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FIRST AID DR.P.RAMESH BABU M.B;B.S;A.F.I.H MEDICAL SUPDT 4/30/2017 2 4/30/2017 3 FIRST AID STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN BODY 4/30/2017 5 SKELETON 4/30/2017 6 The Axial Skeleton The Complete Skeleton •Axial skeleton –Skull –Hyoid bone –Vertebral column –Thoracic (rib) cage •Appendicular skeleton –Limbs –Girdles • The skeleton is the framework of the human anatomy, supporting the body and protecting its internal organs. • 206 compose the skeleton, about half of which are in the hands and feet. • Most of the bones are connected to other bones at flexible joints, which lend the framework a high degree of flexibility. 4/30/2017 9 Skeleton contd Only one bone, the hyoid, is not directly connected to another bone in such an articulation. It anchors the tongue and is attached to the styloid processes of the skull by ligament. The skeletons of male and female bodies are essentially the same, with the only noteworthy exceptions being that female bones are usually lighter and thinner than male bones, and the female pelvis is shallower and wider than the male's. This latter difference makes childbirth easier. 4/30/2017 10 The skull is one of the principle groups of bones in the human anatomy. The skull consists of twenty-six bones: eight bones form the cranium, which houses the brain and ear ossicles, plus fourteen facial bones, which form the front of the face, jaw, nose, orbits, and the roof of the mouth, three more bones make up the inner ear ossicles, and one more, the hyoid bone, is in the neck and is attached to the temporal bone by ligaments and 4/30/2017 anchors the tongue. 11 The Skull contd • The skull is the skeleton of the head and is made up of the following bones: 1. One on the top called Dome. 2. One in the front corresponding to the face called Frontal. 3. Two-one on either side called the Parietals. 4. Two-one on either side below the Parietals called Temporalis. 5. One behind corresponding to the back of the head is called Occipital. 6. Two forming roof of the mouth or the Upper Jaw. 4/30/2017 12 Skull Cavity Contains Brain Emerges Spinal Cord From Foramen Magnum ( a big hole in the base Of skull) continuous as spinal cord in back bone. 4/30/2017 13 Superior View of Skull or Cranium • Functions – Protects brain – Supports organs of special senses • Superior view of skull – Parietal bones-top of skull – Frontal boneforehead Modified from Fig. 7.2 Posterior View of Skull • Hard palate-roof of mouth – Palatine – Maxilla Occipital -back of head Modified from Fig. 7.3 Lateral View of Skull • Temporal bone External auditory meatus-earhole • Zygomatic bonearch of cheek • Mandible- Jawbone • Sphenoid bone- at temple Modified from Fig. 7.4 Frontal View of Skull • Zygomatic bones • Nasal bones-top of nose • Inferior nasal concha-inside nose • Maxilla-moustache bone Modified from Fig. 7.6 Bones and Openings of Right Orbit • Ethmoid bone • Lacrimal bone • Sphenoid bone Modified from Fig. 7.8 Inferior View of Skull • Foramen magnum • Occipital condyles • Styloid processes Modified from Fig. 7.12 Hyoid Bone and Auditory Ossicles • Hyoid bone – Unpaired – No direct bony attachment to skull – Attachment point for some tongue muscles – Attachment point for neck muscles that elevate larynx during speech and swallowing • Auditory ossicles Fig. 7.14 – Malleus, incus and stapes Vertebra • Parts – – – – Body Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch Superior and inferior articular processes and facets – Transverse process – Articular facets for rib – Spinous process Modified from Fig. 7.19 Vertebral Column • Regions – Cervical (7 vertebrae) – Thoracic (12 vertebrae) – Lumbar (5 vertebrae) – Sacral bone (1) – Coccygeal bone (1) Fig. 7.15 Cervical Vertebrae • Atlas – First vertebra • Axis – Second vertebra – Dens or odontoid process Modified from Fig. 7.22 Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae Modified from Fig. 7.23 Modified from Fig. 7.24 Sacrum and Coccyx Modified from Fig. 7.25 Thoracic or Rib Cage and Sternum Parts •Thoracic vertebrae •Ribs (12 pair) •True or Vertebrosternal •False •floating •Sternum (manubrium, body, Xiphoid process •) • • • Parts – Thoracic vertebrae – Ribs (12 pair) • True or Vertebrosternal • False floating – Sternum (manubrium, body, Xiphoid process ) Back Bone or Spine ( Vertebral Column) • • • • • • • 4/30/2017 It consists of thirty three Cervical ------07 Thoracic ----- 12 Separate Lumbar ------ 05 Sacral -------- 05 fused Coccyx ------- 04 In between each pair of vertebrae there is a thick space called “Disc” which allows movement as well as shock absorber.Central canal through which spinal cord passes and carries nerve impulses to and from the Brain. 27 4/30/2017 28 Ribs & Breast Bone ( Sternum) • 12 pairs attached to the corresponding vertebrae at the back. • 1 to 7 pairs – attached Breast bone front • 8 to 10 pairs – attached to ribs above. • 11 & 12 pairs – have no attachment in front Floating Ribs. 4/30/2017 29 The Upper Limbs&Shoulder 1.Clavicle ( collar bone) 2. Scapula ( Shoulder blade) Bones In Upper Limb 1. Humerus ( Upper arm bone) 2. Fore arm bones ---two a) Radius – Outer side of fore arm b) Ulna -- Inner side of fore arm. The joint between upper arm & fore arm is called Elbow joint. 4/30/2017 30 The scapula (shoulder blade) is a rougly triangular bone which, with the clavicle, forms the pectoral, or shoulder, girdle. The humerus, or upper arm bone, articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint. This articulation takes place at the glenoid cavity, located at the upper, lateral angle of the scapula. The posterior of the scapula features a laterally running spine ,which separates the posterior surface into two unequal areas. This spine continues laterally and projects in the coracoid process and the acromion (which articulates with the medial end of the clavicle). Both of these projections serve as sites of attachment for connective tissue, and the spine and acromion anchor the trapezius and deltoids, specifically. These connections give the pectoral girdle a high degree of both flexibility and strength. 4/30/2017 Scapula 31 There are 8 carpal bones at the Wrist 5 Meta carpal bones in the palm of the Hand. 3 small bones in each finger called Phalanges. 2 bones for each Thumb. Hand bones 4/30/2017 32 Pelvi s The pelvis creates the basin of the lower abdominal cavity. It is formed by three separate bones which become fused: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis. The ilium is the broad, wing-like segment which features the wide, slightly concave surfaces of the back and sides of the pelvic girdle. The ischium forms the smaller, lower, portion which bears the weight of the body while sitting. The pubis creates an archway in the front of the basin which allows the urethra, blood vessels, and nerves to pass through the pelvic 4/30/2017 33 girdle to the external genitalia and lower body. The Pelvis & Lower Limbs • 2 Hip bones one on either side joined together form the Pelvis. • The Pelvis forms a basin – shaped cavity which contains intestines, Urinary bladder and reproductive organs. • There are two sockets one either side of the Pelvis, where the thigh bones join forming Hip joint 4/30/2017 34 Lower Limb Femur ( Thigh Bone) Longest & Strongest bone in the body. Upper end ---- Part of Hip joint Lower end ---- Part of Knee joint. Patella ( Knee cap) Small bone over the front of the Knee joint lying loosely in the muscles, ligaments and under the skin. 4/30/2017 35 • Lower Limb Leg 1. Tibia ( Shin Bone) 2. Fibula ( Brooch Bone) Tibia: Extends from Knee joint to Ankle joint. Fibula: Lies on the outer side of Tibia. It does not participate in the formation of Knee joint, But lower end forms outer part of the ankle joint. 