Hij vroeg naar mij .
.. reflexive verbs are intermediary between active and passive.I remember dat herinnert me
aan. The causative auxiliaries doen en laten are used to transform ergatives into transitives
Ik doe het vet stollen. Ergatives typically express autonomous processes that happen and
the typically do not have a clear agent. but some verbs are only ergatives het vet stolt .
Others occur only in reflexive form zich gedragen .you have healed. .You dont wash me ik
was mijzelf . That darned dog is the culprit These verbs are not entirely intransitive.He got
wounded. Zich is a relatively recent loan from German Afrikaans does not have it e. Verbs
can occur both as reflexive and as an ordinary transitive verb.I dont wash you ik was mezelf .
. Genezen kan also be transitive.to pull oneself together lit.g. ik was mij . Thus I wash myself
can be expressed with four subtle degrees of emphasis ik was me .g.to behave hij wist zich
niet te gedragen . There is a clear agent De hond blaft De hond heeft geblaft. but they can
have a second direct object besides the reflexive pronoun hij herinnerde zich dat.the grease
solidifies het vet is gestold. Reflexive verbs Wederkerende werkwoorden In a sense. The
other reflexives are identical to the object forms of the personal pronouns.and only used for
the third person and occasionally together with u.Dutch/Lesson Ergatives Ergatives take the
auxiliary zijn in the perfect Jij geneest.There is barking.Im washing not dressing e. to make
oneself a man Reflexive verbs do not have a passive voice.he did not know how to behave
zich vermannen . In Dutch they are accompanied by the reflexive pronoun zich in its various
forms. albeit with a different meaning ik herinner me .. Inergatives Inergatives take the
auxiliary hebben in the perfect. Their subjects equal their direct objects.this reminds me of. .
Vice versa the auxiliary raken can be used to create an ergative sentence from an adjective
or participle Hij raakte verwond. Jij bent genezen.I neither wash you nor do you touch me
buzz off . It is possible to add zelf to a reflexive pronoun to make the reflexive relationship
more emphatic. but form an impersonal passive with er Er wordt geblaft .
g. I am able to come ik zou kunnen komen . Weather phenomena are a good example het
regent .it is thawing het waait . They are verbs like kunnen. moeten and mogen ik kan komen
.Dutch/Lesson The addition of zelf is only possible if the verb is optionally reflexive.it rains
het sneeuwt . Auxiliary verbs .lit.this makes one suspect that. E. In Dutch they are hebben
forms active perfect tenses zijn forms active perfect tenses of some verbs and passive
perfect tenses of transitive verbs worden forms passive imperfect tenses zullen forms the
future tenses Occasionally gaan is used for immediate future constructions.it is snowing het
dooit . In contrast to English to do the verb doen is not used as an auxiliary.I can come. but ik
zei dat ik zou kunnen komen In this case it is unusual to put zou at the end Impersonal verbs
Onpersoonlijke werkwoorden Some verbs only occur in the third person singular with the
neuter personal pronoun het.Im sorry Impersonals always take hebben het heeft gewaaid het
heeft me gespeten... Modal verbs Modale werkwoorden Modal verbs are closely related to
auxiliary verbs. although there are expressions like hoop doet leven . hope makes one to live
.Hulpwerkwoorden Auxiliary verbs are used to form the various compound tenses and voices
of the verb.. you can also wash someone else. . .I would be able to come In the latter case
the word order is a bit more restricted in dependent clauses ik wist dat ik komen kon ik zei
dat ik kon komen are both possible.the wind blows Impersonal verbs are not limited to the
weather het spijt me .. If the reflexiveness is mandatory forms with zelf are not
possible.where there is hope there is life dit doet vermoeden dat.
This leads to xxx forms for a transitive verb. . the subject and what in Dutch is known as het
naamwoordelijk deel van het gezegde.toekomend is the action performed by or applied to
the subject bedrijvend .this seems beautiful blijken dit bleek onmogelijk this proved
impossible schijnen het scheen eenvoudig it appeared easy The four contrasts of the verb
Indicative mood The forms of the Dutch verb in the indicative mood are determined by the
four contrasts . In Dutch the tenses are indicated by their contrasts.voltooid is the action real
or predicted / hypothetical niet toekomend . .g. niet toekomend tegenwoordig bedrijvend
onvoltooid ik zie voltooid lijdend ik heb gezien verleden ik zag ik had gezien toekomend
tegenwoordig ik zal zien verleden ik zou zien ik zal gezien hebben ik zou gezien hebben
onvoltooid ik word gezien ik werd gezien ik zal gezien worden ik zou gezien worden voltooid
ik ben gezien ik was gezien ik zal gezien zijn ik zou gezien zijn Note that in the prefect
passive tenses worden takes zijn as its auxiliary. The most common copula is zijn to be Jan
is piloot Jan is sterk Worden can be used as a copula in Dutch.Dutch/Lesson Copulas
Koppelwerkwoorden Copulas couple two concepts. e. the nominal part of the compound
verb. ik zou gezien zijn is de voltooid verleden toekomende tijd van de lijdende vorm.lijdend
The first contrast is rendered synthetically. . is the action now or in the past tegenwoordig .
hebben or zijn zullen worden The contrasts can be combined freely.verleden is the action
finished or not onvoltooid . rendering zijn the auxiliary of the perfect passive by default. . As
this nomenclature leads to rather lengthy names it is usual to use an acronym vvtt van de
lijdende vorm . In the passive voice construction its past participle geworden is typically
omitted. the other three require auxiliary verbs . for an intransitive one the passive voice
contrast does not apply and there are forms. . corrsponding to to become Jan wordt piloot
There is a few more copulas such as blijven dit blijft moeilijk this remains difficult lijken dit lijkt
mooi . The naamwoordelijk deel can be either zelfstandig or bijvoeglijk. .
For the subjunctive tense. only a few forms have managed to stay alive in our modern world.
Whatever the reason be. and isnt practiced any longer. had it not been for the bad traffic. It is
thought of as a future tense uttered in the past Yesterday I said quothe will comequot gt
yesterday I said that he would come.Dutch/Lesson Notice that in Dutch grammar the past
future tenses replace what is known in other grammars as the conditional mood. you must
have your homework done. or a conjunction after. . who etc. for the all but extinct. There is
usually only one form in the active present. je moet je huiswerk afhebben. but that it still
carries a direct object hem. because etc. Leve de koning Opdat hij lang moge leven. They
allow their action to be encapsulated inside another sentence without putting the action in a
separate clause starting with a relative pronoun that. Subjunctive and imperative moods The
other two moods are far more limited.subjunctive the third person singular. Wat de reden dan
ook zij. Infinitives thus do function as verbs in Dutch. especially in combination with the
particle te Hij was bang door de wachters gezien te zullen worden He was afraid that he
would be seen by the guards Na hem gezien te hebben sloegen zij alarm After they had
spotted him they sounded the alarm Notice that in the latter example the infinitive is part of
an adverbial expression of time. I would have come earlier. Long live the king May he live
long. Ik zou eerder zijn gekomen. which is now practically forgotten about. ware het niet voor
het slechte verkeer. The subjunctive has now rather more disappeared over time. In the first
example the compound infinitive is accompanied by a prepositional object door de wachters.
using the preposition na. For the imperative that is the second person singular. Infinitive
mood In the infinitive mood the presentpast contrast is missing niet toekomend bedrijvend
onvoltooid zien voltooid lijdend gezien hebben toekomend zullen zien gezien zullen hebben
gezien zullen worden gezien zullen zijn onvoltooid gezien worden voltooid gezien zijn
Compound infinitives are rather more prominent in Dutch than in English. Only a few fossiled
expressions might still contain a trace of what used to be the subjunctive.
op.Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson Les Lesson Bijwoorden en Voorzetsels Adverbs and
Prepositions ltlt Les Les Les gtgt Bijwoorden We have seen two major groups of words in the
Dutch language naamwoorden nouns. that occurs either as the separable part of verbs or as
the prepositional part of the pronominal adverb. Historically.binnen uit . . In fact it is a bit of a
miscellaneous rest group. between. hoi.boven neder . the prepositional adverb. copulas. dan
or daar. beside. .beneden English has a few comparable forms like before. in . toe. over. .
