Download Towards the 4G

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Towards the 4G
José Jiménez
Director for Innovation
Telefónica I+D
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It is coming...!
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But, when it will be 3G?
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The story behind 3G
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An unification objective
The USA/Japan requirements different from those of Europe
Was anything wrong, after all?.
Many open planning problems
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What should we do now?
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UMTS-WLAN for hot spots
Unified network architecture vs. ad hoc architecture
How to live with IP?. Integration issues
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Some research areas
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As suggested in the WWRF
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What went wrong?... If anything
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DCS
GSM
TACS
NMT
UMTS
IS95
D-amps
CTM
CT0 CT1
DECT
CT2
PHS/ PACS
Tetra
MTP
Mens.
Radio
Wireless
Celular
The objective in 1992
Pocsag
Flex
Ermes
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FRAMES can be considered as the technical "father" of UMTS.
■
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Siemens, Nokia y Ericsson
Based on previous work on CDMA (CoDiT) and ADTMA
A system capable of two operation modes
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FMA1: TDMA with CDMA to be used with joint detection
Evolution of GSM
Good for packet traffic indoors
FMA2: WCDMA (Evolution of CoDiT)
More efficient spectrally
Inspired in IS-95
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One single radio interface was not technically efficient.
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PROJECT FRAMES (1995-1998)
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Evolution of different systems
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Other mistakes…uncertainties
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But not all is gloom
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For technical reasons and due to the commercial pressure no unified
approach has been produced
A collection of new systems has to be implemented very (too) fast.
All the data and simulation results have been provided by interested
parties.
Many assumptions are biased
Research is required to test and
improve the
"comercial assumptions" and
develop realistic models
●
No (clear) dimensiong guidelines are provided
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Summary
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What is UMTS offering?
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Objectives
■ The offered data rate will depend on the type of location and user's
speed.
Rural: 144 kb/s at 400 km/h. Objective 384 kb/s
■ Suburban: 384 kb/s 120 Km/h. Objective 512 kb/s
■ Picocells/fixed users: 2 Mb/s. Though it might not be offered with FDD nor
everywhere
Symmetric and assymetric services
UMTS
Global roaming
Voz
Voice quality similar to fixed network
UMTS
■
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But it may not be obtained everywhere!!
GSM
Voz
384 kbps
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A capacity example
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To obtain multiservice cell capacity, total capacity has to be divided among
different services.
This leads to several possible combinations.
However, much will depend on the activity factor for each service (a) and
others cell interference.
Solution 1
Solutión 2
Solution 3
Solution 4
Solution 5
Voice 12 Kb/s
(a=3/8)
69 Erl
26 Erl
26 Erl
26 Erl
-
Data 64 Kb/s
(a=0,5)
6,6 Erl
Data 64 Kb/s
(a=0,1)
-
Data 384 kb/s
(a=0,1)
-
33 Erl
4 Erl
9 Erl
Note: Those results have been obtained using Pout=0,1 ;
Eb/No=6 dB voice; 4 dB data 64 kb/s y 3 dB data a 384 kb/s.
Intercell interference 0.7 . Power control error 2 dB
Based on Viterbi. Principles of CDMA communications.
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Planning issues
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The 3G network CDMA has still
MANY open issues
CDMA planning
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Coverage planning (incl. services)
There is no proper algorithm for
CDMA planning except
simulation.
The effect of cells over
neighbouring cells is almost
impossible to know before
hand
Capacity reductions due to load
increase are almost
impredictable
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CDMA coverage is traffic
dependent
Source: Alcatel review 2001/1
The coverage area decreases as:
-Traffic increases
-High data rate users enter
-Interference from other cells increases
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The shrinking capacity of CDMA
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Radio Resource Allocation
Given a number of mobiles, find the optimum assotiation of them to the BS
considering:
■ The radio environment
QoS requirement
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BS power
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traffic classes
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number of codes
Different traffic types
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RT: real time
See for example: S. Dixit, Y. Guo, Z. Antoniou.
Resource Mgmtn. and QoS in 3G Wireless Networks.
IEEE Comm Magzine. Feb 2001
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An important factor is the effect of the variable radio channel
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Behaviour in case of bad channel
Types of algorithms
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Centralized
Decentralized
- Source: RRA in third generation.
IEEE Com Mag. Feb 01
Jorguseski, Fledderus, Farserotu, Prasad
- Wineglass and Arrows projects (IST)
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Radio resource Allocation
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TD-CDMA planning
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There is less experience.
Is also CDMA but less expansion
FRAMES proposed several algorithms
Centralized resource allocation
Intrabunch
Centralized resource allocation
based on the interference matrix
Decentralized based on segregation
10 ms
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MULTIPLE SWITCHING POINTS, SYMMETRIC
10 ms
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MULTIPLE SWITCHING POINTS, ASYMMETRIC
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10 ms
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Internal UTRA-TDD planning is more
complex
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SINGLE SWITCHING POINT, SYMMETRIC
10 ms
Includes time slot
SINGLE SWITCHING POINT, ASYMMETRIC
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It will coexist with WCDMA
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TD-CDMA planning may be even more difficult!
