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Transcript
The growth of city states in Greece lead to the development of several political systems, including democracy. By 750 BCE the Greek city-state, or polis, is the formal government. ◦ A polis is a city and its surrounding villages; 50500 square miles. ◦ Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000. Citizens gather to discuss government in two different places: ◦ the agora which was the marketplace ◦ the acropolis which was a fortified hilltop Greek Political Structures ◦ City-states have different forms of government. Monarchy -rule by a king Aristocracy -rule by nobility Oligarchy -rule by a small group of powerful merchants and artisans Tyrants Seize Power ◦ Rulers and common people clash in many citystates. ◦ Tyrants — often nobles or wealthy citizens won support of common people and seized control of the government. They ruled in the interests of ordinary people. They often set up building programs to provide jobs and housing for their supporters. Athens avoided major political upheavals by making timely reforms. About 621 B.C., democracy —rule by the people—develops in Athens. Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code ◦ All Athenians, rich and poor, were equal under the law. ◦ Strict laws. Death was the primary punishment ◦ Upheld debt slavery Solon ◦ Abolishes debt slavery no citizen shall own another citizen ◦ All citizens could participate in the Athenian assembly He divided citizens into four social classes according to wealth Only top three classes could hold political office ◦ Any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers Divided citizens into 10 groups based on geography instead of wealth ◦ This broke up the power of the nobility Allowed all citizens to submit suggestions for laws ◦ Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens Women, slaves & foreigners were excluded from citizenship and had few rights. Created the Council of Five Hundred ◦ Proposed laws and counseled assembly ◦ Council members were chosen at random Why was the Athenian Democracy a limited democracy? ◦ Not all native born Athenians were citizens Ex. Women and slaves or foreigners who made Athens their home. ◦ Only citizens had the right to participate in the Assembly and vote Schooling only for sons of wealthy families. ◦ Started at age 7 ◦ Prepared them to be good citizens Reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, music, logic, public speaking, and daily athletics Military school when older – learn to defend Athens Girls learn from mothers and other female members of the household. ◦ Child-rearing, weaving cloth, preparing meals, managing the household Prepared to be wives and mothers ◦ Some learned to read and write Most women had little to do with Athenian life outside the boundaries of family and home. Athenian boys went to school to learn to be good what? ◦ Citizens Athenian girls were taught by their mothers to be good what? ◦ Wives and mothers A Unique City State ◦ Sparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds a military state. Sparta Dominates Messenians ◦ Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers Messenia Forced Messenians become helots —peasants forced to farm the land. ◦ Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build a stronger state. Sparta’s Government and Society ◦ Four branches: citizens elect officials Assembly – composed of all Spartan citizens Council of Elders – 30 older citizens Proposed laws on which the assembly voted Five elected officials – carried out the laws passed by the assembly Controlled education and prosecuted court cases Two kings – ruled over Sparta’s military forces Three social classes: Citizens – ruling families who owned land Free non-citizens – worked in commerce and industry Helots--slaves Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece ◦ Spartan’s valued duty, strength, and discipline. ◦ They did not value individual freedom, individuality beauty, and arts, literature, or learning. 7 yrs old - move into barracks Military training, marching, exercising, fighting in all weather Slept on hard benches without blankets Fed a bowl of black porridge 20 yrs old – allowed to marry but still had to live in barracks Encouraged to steel if they were still hungry Sneak out to see their wives 30 yrs old – training was complete Could live at home with wife & children 60 yrs old – service in the military was complete https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v97o90bnUVs Girls receive some military training ◦ Ran, wrestled, and played sports Girls are also taught to value service to Sparta above all else. Women had considerable freedom ◦ Ran family estate when husbands were on active military service ◦ Ran businesses ◦ Owned property How did Spartan and Athenian females differ? ◦ Spartan girls received military training, & played sports ◦ They had considerable freedom Ran family estate when husbands were away How long was military training for Spartan males? ◦ From 7-30 years old (23 years) What age were men done serving in any aspect of the military? ◦ 60 yrs old What did Spartans value? ◦ duty, strength, and discipline What did they not value? ◦ individual freedom, individuality beauty, and arts, literature, or learning How many kings did Sparta have? ◦ Two A New Kind of Army Emerges ◦ Cheaper iron replaces bronze Made arms and armor cheaper Now people from all classes could become soldiers ◦ Phalanx—side by side formation of soldiers (hoplites) with spears and shields. Became the most powerful fighting force in the ancient world. Between Greece and Persian Empire 546 BCE Persians conquered Ionia (part of the Greek city states) ◦ Ionian Greeks revolted; Athens sent aid ◦ Darius the Great defeated the rebels vowed to destroy Athens in revenge Battle of Marathon ◦ 490 BCE Persian fleet landed in Marathon NE of Athens. Persians Athenians 25,000 10,000 Athenians win because of the Greek Phalanx ◦ Persians wore light armor and lacked training in this kind of land combat Pheidippides Brings News ◦ Runner Pheidippides races 26 miles to Athens to announce Greek victory. City was defenseless & they did not want the Athenian people to surrender to the Persians Battle of Thermopylae (10 yrs later) ◦ In 480 B.C. Persians launch a new invasion of Greece. ◦ Greeks are divided; many stay neutral or side with Persians. ◦ Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days before retreating. Battle of Salamis ◦ Athenians defeated Persians at sea, near island of Salamis. ◦ Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian retreat. ◦ Many city-states form Delian League and continue to fight Persians. New self-confidence in Greece due to victory. Development of Delian league - Alliance among 200 Greek city states. ◦ Athens emerges as leader of Delian League. Controls the league by using force against opponents. ◦ League members essentially become provinces of Athenian empire. Why would this present a problem? ◦ history of independent city states individualistic ideals & ways of life Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens. What was the Delian League? ◦ An alliance between roughly 200 Greek city states What prompted the establishment of the Delian League? ◦ The Persian Wars How did the Athenians win at the Battle of Marathon? ◦ The Greek Phalanx What was the Greek Phalanx? ◦ A side by side formation of soldiers (hoplites) with spears and shields. What was the importance of iron to the Greek militaries? ◦ Made arms and armor cheaper. Now people from all classes could become soldiers. ◦ Led to the creation of the Greek phalanx.