Later they supplanted the use of the case endings completely. . maar. . Thus the separation
between prepositions and adverbs is not as sharp in Dutch as it is in some other languages.
toen. like oh. voor. auxiliaries. and werkwoorden transitive verbs. adverbs of place and time.
below and behind . We have already seen a few groups of words that fall under the
denominator bijwoord in the more extensive sense of the word and we will examine a few
more . mee. There is a number of forms that were formed by prefixing be. ach. a kind
garbage can into which anything is flung that does not fit in the other two. Unfortunately it is
not possible to classify them quite as thoroughly as the other two groups. dag. tot
conjunctions including subjunctions modal adverbs particles like wel. As we have seen the
latter plays a considerable role in Dutch grammar. pronouns etc. af etc. heen.
intransitives..and often end in en. . met. prepositional adverbs. prepositions like in. like in.
The third group that comprises all the rest is known as bijwoorden adverbs and again they
occur in a number of forms. like nu. In Dutch many propositions have anoften
identicaladverbial form. prepositions developed from adverbs that were put before an object
to clarify the meaning of a case ending.buiten over . adverbs. eens. nou Prepositions and
prepositional adverbs Prepositions are often hard to translate exactly because which one is
used in which case often differs between the languages. bij. waar interjections.. cf.
The light shines through the window. old hand. Otherwise it is an adverb and there is no law
against ending a sentence in an adverb. He is a veteran.he entered it Notice that Dutch has
no hangups about ending sentences in prepositions.within two minutes To emphasize
movement naar can be added hij liep naar binnen .he is inside binnenlopen e.he walked in hij
liep er naar binnen . in there etc. An alternative is to use binnen which often translates into
inside hij is binnen . binnen twee minuten ..g. He walks into the house. DOOR door is a
cognate of through and often corresponds to it Het licht valt door het raam.g. Hij loopt het
huis in. Notice that Dutch does not have an equivalent of into but uses in as prepositional
adverb to express the concept of movement into something.. He entered the house. as well
as in separable verbs as will be shown below. Ik adem in. A word like binnen is not
considered a preposition unless it actually precedes a noun. He stuck the needle all the way
through the skin. lit. He has been dyed by the wool.he believes in ghosts Its identical adverb
in often occurs pronominal replacement erin. Separable verbs inademen e. daarin in it.
inlopen e. In many cases the correct translation is by particularly when it is used with the
passive voice Hij is door de wol geverfd. Inseparable verbs None.g.he lives in that house hij
gelooft in spoken . BINNEN In translates mostly as its cognate in hij woont in dat huis . . I
breathe in.Dutch/Lesson IN. Together with heen the meaning is through and through or
passage through Hij stak de naald door het vel heen. Hij liep het huis binnen.
He cut the knot through. BIJ Although the word is cognate of by it often is used rather
differently. answered the phone. Inseparable verbs doorzien e. I have updated it. he
recorded.g.g. etc. He finally regained consciousness.. He saw through the ruse. get lost.he
stuck to it Separable verbs bijkomen e.g. Hij doorzag de list.a toast to you health not up your
.g. Hij nam op.stay with the lesson bij slecht weer . he absorbed. It indicates a location
slightly to the side of something. OP Although cognate of up it usually translates as on or
upon hij is op vakantie . op je gezondheid .he is on vacation het boek ligt op de tafel .in the
case of bad weather het is bij vijven . Ik heb het bijgewerkt. to get lost Inseparable verbs
None.Dutch/Lesson Separable verbs doorhakken e.g. to hoop up. hoepel toch op Ow.
Schiphol ligt bij Amsterdam . . Separable verbs opnemen e. He picked up.the book lies on
the table. Hij hakte de knoop door. ophoepelen Ach .it is around five oclock hij bleef erbij .
Inseparable verbs bijwerken e. Hij kwam eindelijk bij. lit.Schiphol is near Amsterdam bij de
les blijven .
g.he flew over the cuckoos nest The latter is an unlikely occurrence given the fact that this
bird does not build nests.he said to her . OVER. Separable verbs None.he went upstairs.
BOVEN over translates mostly as it identical cognate hij vloog over het koekoeksnest . The
bathtub overflowed.the bike stood against the wall but hij zei tegen haar . Zij wonen ernaast.
boven translates as its cognate above hij zette er een punt boven he put a dot above it.
Inseparable verbs None. I oversaw the battlefield.Dutch/Lesson NAAST naast translates
mostly into next to. beside Jan en Elly wonen naast John en Heleen.he opposed this
proposition de fiets stond tegen de muur . Separable verbs overlopen e. Het bad liep over.g.
Jan and Elly are the neighbors of John and Heleen. upstairs hij is boven he is upstairs To
indicate movement Dutch uses naar hij liep naar boven . There are both separable and
inseparable verbs see below. Its identical adverb usually means up. Ik overzag het slagveld.
Inseparable verbs overzien e. he went up the hill etc. TEGEN tegen usually translates as
against hij was tegen dit wetsvoorstel .
Separable verbs None. ZONDER zonder means without hij drinkt koffie zonder suiker It did
not have an adverbial form but increasingly pronominal adverbs like waarzonder are used.g.
TEGENOVER tegenover means on the opposite side of. The hotel is opposite the
conference center. tegenkomen . Separable verbs achterstellen . . This group has been
marginalized for centuries. Het hotel staat tegenover het conferentiecentrum.g.to
encounter.g.to discriminate. add an objection Inseparable verbs None. to marginalize e.put
against. to work against e. to run into Inseparable verbs None. Separable verbs
tegenoverstellen . He always blocked me. Deze groep is eeuwen lang achtergesteld.
ACHTER Some dialects. e. in Zeeland and West Flanders have a form bachten in the
meaning of behind but it is not considered part of standard Dutch. Inseparable verbs None.
balance. Hij werkte me altijd tegen.Dutch/Lesson Separable verbs tegenwerken to thwart.
Inseparable verbs None.south of the rivers i. . under underneath. NEDER. Rhine. beneden
de Iridiumlaag vind je dinosaurusbotten . BENEDEN The form beneden can be used as
preposition in the meaning of below.Dutch/Lesson Inseparable verbs achterhalen e.he fell
down The form neer ltneder is not used as a preposition but occurs as an adverb with the
meaning of down in separable verbs. Meuse etc.in the trunk of the car there a still a few
groceries It is often used as an adverb together with in Het lag achterin in de auto Separable
verbs None. south of beneden de rivieren .g.e. I retraced the truth.below the Iridium layer you
find dinosaur bones With naar it indicates downward movement hij viel naar beneden . Ik
achterhaalde de waarheid. Inseparable verbs None. ACHTERIN achterin translate mostly
into in the back of achterin de auto liggen nog wat boodschappen .with his girl on the back
Separable verbs None. ACHTEROP achterop is mostly used to indicate the passenger seat
of a bike and is used more as an adverb than as a preposition met zn meisie achterop .
aside of the truth i.g. BUITEN uit is represented by out of or from uit dit erts wordt goud
gewonnen . He turned the radio off. e. He gave up.he is outside hij ging naar buiten .he went
ouside Both uit and buiten have separable verbs. She switched off the light. UIT. He looked
down upon these people. Uit often means off in these. neerzitten bij e.out of this ore gold is
produced hij komt uit Utrecht . Inseparable verbs Buiten often means out in verbs
buitensluiten . .g. uitdoen e. She took her coat off. Inseparable verbs None.outside the city hij
is buiten .he is from Utrecht buiten usually means outside buiten de stad .g.g. Hij zat bij de
pakken neer.g.Dutch/Lesson Separable verbs neerzien op e. Separable verbs uitdraaien e.
He surrendered to resignation. Hij zag neer op die mensen.e.to lock out BEZIJDEN bezijden
is comparable to besides but occurs mostly in the expression. Zij deed het licht uit. bezijden
de waarheid . Zij deed haar jas uit. Hij draaide de radio uit. not true Separable verbs None.
g. next to.he looks at it. TOT. BENEVENS benevens is a rather formal alternative to naast
besides.Dutch/Lesson Inseparable verbs None.g. NAAR. He accompanied her.het dog lies
under the table It can also be used in the meaning of among onder professoren . ONDER
onder is the cognate of under and has similar applications de hond ligt onder de tafel .g.
Inseparable verbs None.he goes to Canada with his wife Its adverbial form is mee from
mede. TOE. He joined. Inseparable verbs None. hij ging mee met haar. Hij ging mee.