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UMTS shall normally carry voice
and packets separately, but VoIPW
is a challenging possibility
The use of VoIPW in UMTS implies
some extra difficulties.
■ IP is not the ideal solution for
voice
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The VoIP should use RTP (real time
packets).
Call Control alternatives SIP, H.323
Traffic classification.
Overhead should be reduced
Not always possible for security
reasons
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Source: Ericsson Review 2000/1
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The challenges of VoIPW
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Convergence of IP and mobile
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Internet is growing very fast
Many Internet users are also mobile users
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Business oportunities
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The combination of mobile and data will give new business
oportunities
ISPs/Portals:
•Personalization
•Location-specific
•Easy to use
m-Commerce:
•mobile banking
•transactions
•communication
•location-specific
Advanced PDA’s & phones:
•Larger screens
•personalized
•Internet enabled
Operating Systems:
•Palm OS
•Win CE
•EPOC
•RIM OS
Packet-based network
GPR S
Subscribers
PDA’s
e-commerce
Digital cell phone
CDMA, TDMA, GSM, PDC
Portals
Web browser
Analog cell phone
AMPS
PC
Source: Goldman Sachs
Wireline Internet evolution
TODAY
Mobile communications evolution
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It may be we are in a DECT like situation
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One way forward is to explore the possibilities of WLAN
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Many standards (IEEE 802.11a/b, Hyperlan, commercial solutions..)
Some of them very expensive
Can we afford to wait for an standard "de facto"?.
Used in the office
… at home
… in public environments (airport, conference hall, markets, etc...)
… some restricted outdoor environments
This opens compatibility/routing/roaming problems
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WLAN could be a solution
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Nobody knows yet;
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Nevertheless there is some consensus on what might be the features
of a 4G system;
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It should include advanced and innovative concepts and technologies
for self-aware, self-organising ad-hoc wireless networks;
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May be not a NEW air interface scheme but a flexible one that allows
scalable wireless connectivity;
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Try to assess potential spectrum requirements and co-existence
issues.
The mobile communications access component
is to be viewed as simple extensions of the fixed network infrastructure,
and not as a separate network structure with restricted interface and access mechanisms
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What is a 4G system?
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The new vision for the 4G (CE)
Source:http://www.cordis.lu/ist/ka4/mobil
Mobility/Deployment Area
Target Area of Service
Beyond IMT-2000
High Speed
/Nationwide
Moderate Speed
/Citywide
2G
Systems Beyond
IMT-2000
3G
(2007-2010?)
IMT-2000
(2001)
Walking
/Premises
Wireless LAN
(2002)
Millimeter-wave
LAN
Static
/Indoor
0.1
1
10
Transmission Bit Rate (Mbit/s)
100
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Where is the 4G in the famous diagram?
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The approach to 4G
The expression 4G should not be used to imply that
UMTS will be superseded like GSM
M obile Systems beyond IM T-2000
Vehicular
M obility
4G System 5G Syst.
( 4th Gen eration )
IM T-2000
Pedestrian
W ire le ss A cc ess
W ire le ss LA N
Stationary
0.1
1
D ata Rate (M b it/s)
10
100
•A new cellular generation offering a factor of
gain in speed in higher spectrum regions is
not cost/effective under known technological
trends.
•These gains can only be realised in hot/spot
areas where the traffic justifies it. But in these
areas other technologies (WLAN, BFWA etc)
can be used.
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The result of an EC 5 th FW project IST
Based initially in the work of 4 major players in the
european mobile industry in WSI project
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4 groups
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Collaboration of other research institutes.
User's view
Applications and services
Technologies
Spectrum
The Wireless World Radio Forum has been
formed.
http://www.ist-wsi.org
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A forum for the 4G: WWRF
http://www.ist-wsi.org
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An expanding Personal Communications Space
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Layered structure for 4G
distribution layer
• full coverage
• globalaccess
• full mobility
• not necessary
individual links
DAB and/or DVB
• full coverage
and hot spots
• globalroaming
• full mobility
• individual links
2G: e.g.
GSM
cellular layer
IMT-2000
UMTS
possible return channels
hot spot layer
• local coverage
• hot spots
• globalroaming
• local mobility
• individual links
WLAN type
e.g. ETSI BRAN
• short range
communication
(e.g. Bluetooth, DECT)
• globalroaming
• individual links
personal network layer
fixed(wired) layer X X X X
X X X X X
X X X X
• no mobility
• globalroaming
• individual links
Horizontal handover within a system Vertical handover between systems
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"The user in the driving seat"
Future mobile systems need to start from the user's prespective
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Users needs
Users segments
Cultural differences, the user of tomorrow
User modelling
Model user behaviour
Access for all
Common addressing in networks
Wereability
Technology and fashion
Health and security
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WG 1. The user perspective
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Body area networks
Mix of Human to Computer to Device
Hidden RF and Processor
components
Wearable devices
Multi-modal Interaction
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Speech - Mics, Sound
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Vision - Cameras
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Location - Privacy issues
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Hybrid Reality ■
Writing - Stylus/Pad
A communicating SIM in the wallet
Power saving technologies
http://www.ist-wsi.org
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The Disappearing Terminal
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The Wireless Shirt
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FitSense's patented foot sensor
automatically adjusts
to each stride to give a highly
accurate measure of pace,
distance, speed and caloric
expenditure. A wireless, digital
link sends the data from the
foot sensor to the watch.