4/30/2017 36 FOOT Tarsals ---- 7 Irregular bones at the “Instep” Largest, the heel-bone and the upper most forms the lower part of ankle joint. Meta tarsals – 5 long bones in front of the instep support the toes. Phalanges -- 14 in number, 2 in big toe and three in each of other 4 toes. 4/30/2017 37 Joints • Joints are at the junction of two or more bones. • There may be no movement as in skull • Or there may be movements as in Knee, Elbow, Shoulder and Hip joints. • Ends of the bones are covered by cartilage and is overall again encased in capsule with some lubricant material inside the joint. 4/30/2017 38 Primarily meant to produce movement of the Limbs & Organs. There are Broadly two types of muscles 1. Voluntary – cause movement under the will. 2. In voluntary – with out the will like Heart, lungs, brain, kidneys etc. 4/30/2017 39 Muscles of abdominal wall Muscles of Upper Limb Muscles of back Muscles of Face 4/30/2017 40 Muscles of Feet 4/30/2017 Muscles of Leg 41 Nervous system The muscles go in action called contraction by stimuli of nerves arising from brain & spinal cord carrying motor impulses. The damage to the nerves results in paralysis of the muscles. 4/30/2017 42 Ligaments Thickened portions of the joint capsule are called ligaments. They check movements beyond normal permissible limits. If there is simple injury to the ligaments of the joints, it is called sprain. Connective Tissue Consists of yellow elastic & white fibrous tissue intermixed in varying proportions. Present in many parts of the body & forms a layer between the skin and underlying muscles all over the body. Fat being contained between its meshes, often in large quantities Chief use is bind parts together. 4/30/2017 43 • Functions of the Body • PHYSIOLGY: Study of normal changes and activities which go on living beings. • Heart,lungs,Kidneys etc are called organs. • Their special work is called function. 4/30/2017 44 • Covers the whole body. • Protects underlying structures. • Two layers. 1. Cuticle – outer hard layer. 2. Dermis ( True Skin) inner layer • The skin has the largest surface area of any organ in the body and is the heaviest skin On the surface are the sensitive papillae, and within are certain organs with special functions, the sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. The skin protects the internal organs of the body against infection, injury, and harmful sun rays. It also plays an important role in the regulation of body temperature. Although the skin of an average-sized adult may weigh as much as twenty pounds, it is only paper thin in some places and not much thicker in others. 4/30/2017 45 Blood circulation - brain 4/30/2017 46 Blood - abdomen 4/30/2017 47 Brain 4/30/2017 48 Brain 4/30/2017 49 Brain-post 4/30/2017 50 Chest-ant 4/30/2017 51 Diaphragm 4/30/2017 52 ear 4/30/2017 53 Eye 4/30/2017 54 Eye 4/30/2017 55 EYE-MUSCLE 4/30/2017 56 KUB 4/30/2017 57 Reproductive organs 4/30/2017 58 Glands - Neck 4/30/2017 59 Heart 4/30/2017 60 Heart 4/30/2017 61 Internal ear 4/30/2017 62 Kidney 4/30/2017 63 Kidney 4/30/2017 64 KNee 4/30/2017 65 Knee post 4/30/2017 66 larynx 4/30/2017 67 LARYNX-INNER 4/30/2017 68 LARYNX - ANT 4/30/2017 69 LARYNX-POST 4/30/2017 70 TRACHEA 4/30/2017 71 LUNG RT 4/30/2017 LT 72 LUNGS 4/30/2017 73 abdomen 4/30/2017 74 Abdomen 4/30/2017 75 STOMACH 4/30/2017 76 LIVER - ANT 4/30/2017 77 LIVER - INT 4/30/2017 78 LARGE INTESTINE 4/30/2017 79 MALE – REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 4/30/2017 80 FACE - MUSCLES 4/30/2017 81 NASAL PASSAGES 4/30/2017 82 PANCREAS 4/30/2017 83 PELVIS 4/30/2017 84 SHOULDER 4/30/2017 85 SKULL 4/30/2017 86 SPINE ANT 4/30/2017 POST 87 SPINAL CORD- DORSAL 4/30/2017 88 SPINAL CORD 4/30/2017 89 VERTEBRA 4/30/2017 90 VERTEBRA 4/30/2017 91 TEETH 4/30/2017 92 TONGUE 4/30/2017 93 SPLEEN 4/30/2017 94 STERNUM 4/30/2017 95 TIBIA 4/30/2017 96 CPR BLOWING 4/30/2017 HAND POSITION PUMPING QUICK 97