Separable verbs meegaan e. De zon gaat onder.he looks at the painting hij kijkt ernaar .in
the circle of professors Separable verbs ondergaan e. hij gaat met zijn vrouw naar Canada .
HEEN. benevens de aandelen is er het huizenbezit . WEER naar translates mostly as to or
at hij kijkt naar het schilderij . .besides the stocks is there the real estate Separable verbs
None. Hij ondergaat een operatie. He undergoes surgery. Inseparable verbs ondergaan e.
The sun sets. MET met usually means with.
one can say hij gaat erheen .coming to climax e.he is going to Cape Town In the sense of to
rather than at naar is often reinforced by adding the adverb toe hij gaat naar Kaapstad toe In
pronominal replacement the addition is mandatory hij gaat ernaartoe Alternatively. now and
then but it occurs in a separable verb like zich toespitsen . The violence is
exacerbating.withstand toe is the adverbial form of the preposition tot that mostly means until
or to dit is geldig tot het eind van de maand .back and forth It occurs in separables like
weerkeren hij keerde weer . Het geweld spitst zich toe.he came back de wederkomst
.become more acute .this is valid until the end of the month dit dient tot versterking van de
dijk . however.this is the purpose it serves Another meaning of toe is closing.g. Somewhat
archaic is doe dat eens toe .please would you close that af en toe .he left Its opposite is weer
from weder. .Dutch/Lesson hij gaat naar Kaapstad .to leave usually permanently hij ging
heen .he is going there heen is an adverb that indicates movement. It does not occur as
preposition but there are separable verbs heengaan . narrowing.occasionally.the second
coming It is related to with as in withstand and forms inseparable verbs as in English
weerstaan .that means back or again heen en weer .this serves to reinforce the dyke dit is
waartoe het dient .
Inseparable verbs None.lose weight.he fell off het water komt van die berg af .there is little
we can do about it wat is er aan de hand .the west of the country hij komt van ver . It typically
implies a touching or reaching until contact is made.the water comes from that mountain het
komt er vanaf .Dutch/Lesson TUSSEN tussen means mostly between tussen Maryland en
NoordCarolina ligt Virginia Separable verbs Tussenvoegen .off and on But uit can also be the
opposite Is het licht aan of uit Is the light on or off .he is touching the painting hij zit eraan .he
fell off his chair When a downwards motion or fall is implied as in the latter case. VAN. but is
part of separable verbs afvallen .to insert.hands off af is the opposite of aan in af en aan . zij
gaven geld aan deze organisatie .he fell off the stairs hij viel eraf .a delicious soup can be
made of fresh tomatoes het westen van het land . the adverb af cognate of off can be added
hij viel van de trap . fall off sailing van does not occur in verbs. at. AAN aan has various
translations such as to.he is touching it nergens aan zitten . AF van translates mostly into of
and from van verse tomaten is een heerlijke soep te bereiden .he comes from far hij viel van
zijn stoel .it comes off of it af does not occur as proposition.what is at hand what is
happening hij zit aan het schilderij .they gave money to this organization hier komt deze laag
aan de oppervlakte .here this layer reaches the surface aan deze feiten valt niet te twijfelen
.these facts can not be doubted er valt weinig aan te doen . on or is implied in an English
verb.
wrap around e.there is a road along the river hij liep erlangs .he put a new tire around the rim
om de burcht ligt een gracht .Dutch/Lesson Separable verbs aankomen .this was cancelled
for unclear reasons There are separable verbs omdoen . Hij is tien kilo aangekomen.detour
LANGS langs evokes a parallel position or motion and is mostly translated by along.
Inseparable verbs aanbidden . Hij is gisteren aangekomen. hij liet zich ompraten . because
of.drop by Inseparable verbs None.g.g. Under German influence om can also imply
change.g.to arrive. for dit werd om onduidelijke redenen afgelast .there is a moat around the
castle In this meaning it is often reinforced with heen er ligt een gracht om de stad heen er
ligt een gracht omheen It can also have less literal meaning of about. In het Oude Egypte
werd de god Horus aanbeden. . In Ancient Egypt the god Horus was worshipped. Zij deed
een sjaal om. e. inversion.g. gain weight e. langs de rivier loopt een weg .to worship e.he
passed by it Separable verbs langskomen . She put a shawl around her neck.he allowed
himself to be persuaded to change his mind wegomlegging . He arrived yesterday. OM om
can mean around hij deed een nieuwe band om de velg . He gained kilos.
subordination Separation and subordination What happens when the above factors are
combined. of pronominal adverbs . of prefixed verbs . for example if a separable verb is put
in a subordinate clause Notice what happens to the persoonvorm that part of the verb that
carries the ending Inseparable vertrekken Direct Hij vertrekt morgen naar Berlijn Indirect Ik
zeg dat hij morgen naar Berlijn vertrekt Separable aankomen Direct Hij komt morgen in
Berlijn aan Hij komt morgen aan in Berlijn Indirect Ik geloof dat hij morgen in Berlijn aankomt
As you see in the subordinate clause the verb is put at the end and is no longer separated.
for emphasis . rest of the verbal cluster . At least this is true for the present and simple past
tense. separation . inversion . auxiliary . of compound verbs .Dutch/Lesson Dutch/Lesson
Les Lesson Scheidbare werkwoorden in bijzinnen Separation and Subordination ltlt Les Les
More word order We have seen that word order depends on quite a few factors in Dutch . If
we use the future tense the situation is somewhat different Inseparable vertrekken Direct Hij
zal morgen vertrekken Indirect . in questions .
takes five minutes to walk through the school physically Ik doorloop de school . the third is
not acceptable. some with separation. In general we can say that all parts of the verb like to
be at the end of the sentence.takes five minutes Ik geloof dat hij de school doorlpt . except
the persoonsvorm of a direct phrase. the second rather awkward.Dutch/Lesson Ik betwijfel of
hij morgen vertrekken zal Ik betwijfel of hij morgen zal vertrekken Separable aankomen
Direct Hij zal morgen aankomen Indirect Ik zeg dat hij morgen aan zal komen Ik zeg dat hij
morgen aankomen zal Ik zeg dat hij morgen zal aankomen There is considerable variation in
word order possible.g. some without and usage varies from region to region and person to
person. doorlopen. but if we add another auxilliary ik denk dat hij nog zal moeten komen ik
denk dat hij nog komen moeten zal ik denk dat hij nog moeten komen zal The first is fine.
Separable versus inseparable in dependent clauses Recall that some verbs occur in both a
separable and an inseparable form. There are a few restrictions to the latter in the case of
modal verbs ik weet dat hij nog komen moet ik weet dat hij nog moet komen Both are fine in
Dutch. e. so that in written language the following sentence can have two pronunciations and
two meanings Ik geloof dat hij de school doorloopt In such cases of ambiguity Dutch spelling
allows the addition of stress marks Ik geloof dat hij de school drloopt .takes a number of
years .takes five years and ends in graduation In a dependent clause the only difference
between the two is in the stress pattern. Ik loop de school door . When there are many bits
and pieces at the end they tends compete for last place.
and French did in Quebec. They can even used in an adjectival construction De onmogelijk
op te schrijven tekst werd ter zijde geschoven The text that was impossible to write down.
There were also numerous differences in pronunciation and semantics. In the Netherlands
and Belgium and their colonies his ideas were dismissed as outrageous and iconoclastic. dit
is slechts een vergelijking van de twee talen.S.g. The northern Netherlands only had two
genders and South Africa only one. The inflectional system was already gradually becoming
disused in the Middle Ages. On top of that the spoken language of South Africa had a much
simplified verbal system. Only certain dialects of Flanders and the southern part of the
Netherlands still had at least three genders in the spoken language. until there was only one
written standard legally recognized both in South Africa and in Belgium and the
Netherlands.Dutch/Lesson Separable infinitives and te Infinitives are at times used with te.
much like in English they are with to Dat is moeilijk te lezen . . where the discrepancies were
the most conspicuous. much as English did in the U. Er is een eigen wikiboek voor Afrikaans.
gradually spreading over much of Southern Africa. Belgium. Dutch/Lesson Afrikaans Welkom
by die Afrikaans les Daar is n eie wikiboek vir Afrikaans. feminine and neuter. It is also
known as quotSchrijf zoals je praat / Skryf hoe jy praatspellingquot Writeasyoutalk spelling.