■
http://learn.fitsense.com/
http://learn.fitsense.com/
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An example: 'Human Body Dashboard'
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Open service architecture for context awareness and ubiquous
computing
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Service creation
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Modelling
Multimedia Management
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PSE, VHE
profiling, personalization, context identification, gathering, privacy
Intiuitive message creation
Media transcoding
Billing
Machine to machine applications
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WG2. Applications and services
•service discovery;
•security;
•management;
•spectrum coexistence
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Self organizing networks
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An example
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Source: IST WIND-FLEX project
http://www.vtt.fi/ele/research/els/projects/windflex.htm
Other sources: Temiodes project
IEEE Comm Magazine. Jan 2001
Source: IEEE PCM march 2001
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Link layer:
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Medium access control (MAC) protocols that exploit the capabilities of the
physical layer need to be developed.
For instance, the physical layer may be capable of performing power
control, using multiple modulation or coding schemes or of providing
channel-condition-related information to the upper layers. MAC protocols
capable of utilizing these capabilities need to be developed to optimize
performance
Re-transmission schemes
Network layer:
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Impact of mobility
Proactive protocols tend to maintain routes between all node pairs,
regardless of whether or not those routes are used.
Reactive protocols tend to explicitly establish routes on demand
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Self organizing networks. Some issues I
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Power conservation:
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Security:
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Data route is difficult to know. Security may be a big problem
Billing
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Batteries typically power hosts in mobile ad hoc networks.
Who pays relay stations?.
Cross-layer interaction
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For instance, the link layer may be able to improve performance by
knowing more about channel conditions.
This is applicable to all systems but in this case may be even more
important.
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Some issues II
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Microelectronics.
Dynamic link adaptation protocols
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Wireless protocol requirementes
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QoS support considering physical layer capabilities
Sip, IPv6, MPLS, diffserv requirements in terms of security QoS and
scalability
Air interface adaptive techniques
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Adaptation in frequency, modulation, time, space and coding
Adaptive antenna
Ultrawideband technologies
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WG. 3 Technologies
Source: Inst. Fraunhofer
www.ist-wsi.org
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Tendencies in microelectronic
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Averaging the channel
Transmitting when the pathloss is small
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400
600
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1000
1200
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Source: Qualcomm
www.ist-wsi.org
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Dynamic scheduling to exploit fading (Qualcomm)
Source: http://www.multispectral.com/presentations.html
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Ultra Wide Band
Source: http://www.multispectral.com/presentations.html
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UWB in communications
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It’s the combination of two well known techniques for modulation and
Multiple Access (MA) :
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM): already used in
digital broadcasting applications and WLL schemes;
Single carrier Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): already used in 2nd
generation cellular systems and being a dominant mode of the UTRA for
3rd generation systems;
CDMA provides the MA capabilities to the scheme;
OFDM transforms a high rate serial input sequence into a set of low
rate sequences transmitted in parallel (taking advantage of frequency
diversity at the same time);
The result (also known as MT-CDMA, DMT, MC-DS-CDMA) is a very
flexible Radio Access (RA) scheme
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Multicarrier Coded Division Multiple Access
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Source: Prof. Lajos Hanzo, University of Southampton
IST TRUST project
http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk/index.html
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Source: Prof. Lajos Hanzo, University of Southampton
IST TRUST project
http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk/index.html
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Integration of satellite
Distributed management of AAA and security
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Broadband wireless air interface
PAN and embedded systems
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info-security, personal safety
Regulatory and business aspects
Protocol enhancement for network convergence scenarios
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use in ad-hoc networking
Dynamic pricing vs. Loading and top priority services
Dynamic spectrum management (DSM)
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Real time spectrum trading
Traffic management and mobility issues for DSM
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WG4. The new communication environment system:
Regulation and Spectrum
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Do not feel depressed!!. UMTS will succeed
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But we need
■ New planning strategies for multimedia WCDMA
■ Good planning algorithms for TD-CDMA
■ VoIPW needs some work. (QoS issues remain open)
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But just in case, please consider
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WLAN solutions (Hyperlan, IEEE 802.11 a, MC-CDMA...)
New radio alternatives UWB
Solutions based on opportunity (HDR Qualcomm)
Other challenges
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Self configuring networks
New radio interfaces.
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Summary: Challenges
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Flab: too much soft flesh
Source: J. Dasilva. www.cordis.lu