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Wireless and Mobile Networks EECS 489 Computer Networks http://www.eecs.umich.edu/courses/eecs489/w07 Z. Morley Mao Monday March 12, 2007 Acknowledgement: Some slides taken from Kurose&Ross 1 Chapter 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks Background: # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet access two important (but different) challenges communication over wireless link handling mobile user who changes point of attachment to network 2 Elements of a wireless network wireless hosts laptop, PDA, IP phone run applications may be stationary (nonmobile) or mobile network infrastructure wireless does not always mean mobility 3 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure base station typically connected to wired network relay - responsible for sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its “area” e.g., cell towers 802.11 access points 4 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless link typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station also used as backbone link multiple access protocol coordinates link access various data rates, transmission distance 5 Characteristics of selected wireless link standards 54 Mbps 5-11 Mbps 802.11{a,g} 802.11b .11 p-to-p link 1 Mbps 802.15 3G UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 384 Kbps 2G IS-95 CDMA, GSM 56 Kbps Indoor Outdoor Mid range outdoor Long range outdoor 10 – 30m 50 – 200m 200m – 4Km 5Km – 20Km 6 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure infrastructure mode base station connects mobiles into wired network handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network 7 Elements of a wireless network Ad hoc mode no base stations nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves 8 Wireless Link Characteristics Differences from wired link …. decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss) interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground, arriving ad destination at slightly different times …. make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more “difficult” 9 Wireless network characteristics Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (beyond multiple access): C A B A B Hidden terminal problem B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C can not hear each other means A, C unaware of their interference at B C C’s signal strength A’s signal strength space Signal fading: B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C can not hear each other interferring at B 10 Review on FDMA, TDMA, CDMA 11 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) used in several wireless broadcast channels (cellular, satellite, etc) standards unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set partitioning all users share same frequency, but each user has own “chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence) decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and chipping sequence allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are “orthogonal”) 12 CDMA Encode/Decode sender d0 = 1 data bits code Zi,m= di.cm -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 slot 1 -1 slot 1 channel output 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 d1 = -1 1 1 1 channel output Zi,m -1 -1 -1 slot 0 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 slot 0 channel output M Di = S Zi,m.cm m=1 received input code receiver 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 slot 1 M 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 slot 0 d0 = 1 d1 = -1 slot 1 channel output slot 0 channel output 13 CDMA in the presence of multiple users 14 CDMA: two-sender interference 15