Some Dutch dialects and Afrikaans are still very close to each other and the differences
between Dutch dialects are at least as big as between Dutch and Afrikaans. each of which
would be unable to compete in the modern world. this written standard was rather artificial
and archaic and did not reflect what people actually spoke. Afrikaans amp Nederlands Dutch
is used in the countries The Netherlands. For example the standard still had case endings
and three genders masculine.that is hard to read In such cases separable verbs do separate
Dat is onmogelijk op te schrijven Such infinitives can express an action that must be
performed as in English something to do. his ideas were implemented in the s with
considerable vigor. but later grammarians decided that it had to be preserved even brought
back at all costs. Suriname. was pushed aside. sometimes in Indonesia and some
neighbouring parts of Germany and France. This was why the Kollewijn spelling proposed
radical changes for the spelling of the language. Netherlands Antilles amp Aruba. Since the
political ties were severed and the spoken languages evolved in their own directions. In
South Africa. Afrikaans has its own wikibook. It was also feared that what had been one
language would splinter into many. hierdie is net n vergelyking van die twee tale. Since the
founding of Kaapstad Capetown in a variety of Dutch was spoken at the Cape. In fact. it no
longer used the simple past tense. This page discusses the relationship between the two
sister languages. in South Africa and Namibia. e. Unfortunately. But if you speak Standard
Dutch you can also hold conversations very easily in Southern Africa. The discrepancies
between the single written standard and what people actually spoke were so large that they
created serious educational problems and formed an impediment to social progress both in
Africa and in Europe.
Na heet die taal Afrikaans. Rapidly it disappeared from use. toe die Boere en nou die
Afrikaners. Afrikaans. vaak naas Engels. Since there is a slow process of renewal of ties but
the languages have continued to evolve in different directions in the meantime. n betwiste
kreool van Nederlands. In part the reluctance to reform had to do with the fact that earlier
ideas in Flanders to create a separate standard closer to what was spoken there had largely
been abandoned. Despite considerable variety in the spoken language there was clearly a
desire to keep the written umbrella unified. Inleiding Afrikaans Afrikaans is een van die elf
amptelike tale in SuidAfrika en is ook die grootste. In Belgium the language was under
considerable pressure from a French speaking elite and could ill afford further fragmentation.
much closer to what people actually spoke. In the spelling was revised in such a way that
case endings notably the n in the masculine singular accusative den were made optional.
Many silent and superfluous letters were omitted. The ties with South Africa in the mean time
become all but severed because the Apartheid government there amongst other things . de
menschen wenschen die mense wens de boeken van dien aardigen kleinen jongen die
boeke van die aardige klein jong The reform of was not quite as sweeping as the one in . Tot
het Afrikaans as Nederlands gereken. Xhosa of Zoeloe Let op Hierdie mense wat Afrikaans
praat is nie alleenlik blanke SuidAfrikaners van Nederlandse afkoms nie maar word ook
gepraat deur die sogenaamde kleurlinge en swarte SuidAfrikaners. In Europe it was only
after the Second World War that the educational and political establishment finally threw in
the towel and followed the Afrikaans example. Naas die miljoen is daar ook miljoen wat
Afrikaans praat as tweede taal. Tot di tyd het die mense Afrikaans en Nederlands beskou as
sinonieme. This led to increased linguistic cooperation between Flanders and the
Netherlands and the creation of the Taalunie. maar in het Afrikaans Nederlands offisieel
vervang. word gepraat deur miljoen mense in SuidAfrika as huistaal. Nederlands is
oorspronklik die taal van die Nederlandse koloniste. .emphasized the uniqueness of the
Afrikaans language. Die taal is die meest verspreide taal in Suidelike Afrika en meer as van
die Namibirs kan n proffesionele gesprek in Afrikaans voer.Dutch/Lesson Afrikaans In
Afrikaans was officially recognized as a separate language with its own spelling and
grammar. e. For example the word for at home is still written as thuis from te huis in Dutch.
but as tuis in Afrikaans. In fact in all linguistic ties were broken. Similarly. Deesdae word die
taal deur mense van alle kleure gepraat. thans from te hands now is written as it is
pronounced in Afrikaans tans. maar nie amptelike taal nie van Namibi.g. The Netherlands
and Belgium increasingly joined the boycott against apartheid.
. but not an official language of Namibia. zij leren In Afrikaans there is only one leer . Xhosa
or Zulu. But these days the language is used by people of all colours. often next to
English...Dutch/Lesson Afrikaans Introduction English Afrikaans is one of the eleven official
languages in South Africa and also the biggest.. hij leert wij.ik heb geleerd ek leer . is spoken
by million people in South Africa as a mother tongue.. Note This is not only the white South
Africans of Dutch descent but also the quotcolouredsquot and also many black South
Africans. a creole of Dutch.I have learned ik leer .ek het geleer In the present tense Dutch
typically has three forms ik leer jij. Differences between Dutch and Afrikaans Grammar Verbs
One major difference between the two languages is that Dutch retains the simple past tense.
but in Afrikaans replaced Dutch officially. Afrikaans. later Boers and now Afrikaners.I learned
. Beside those million there are also million people that speak Afrikaans as a secondary
language... Afrikaans does not I learn .ik leerde .. . Dutch was originally the language of the
Dutch colonists. The language is the most spread out language in Southern Africa and more
than of the Namibians can have a professional conversation in Afrikaans. After the language
is called Afrikaans. It was in that Afrikaans was recognized as Dutch in South Africa.. jullie..
till those times it was Standard Dutch and Afrikaans considered as synonyms...
Dutch/Lesson Afrikaans Examples of Afrikaans on left and Dutch on right .
However. In the sentences below chose the right form. Note that letter order is exactly the
same as in English. like English. Ik heb een groot/groot huis. Long i as e in seen ee /i/. but
longer SAMPA /a/. but voiced /G/ hah ee yay kah el em en oh pay kuuh Long o as o in open
oh. Dit huis is groot/grote. . short i as i in pit /I/ Pronounced like y as in yes No aspiration
Thinner than in English Long a in French bateau. . u and consonants Pronounced like t when
at the end of a word Long e as a in late /e/.Dutch/Lesson A Dutch/Lesson A back to lesson
Exercise A Inflection As you have seen in lesson two. consists of basic letters. . an
uninflected one and an inflected one in e. short a as in arm /A/ Pronounced like p when at the
end of a word Like s preceding i. . there are also a number of letter combinations. like k
preceding a. Dutch/Alfabet Les Appendix Alphabet and Pronunciation Guide Het alfabet The
alphabet The Dutch alphabet. Het is een rood/rode auto. . short e as e in pet /E/ . The first
pronunciation given below second column is that in English of the letter or combination itself.
e and y. Dutch adjectives have two main forms. but pronunciation is not for many of the
letters. The following table includes a listing of all these letters and a guide to their
pronunciation. /o/. short o as aw in British English law /O/ No aspiration Usually voiced. Is de
weg erg lang/lange Is het een lang/lange of een kort/korte Is het huis mooi/mooie Ja het is
een prachtig/prachtige huis Hij heeft een beter/betere manier gevonden. As in English. Deze
auto is rood/rode. o. SAMPAorthography see SAMPA A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q ah
bay say day ay ef khay g as ch in Scottish loch. Reading down this column and pronouncing
the quotEnglishquot words will recite the alphabet in het Nederlands in Dutch. letter sounds
can differ depending upon where within a word the letter occurs.
Dutch/Alfabet R S T U V W X err ess tay uuh vay way iks for Holland between upper teeth
and lower lip not between lips / for Flanders Belgium between the lips No aspiration Long u
as u in French du /y/. To be well understood by a native speaker it is imperative to master
them. Z zet combined letters aa ee oo uu au ei eu ie ij oe ou ui ch ng ltlt Contents Page
Nederlandse uitspraak Dutch Pronunciation Guide Klinkers Dutch has quite a few vowels .
short u somewhat like i in bird /Y/ trilled see below Y or IJ ehee. Y only in loans. but rather a
difference in the position of the tongue root lax vs. Unfortunately. this nomenclature is rather
misleading because the difference is not a matter of length. Most vowels occur in pairs that
are traditionally indicated by the terms short and long. never drawled or chewed upon as in
many varieties of English. IJ is a diphthong and considered two letters. which can be quite
challenge for native speakers of languages that rely more on their many consonants such as
Russian. . tense. One general observation is that they are always pronounced as pure or
only slightly diphthongized vowels as in French.
There is an exception. There has been a double ii in the past but to avoid confusion with a
handwritten u it was replaced by ij. father e .businesses zak . the schwa // as is does more or
less in English as well.bags Notice how the formation of the plural necessitates a good
mastery of this principle.koet eu . Youll produce a /y/sound. In front of r the long vowel may
indeed just be the same vowel held a bit longer bord /brt/ boord /brt/ In front of r there are a
few other oddities keel .staal // as in squat. English often used oo. a closed one ending in
one or more consonants. the distinction shortlong has little to do with pure length.stal . It is
spelled with an e. Thus.. Notice the value of the letter u in Dutch./kr/ keus . although it does
have words like shoe. because the change from open to closed is much more important. As
in French it denotes the /y/ sound.boot // as in bell // as in bit // as in paw or UK Potter u .
Afterwards the long /i/ sound it represented became a diphthong /i/ although many dialects
retain /i/. An open syllable has the long one.zakken both have // bag.Dutch/Alfabet vowel
short lax long tense /a/ as in broad US my God Gaad or Fr.. so that this letter has three
meanings the above two in stressed syllables. nu or in front of a w or r ruw..has the short
one. The Dutch /u/ sound is strongly rounded and dark with the tongue pretty far retracted
back in the mouth./kr/ . but rounded // as German Mwe In addition there is a neutral vowel
that occurs in almost all unstressed syllables. The vowels oe and eu do not exhibit the dual
quality of the other vowels./kel/ keer .zaken both have /a/ business .bit . na /na/ nat /nt/ If a
conflict arises..put . American oo sounds tend to be intermediary between /u/ and /y/ There is
a systematic way in the spelling to indicate which of the two varieties is intended.bed .
French uses ou./ks/ keur . stuur. The case of the letter i is a bit special. The spelling oe for /u/
is a real Dutch oddity. It is relatively rare in Dutch because most words that used to have it
have shifted it to the diphthong ui.kluut // more rounded than subtle /y/ as in French tu oe . It
occurs mostly at the end of words like u.biet o . Trick If you can whistle whistle a high note.
As said above. either the vowel or the consonant is doubled zaak .. freeze your mouth in the
position it is in and sing. bteau /e/ as in bait /i/ as in beet /o/ as in boat a ..deuk /u/ as oo..
The trick is to have the tongue far in the front of the mouth and the lips rounded. To write the
long /i/ sound Dutch mostly uses ie. the schwa in unstressed ones. in German it corresponds
to . Most languages use u as German and Latin.bot .beet i .
Originally it represented a k. the number of words where this creates a phonemic distinction
is very small logen /lon/ contrasts with loochen /loxn/ . In various dialects they do occur and
producing them is often frowned upon. First of all a number of phonemes that English has
are simply missing in Dutch. ch and sch problem The spelling sch. aai is /ai/ ooi is /oi/ ieu is
/iu/ or /iy/ eeu is /eu/ uw is /yu/ Diphthongs like /i/ as in English toy or /i/ as in English my are
not used in the standard language. Medeklinkers Most consonants in Dutch are pronounced
more or less the same way as in English but there are a number of notable
exceptions.combination also occurs quite frequently but is pronounced rather differently. not
/rtognbo/ In principle Dutch has both a voiceless and a voiced velar fricative and the letter g
represents the voiced one and the combination ch the voiceless one. In unstressed syllables
like the suffix lijk the ij represents a schwa. The final sch spelling is still used for one rather
common ending isch and also in numerous geographical names as they have never been
altered in spelling chaotisch /xaotis/ not /xaoti/ sHertogenbosch /srtonbs/ . Phonemes are
sounds that suffice in marking one word as different from the other. They are considered
lower class in many circles. it is a bit like in French loeil. However. where English uses sh. In
Dutch the sch. In most cases it presents a combination of sch where the latter is the
voiceless velar fricative /x/ as heard in German Bach or Scottish loch. schip /sxp/ In older
versions of the orthography prior to the combination sch represented a simple /s/ sound in
final position.Dutch/Alfabet Diphthongs ei and ij are both /i/ compare English feisty au and ou
are both /au/ as in English now ui is /y/ needs to be learned by ear. In German it is used to
write the // sound. The g. /g/ g as in good // sh as in ship Please avoid these sounds when
speaking Dutch. Missing phonemes // th as in thing // th as in that. The guttural ch at the end
had gone mute.sound as it still does in some dialects and in Frisian.can be rather confusing
for people familiar with some German.
This sound was standard only a few decades ago and is still used by some speakers. toe
/tu/. in few case it can be a /z/ sound but much less frequently so than in German samen
/samn/ but organisatie /ranizatsi/ The latter word also contains an exception on the rule that t
represents /t/. not unlike American /r/ in words such as bar. kop /kp/ . similar. so that the
difference becomes more pronounced. while the uvular R can turn into a fricative or
approximant. Voiceless consonants p represents /p/. This concerns an approximant sound.
Unlike UKEnglish it is not aspirated and unlike USEnglish it does not become a /d/ in the
middle of a word. the tongue is lowered and relaxed. Essentially there are two. Worldwide. it
is also similar to the French quotrquot. Around Amsterdam it would not be.Dutch/Alfabet It
depends on the region whether this distinction is actually made in the spoken language. poot
/pot/. thereby allowing the back of the tongue to trill against the soft palate the velum or of the
uvula against the back of the tongue. In the ending tie corresponding to tion it is pronounced
as a quick /ts/ combination. alveaolar r. which is also used in many dialects of German. It
only occurs in a few languages like Arabic and Gaelic. beter /betr/ s represents /s/. again it is
never aspirated as often happens in English or German. kraak /krak/ In contrast to English it
is not silent in combinations like kn knie /kni/ ch represents /x/ as discussed above. As many
native speakers do not use it either. k represents /k/. kaap /kap/ f represents /f/ as in English
fuut /fyt/. the voiced // sound is pretty rare. which may cause confusion with words like rood
red and goot gutter. is the trilled quotrquot also used in Spanish. Starting from the Dutch
quotgquot // described above . where Dutch television is produced Hilversum and this
speech feature is popularly thought to have originated. The first two sounds tend to blend to
one lengthy velar/uvular /xot/ or /ot/. Both the alveolar and the uvular /r/ sounds are often not
trilled when spoken by native speakers. named after the Gooi area in the Netherlands. This
also presents a considerable challenge for those unaccustomed to the sound when they are
confronted with words like groot quotbigquot. but unlike in English it is never aspirated. .
further south the phoneme g is often pronounced as a voiced palatal fricative. except in
recent English loans. the alveolar r is more often a light tap. problem for Englishspeaking
learners is the Dutch quotrquot. both of which were historically trilled. unless your mother
tongue happens to have the difference. The Dutch quotrquot Another. but is voiced and
articulated somewhat further forward it is less quotthroatyquot. it is recommended not to
bother about it and use the voiceless /x/ for both. However it is gradually replaced by a
voiced velar or uvular trill R. This phoneme is quite common.a voiced velar fricative. The first.
schaaf /sxaf/ t represents /t/ a true dental. A third type of /r/ currently making inroads into
Dutch is Gooise R. without trilling or friction. produced with the tip of the tongue against the
alveolar ridge.
schichtig /sxxtx/ Devoicing and assimilation As in German. m represents /m/ as in English
mooi /moi/ w represents // much like in German. Bring your upper teeth close to your lower
lip and produce sound without breath. Speakers from e.. water /atr/ In initial wr. It is not silent
as in English. although its voicing is less emphatic bevel /bvl/ d represents /d/ as in English
dader /dadr/ z represents /z/ as in English ziezo /zizo/ g represents // not /g/ as in English
see above gegraven /ravn/. the letters v and z are not used in the final position in such cases
de vaas . Notice however that both the /z/ and the /d/ reappear in the plural de zaden /d
zadn/ Contrary to d.de vazen /d vas . /x/ and /s/ instead. People use /f/.. gracht /rxt/ Around
Amsterdam the tendency to devoice is so strong that /v/ // and /z/ are seldom heard..
Surinam often do use the bilabial version. Liquids. not a bilabial one. Put otherwise produce
a vsound without breath. Het zaad gt t zaad. zaad /zat/ Assimilation with the previous word
often devoices the consonant in initial position as well het zaad /tsat/ The neutral article het is
often reduced to a prefixed tsound in the spoken language and occasionally rendered as
such in the written language as t..d ravn/ Voiced consonants Apart from the devoicing effects
Dutch has the following voiced consonants b represents /b/ as in English baas /bas/ v
represents /v/ as in English.at the ents off worts are devoist. nasals etc. You may hear that
phenomenon when people speak English with a strong Dutch accent. but unlike English all
consonants at the ends of words are devoiced .Dutch/Alfabet schraag /sxrax/.wraak /vrak/ or
/rak/ w tends to sound more like /v/.d vazn/ de graaf . it is a labiodental approximant. In erwt
/rt/ pea the w is silent for most speakers n represents /n/ as in English .de graven /d raf .g.
behang /b/.is a prefix and en the suffix. A variety of uvular forms is taking its place. long and
high in pitch and it never has a schwa . It is much less used than in German. ng // as in
English sing. But with a bit of knowledge of grammar it will be clear that /led/ is the root of a
verb lijden actually and that ver. jacht /jxt/. Dutch is like English and German and unlike
French a typical stress language. which in English usually written as y. although there are
exceptions. nor is it the slender variety as in German. in napen /naapn/. A rolled r /r/ was
more or less the norm. blaadje /blatj/ /blac/ y is not a native Dutch letter but it occurs in loans
where it is pronounced /i/ or /j/. lila /lila/ r can represent a variety of sounds.g. In combination
with i it forms a diphthong ij. The middle e represent a full /e/ sound as the ai in bait. but is
heard less and less. all different pronounced. It is neutral and in between. Syllable Stress
Stress is not represented in the spelling as such but often an educated guess can be made.
It is at the same time loud. French or Irish. In general. borrowed into English as yacht. but
that is only clear for a native speaker. One syllable tends to get all the attention.g. soft and
usually have a schwa. low. but this is not true for all. The suffix je that forms the rather
ubiquitous diminutives tends to palatellize the previous consonants or even fuse to a palatal
stop all together in rapid speech. The English j as in Jack is virtually unknown. but in
Groningen or in WestFlanders it is a syllabic /n/ instead. h represents // a voiced version of
the hsound commonly heard in English and German. unless by a trema. vinger /vr/ Even in
loans the /g/ tends to be avoided tango /tno/ or /to/ nk /k/ as in English sink This involves a /k/
sound that Dutch does have j represents a /j/ sound. much like in English. both letters get
capitalized at the beginning of a sentence ijs gt IJs ice. It only occurs in initial position of a
syllable. . e. theater /tejatr/ rather than /teatr/. l represents an /l/ that is neither velarized dark
as most English ls are. e. Around Amsterdam it is certainly //. It depends strongly on the
region of the speech area you are in. Because the schwa is written as a e in the orthography
it is often quite clear where the stress falls in a word verlaten /vrlatn/ has only one nonschwa
syllable la and sure enough that is where the stress goes. Instead it has a full vowel or a
diphthong. the root of a verb or noun will get the stress in Dutch. herfst /rfst/ the glottal stop is
not rendered in the ortography. verleden /vrledn/ And.Dutch/Alfabet nonnetje /nntj/ /nnc/
Many plurals including the plural forms of the verb have an ending en. Although this is a two
letter combination. Retroflex ones as in US English sound distinctly foreign. Unfortunately for
the nonnative speaker the letter e is also used for other purposes. It does not occur in initial
position. to make it any more difficult for the nonnative speaker december /desmbr/ Its a
word which has three es. never /g/ as in finger the latter uses a /g/ that Dutch does not have.
/is/. Unstressed syllables tend to be short. For many speakers this is pronounced as // and
the final n is dropped.
. Hoe laat is het Ik wil dat. countries etc. My name is . Hoe heet je / Hoe heet u Waar is..
please Phrase Hoi / Hallo Ik ben . alstublieft How are you To someone you do not know Hoe
gaat het met u How are you To someone you know Good morning Good day Good evening
Good night Goodbye Please You are welcome Thank you That How much Yes No Where is
the toilet Generic toast Do you speak English I dont understand I dont speak Dutch Hoe gaat
het met je Goedemorgen Goedendag Goedenavond Goedenacht Dag / Tot ziens Alstublieft
Graag gedaan Dank u wel Dat Hoeveel Ja / Jawel Nee / Neen Waar is het toilet Proost
Spreekt u Engels Dat begrijp ik niet Ik spreek geen Nederlands . ltlt Contents Page
Dutch/Appendix Translation Hello I am ... a good example are the separable and
nonseparable verbs. IJsselmeer.Dutch/Alfabet Of course there are exceptions. e.
Capitalization occurs at the beginning of a sentence. institutions. are capitalized. soortnamen
names of species are not.. when a word beginning with ij has to be capitalized../ Mijn naam
is.. Some words and names can have rather surprising stress patterns Veluwe is /vely/ for
example...g. Ik heet .. Eigennamen names of persons. What is your name Where is. As
mentioned above.. What time is it I want that. both letters become capitals.... Capitalization
The rules for capitalization in Dutch are similar to the ones in English.
Dutch/Appendix Im sorry Pardon me I dont know Best regards Het spijt me Neem me niet
kwalijk Dat weet ik niet Met vriendelijke groet Translation Dutch hello Good morning Good
afternoon Good evening goodbye please thank you Im sorry I dont understand Phrase
Nederlands hallo goedemorgen goedemiddag goedenavond tot ziens alstublieft dank u wel
het spijt me ik begrijp het niet IPA /nedrlns/ /hlo/ /udmrn/ /udmdx/ /udnnt/ /tt zins/ /lstyblift/
/dkyl/ pronunciation NAYderlahnds hahLO tottZEENS AHLstuBLEEFT DAHNKuWELL /k brip
t nit/ Ick beyGRAYP hett neat that one how much English do you speak English die hoeveel
Engels spreek je Engels /di/ /huvel/ /ls/ /sprek j ls/ dee whoVEIL ENGels Sprayk ya ENGels
yes no I dont know ja nee ik weet het niet /ja/ /ne/ /k et t nit/ ya nei Ick WAYT hett neat
Where is the bathroom waar is het toilet I dont feel well Thats okay generic toast ik voel me
niet lekker dat is goed proost /prost/ prohst .
gij komt . Dative case is special and tells us something is indirect object. These cases signify
the role the pronouns have in the sentence. See Officially the plural rd person accusative
form is hen. ik jij/je acc. There is also a number of related adverbs that will be treated here.
number person nom. with a preposition. accusative and dative case. as quotmequot in
quotHe gave me thatquot or quotHe built me a snowmanquot or. In the North its use is
limited to Biblical . English Dutch I you you you he she it mij/me jou/je u u hem haar het ons
jullie u u English me you you you him her it us you you you polite u South gij rd m f n plural st
nd fam. Dutch has pronouns.politeness and emphasis. After a preposition hen should be
used. gender. For example In quotI am hitting youquot. replacement by a pronominal adverb
being preferred See . It has its own verb endings. but they deserve mention when discussing
the Dutch language because pronouns are often replaced by pronominal adverbs. Hun is
officially only used as a dative without preposition quotWe hebben het hun verteldquot
quotWe told them about itquot. quotHe gave it to mequot. In the inanimate case the use of
prepositionpronoun is rare. Adverbs are typically not considered pronouns in grammatical
analysis. Also words with a preposition are in accusative case quotyouquot in quotI am
looking at youquot.the gijform is in regular use for the second person. In the South mostly
Flanders. Persoonlijke voornaamwoorden Personal pronouns In this table personal pronouns
are given in nominative. Even hun is increasingly replaced by ze as people tire of being told
their use of hun is wrong by the schoolmasters. In the spoken language hen is seldom heard.
case.. Pronouns can function either as substantives nouns or as adjectives. quotIquot is
nominative subject and quotyouquot is accusative object. This refers almost entirely to the
written standard language and was artificially constructed by the grammarians of the past.gij
kwaamt. These can mark number. hij zij/ze het wij/we we jullie you you you they polite u
South gij rd zij/ze hen/hun them ze Remarks Sometimes there are two forms jij/je
etc.Dutch/Appendix Dutch/Appendix Les Appendix . It adds a t both in the present and the
past komen . which can be interchanged most of the time.Voornaamwoorden pronouns Like
English./dat. For inanimate objects personal and possesive pronouns are often replaced by
demonstrative pronouns. Dutch singular st nd fam.
Personal Adverb .there are people that like that Notice that er is not considered the subject
of these sentences koffie and mensen are the subject resp. It occurs as the locative part of
many pronominal adverbs. . quotDat is je huis. zijn haar zijn onze/ons our jullie your your
their polite uw rd hun Remarks . erdoor./Lesson . ervan etc. such as erin. The masculine and
feminine forms are increasingly reserved for natural gender persons. .quot vs.quot .. Notice
that u is used as object.er Dutch has a somewhat curious personal locative adverb er that
replaces het and ze particularly in inanimate cases i. Other possessives are seldom inflected
in the modern language Mijne Heren Gentlemen.e.thou shalt not steal. Dutch mijn jouw/je
English my your your his her its polite uw rd m f n plural st nd fam. but it can also be used
independently er is koffie . Bezittelijke voornaamwoorden Possessive pronouns Pssessive
pronouns are essentially the adjectival forms of the personal pronouns. Jullie is never
inflected.there is coffee. number person singular st nd fam. The neuter possessive pronoun
zijn is very rare as Dutch usually opts for a construction involving a pronominal adverb like
ervan. Hare Hoogheid Her Highness. see . as in English in other cases pronominal
replacement is more and more the norm. The difference between jouw and je is matter of
emphasis or the lack thereof quotDat is jouw huis. without implying politeness. er zijn
mensen die dat lusten . Ons has an inflected form onze as most adjectives do See . for
things more so than for persons.Dutch/Appendix quotes like gij zult niet stelen . More
regularly inflected forms are used when the pronoun is used as an independent noun Met
welke auto gaan we De mijne of de jouwe. instead die van jullie is used.
You do that this way and that.then hell sell it modal One modal demonstrative adverb is
common zo .here . close far dit dat all other deze die English this. present nu .Demonstrative
pronouns location neuter sg.there Both of them are used as the locative part of
demonstrative pronominal adverbs like hierdoor. daarginds yonder . ginder.then hij het dan
verkopen . locative Two locative adverbs are in common use . past toen then hij heeft toen
een huis gekocht . daarvan etc. close by hier . remote ginds. Aanwijzende bijwoorden .those
. future/conditional dan . Notice that the distinction ditdeze does not correspond to the
distinction thisthese.demonstrative adverbs temporal Dutch has three demonstrative adverbs
of time . far off daar .now he lves there . Demonstrative pronouns are typically used as
adjectives Dit huis Deze auto they can also be used independently dit is een huis Zijn auto
Die heb ik gezien They are more and more used to replace inanimate personal
pronouns.now nu woont hij er . A third adverb is less common . It replaces de. these that.so
Occasionally a more proximate one zus is used for contrast Dat doe je zus en zo
.Dutch/Appendix Aanwijzende voornaamwoorden . Deze is used in the plural but it also used
in the singular for m/f words.he bought a house then .
substantive antecedent neuter sg.adverbial locative waar .the is the woman whom I love With
inclusion of antecedent. fem sg.this is the town where I was born Waar is also used to form
the relative pronominal adverbs like waarvan.Relative pronouns Zelfstandig. Bijvoeglijk
.where Waar can be used to initiate a dependent clause dit is de stad waar ik geboren ben .
case masc sg. that frequently replace relative pronouns. after included dat wat all other die
wie English that/who the one that/who whoever/that which Without antecedent Dit is het huis
dat ik koop this is the house that I buy Dit is de auto die ik koop .I know which book he uses
ik weet niet in welke steden trams rijden . hetgene. There are a number of archaic forms that
can be used with prepostitions neuterhetwelk.this is the car that I buy Dit is de vrouw die ik
lief heb ./plur wier English whose genitive wiens In inanimate cases the relative pronominal
adverb waarvan is virtually mandatory.Dutch/Appendix Betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden .
waarvoor etc. .I sold that which I had bought earlier. welk all other welke English which ik
weet welk boek hij gebruikt .I met the man whose wife works for us.I do not know in which
cities streetcars are operated Bijwoordelijk . datgene that which other dewelke persons
degene die he who. diegenen die those who As in English the genitives wiens and wier
whose can be used in relative clauses referring to persons ik ontmoette de man wiens vrouw
voor ons werkt .adjective neuter sg. hetgeen. Wie mij steunt zal ik belonen .whoever
supports me I shall reward Ik verkocht wat ik eerder gekocht had .
travlang. this page has been protected. com/ lessonsnlen Dutch/What time is it Hoe laat is
het Saying what time it is is quite different from in English. com/ dutch. com http/ / www. over
. we use times from to oclock. com/ DutchEnglish/ http/ / www. . freetranslations. / / /
Examples uur kwart over half kwart voor to Examples .Dutch/Websites Dutch/Websites Due
to recent spam and vandalism.. dutchgrammar. o. over . Free Online Dutch Tutorial Dutch To
English Dictionary Language translation. Please suggest links to resources on the talk page.
html http/ / dictionaries. Dutch to English and English to Dutch Online Dutch Grammar
Tutorial Online Dutch Lessons References http/ / www. over . internetpolyglot.. com/ en/ http/
/ www. ielanguages. In the following examples.a. You do not use the same rules for saying
and . for example.
.. . over half Example . voor .. over not used everywhere. voor half . uur . voor half Example
.. over half . voor Example .. voor . ..Dutch/What time is it Example .. over half . voor half .
over half to Examples . or voor half to Examples .half to Examples .
zeven . negentien . acht . to As in English the first two are irregular. drie . n . negen . they
betray an ancient suffix lif as in English. tien Notice that the cardinal one is usually written
using stress marks as n to distinguish it from the unstressed indefinite article een English a
or an. zeventien . vijf . vier . zestien .Dutch/The numbers Dutch/The numbers Counting is
often the first thing one wants to learn when visiting another country. zes . vijftien . veertien .
twaalf The rest has tien as a suffix with a few irregularities . Zeven is sometimes pronounced
as quotzeuvenquot zvn to distinguish it better from quotnegenquot. achttien . . nul . to . elf .
dertien . However stress marking is an optional thing in Dutch and the marks are not always
written. twee .
. driehonderd . honderdenn . zestig . tweehonderd . zeventig . dertig . In contrast to English
the units come first eenentwintig quotoneandtwentyquot If the unit ends in a vowel and this
collides with the vowel of quotenquot a diaeresis trema is used tweentwintig .
tweehonderdenn . vijftig . twintig . vierhonderd . tachtig . veertig . . vijfhonderd . Dutch just
uses quothundredquot. zevenhonderd . zeshonderd .Dutch/The numbers to The equivalent
of ty in English is tig. not z. achthonderd . etc. not quotone hunderdquot . In contrast to
English. negenhonderd . honderd . negentig The quotzquot of zestig and zeventig are usually
pronounced as s.
. n miljoen .... duizend .. which is currently used in all Englishspeaking countries. triljoen ....
vijfduizend ... This basically goes the same..Dutch/The numbers to . zes komma zeven
procent.... honderdduizend For years the honderd is often dropped..... n miljoen
vijfhonderdduizend . biljard ... .. biljoen . There are two suffixes joen and jard that alternate..
tweeduizend . vijftigduizend . This notation is the reverse of the English one. tienduizend .
twee miljoen For larger numbers Dutch uses the long scale rather than the short scale..
triljard Decimals Remember that Dutch uses a decimal comma rather than a decimal point.
Dutch/The numbers/Hover test . Large numbers .. ... twintigduizend .. Notice that Dutch uses
periods as separators for factors of one thousand rather than commas. similar to English In
in dertien vijfenvijftig... not a decimal point. duizendenn ....... . Dutch has a decimal comma.
miljard .
Iarlagab.org/w/index. SPQRobin Dutch/Lesson Afrikaans Source http//en.org/w/index. Zwart.
Oreo Priest.org/w/index. Jguk. Iarlagab. Oreo Priest. Jitse Niesen. Guaka. Duplode.
Marshman. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Jguk. Jguk. Az. Datch.
Iarlagab.org/w/index.wikibooks. Jcwf. Wknight.org/w/index. Hagindaz. Gandalf. ModsRule.
Youssefsan. Jcwf. Mtcv.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. German Men. anonymous edits
Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Jcwf. QuiteUnusual.wikibooks. Kevin de Vries.org/w/index.
Mtcv. Cherylpok. Jcwf. Bastique.org/w/index. Jcwf. Yktoo.wikibooks. Jcwf. anonymous edits
Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Iarlagab. Thepeckhambassplayer. Jguk. Oreo Priest. Mtcv.
Oreo Priest. Jcwf. Thenub.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. Oreo Priest.org/w/index.phpoldid
Contributors Adrignola.wikibooks.phpoldid Contributors Jcwf.wikibooks. anonymous edits
Dutch/Appendix Source http//en. Jcwf. Jcwf. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson A Source
http//en.wikibooks. Martin Kraus. Iarlagab. Jguk.phpoldid Contributors Arsenalfan. Jguk.
Kevin de Vries. Mainvoid. Quatt. Mike.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. Jcwf. Jcwf.
Jcwf.org/w/index. Boemanneke.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. Krun. Mkn.wikibooks.
Guanaco. Patrick Star.org/w/index. Iarlagab. Jcwf.phpoldid Contributors
CommonsDelinker.wikibooks. Orange.wikibooks. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source
http//en. Quink. Jguk.org/w/index.wikibooks. Guaka. Nathan niels. Webkid.wikibooks. Jguk.
Derbeth.org/w/index. Quatt. Yarnover. RubySS. Jguk. Whiteknight.org/w/index. George W
Bush. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source http//en.wikibooks. Gandalf. Marshman.
Jguk.wikibooks. Jcwf.phpoldid Contributors David hoepelman.org/w/index. Mtcv. Jguk.
Iarlagab. Iarlagab.wikibooks.wikibooks. Mike. Jguk. Jguk.org/w/index.phpoldid Contributors
Adrignola. Nick Jones.org/w/index. Hagindaz. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source
http//en.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola.wikibooks. Jguk. Jcwf. Guaka. Jguk.
ModsRule.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. Az. Repsah.wikibooks. Robert
Horning.wikibooks.wikibooks. Youssefsan. Jcwf. Youssefsan. anonymous edits
Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Thenub Dutch/Alfabet Source http//en. Iarlagab.phpoldid
Contributors Adrignola. Orange.phpoldid Contributors Jcwf. Iarlagab.phpoldid Contributors
Adrignola.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. anonymous edits Dutch/The numbers Source
http//en. Iarlagab. Iarlagab.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. Mtcv.wikibooks. anonymous
edits .org/w/index. Swift.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. Ylem. Guaka. Yktoo. anonymous
edits Dutch/Introduction Source http//en. Runningfridgesrule.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola.
anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Dallas. ThePCKid.wikibooks. Iarlagab.
Derbeth. Iarlagab. Guaka. Rhdinah. anonymous edits Dutch/What time is it Source http//en.
anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Jcwf. Jamesjiao. Mazeppa. ModsRule.
anonymous edits Dutch/Example Source http//en.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola.phpoldid
Contributors AGrobler. Rhdinah.org/w/index.lifeguard. Zwart. Guaka. Alsocal. anonymous
edits Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Tomakkermans.org/w/index.
Stenographer.org/w/index.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. Velocitas. Jguk. Mtcv.
Tralala.org/w/index.wikibooks. Lde.org/w/index.wikibooks. Wietsezuyderwijk. Webkid.
Marshman.org/w/index. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source http//en.
Jguk.wikibooks.org/w/index. RubySS. Oreo Priest.wikibooks. Guaka. Adrignola. ModsRule.
anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Jcwf. Buncic.org/w/index. Iarlagab.
anonymous edits Dutch/Appendix Source http//en. Guaka.phpoldid Contributors
Adrignola.org/w/index. Repsah. Boemanneke. Patrick Star. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson
Source http//en. Iarlagab.Article Sources and Contributors Article Sources and Contributors
Dutch/Cover Source http//en. Iarlagab. Orion Blastar.
Jguk.org/w/index.org/w/index.wikibooks. Missionary. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source
http//en. EquationDoc. Missionary.wikibooks. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson A Source
http//en. Missionary. Jguk.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola.lifeguard.wikibooks. Recent
Runes. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Iarlagab. Albertde. Iarlagab.phpoldid
Contributors Adrignola. anonymous edits Dutch/Lesson Source http//en.phpoldid
Contributors Adrignola.wikibooks. Jcwf. Totorotroll. Ylem. Marshman. anonymous edits
Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Yktoo. Jomegat. Jcwf.org/w/index. Jguk. Mtcv. Iarlagab. Jguk.
anonymous edits Dutch/Websites Source http//en. SPQRobin. anonymous edits
Dutch/Lesson Source http//en. Jcwf.wikibooks.org/w/index. Derbeth.phpoldid Contributors
Adrignola.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola. Mtcv.phpoldid Contributors Adrignola.phpoldid
Contributors Adrignola.
svg Source http//en.wikibooks.org/w/index.jpg Source http//en.svg Source
http//en.phptitleFileApfelpfannkuchen.wikibooks. ThomasPusch.jpg Source
http//en.wikibooks. Klemen Kocjancic.phptitleFileNieuwpoort.wikibooks.org/w/index.
anonymous edits FileApfelpfannkuchen. Licenses and Contributors Image Sources.
Krun.org/w/index. Bibi SaintPol.phptitleFileAaltochairfront.org/w/index. Contributors
UserLyzzy ImageOnzeLieveVrouwekathedraal toren gezien vanaf Linkeroever.org/w/index.
Orange .wikibooks.phptitleFileBahnhofvalkenburg.JPG License GNU Free Documentation
License Contributors UserEllywa ImageAalto chair front.org/w/index. Anime Addict
AA.wikibooks.phptitleFileFlagoftheNetherlands.org/w/index.
Vzb.org/w/index.org/w/index.org/w/index. Pkuczynski.jpg License GNU Free Documentation
License Contributors Erik Baas. Homo lupus.jpg Source http//en. Kookaburra.svg License
unknown Contributors El T ImageBahnhof valkenburg.phptitleFileAaltotable.wikibooks.svg
Source http//en.wikibooks. Zscout.org/w/index. Reisio.JPG License GNU Free
Documentation License Contributors Barbarossa.wikibooks.jpg License GNU Free
Documentation License Contributors Original uploader was Donderwolk at
nl.wikibooks.phptitleFileFlagofBelgium.JPG Source http//en.svg License Public Domain
Contributors UserDbenbenn ImageFlag of the Netherlands.Image Sources.jpg Source
http//en.jpg License Public Domain Contributors Orange
ImageNederlandsenAfrikaanskleuren. T Houdijk
ImageNieuwpoort.phptitleFileInformationicon. Fry. Licenses and Contributors
FileDutchWikibookcoverHendrikAvercamp.phptitleFileAfrikaansenNederlands.phptitleFileOnz
eLieveVrouwekathedraaltorengezienvanafLinkeroever. Mmxx.svg License Public Domain
Contributors ALE.jpg License Public Domain Contributors UserJcwf ImageFlag of
Belgium.wikipedia
ImageAfrikaansenNederlands.wikibooks.wikibooks.phptitleFileDutchWikibookcoverHendrikA
vercamp. Ronaldino ImageAalto table.jpg Source
http//en.wikibooks.phptitleFileFlagofSuriname.JPG Source http//en.JPG License GNU Free
Documentation License Contributors UserEllywa ImageInformation icon. Siebrand.
Mattes.svg License Public Domain Contributors UserZscout ImageFlag of
Suriname.org/w/index. Mikewazhere.svg Source http//en.jpg License Public Domain
Contributors Adrignola. Nightstallion. Markus Schweiss. Pfctdayelise.org/w/index.jpg License
Creative Commons AttributionSharealike .phptitleFileNederlandsenAfrikaanskleuren.JPG
Source http//en.jpg Source http//en.
/ . org/ licenses/ bysa/ . Unported http/ / creativecommons.License License Creative
Commons AttributionShare Alike .