Download Chapter 3 Sec 1 Exploration - Liberty Union

03 Chapter-83-88
10/11/02
1
10:53 AM
Page 85
Page 1 of 6
TERMS & NAMES
Europeans
Explore the East
•
•
•
•
Bartolomeu Dias
Prince Henry
Vasco da Gama
Treaty of
Tordesillas
• Dutch East India
Company
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Driven by the desire for wealth and
Christian converts, Europeans began
an age of exploration.
European exploration was an important
step toward the global interaction that
characterizes the world today.
SETTING THE STAGE By the early 1400s, Europeans were ready to venture beyond
their borders. As Chapter 1 explained, the Renaissance encouraged, among other
things, a new spirit of adventure and curiosity. This spirit of adventure—along with
several other important factors—prompted Europeans to explore the world around
them. This chapter and the next one describe how these explorations began a long
process that would bring together the peoples of many different lands and permanently change the world.
Many Factors Encourage Exploration
Europeans had not been completely isolated from the rest of the world before
the 1400s. Beginning around 1100, European crusaders battled Muslims for
control of the Holy Lands in Southwest Asia. In 1275, the Italian trader
Marco Polo reached the court of Kublai Khan in China. For the most
part, however, Europeans had neither the interest nor the ability to
explore foreign lands. That changed by the early 1400s. The desire to
grow rich and to spread Christianity, coupled with advances in sailing
technology, spurred an age of European exploration.
This globe depicts
the Europeans’
view of the world
around 1492. Europe
and Africa, shown
here, were the
lands Europeans
had explored most
by that time.
Europeans Seek Greater Wealth The desire for new sources
A. Possible Answer
The Italians controlled
the trade and charged
them high prices for
the trade goods.
THINK THROUGH HISTORY
A. Analyzing Issues
Why did many
European merchants
dislike the way goods
were traded from
East to West?
of wealth was the main reason for European exploration. Through
overseas exploration, merchants and traders hoped ultimately to benefit from what had become a profitable business in Europe: the trade of
spices and other luxury goods from Asia. The people of Europe had been
introduced to these items during the Crusades, the wars fought between
Christians and Muslims from 1096 to 1270. After the Crusades ended, Europeans
continued to demand such spices as nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper—all
of which added flavor to the bland foods of Europe. Because demand for these
goods was greater than the supply, merchants could charge high prices and thus
make great profits.
The Muslims and Italians controlled the trade of goods from East to West. Muslims
sold Asian goods to Italian merchants, who controlled trade across the land routes
of the Mediterranean region. The Italian merchants resold the items at
increased prices to merchants throughout Europe. Other European traders did
not like this arrangement. Paying such high prices to the Italians severely cut
into their own profits. By the 1400s, European merchants—as well as the new
monarchs of England, Spain, Portugal, and France—sought to bypass the
Italian merchants. This meant finding a sea route directly to Asia.
The Spread of Christianity The desire to spread Christianity also fueled
European exploration. Aside from leaving Europeans with a taste for spices, the
Crusades left feelings of hostility between Christians and Muslims. European
nations believed that they had a sacred duty not only to continue fighting
An Age of Exploration and Isolation 85
03 Chapter-83-88
10/11/02
10:53 AM
Page 86
Page 2 of 6
Muslims, but also to convert non-Christians throughout the world.
Europeans hoped to obtain popular goods directly from the peoples of Asia. They
also hoped to Christianize them. Bartolomeu Dias, an early Portuguese explorer,
explained his motives: “to serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were
in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”
Technological Advances While “God, glory, and gold” were the primary motives
for exploration, advances in technology made the voyages of discovery possible. During
the 1200s, it would have been nearly impossible for a European sea captain to cross
3,000 miles of ocean and return again. The main problem was that European ships
could not sail against the wind. In the 1400s, shipbuilders designed a new vessel—the
caravel. The caravel was sturdier than earlier vessels. In addition, its triangular sails
allowed it to sail effectively against the wind.
Europeans also improved their navigational techniques. To better determine their
location on the sea, sailors used the astrolabe, which the Muslims had perfected. The
astrolabe was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees. Using
the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could tell how far north or south of the equator he was. Explorers were also able to more accurately track their direction by using
a magnetic compass invented by the Chinese.
Portugal Leads the Way
The leader in developing and applying these sailing innovations was
Portugal. Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the southwest corner of
Europe, Portugal first established trading outposts along the west
coast of Africa. Eventually, Portuguese explorers pushed farther east
into the Indian Ocean.
The Portuguese Explore Africa Portugal took the lead in overseas
Prince Henry
1394–1460
For his role in promoting Portuguese exploration, Prince Henry is
often called Henry the Navigator.
Historians paint Henry as a quiet
and extremely driven man. So
consumed was he by the quest to
find new lands, that he reportedly
shunned female companionship.
Throughout his life, Henry
supposedly showed little emotion. It
was said that no one ever saw him
lose his temper. When angry with
someone, Henry allegedly just
waved them from his presence,
uttering, “I commend you to God,
may you be fortunate.” While some
considered him to be cold and
distant, others insisted that the
prince had a sensitive side. One
writer claimed that upon learning of
the death of a friend, Henry wept
nonstop for several days.
86 Chapter 3
exploration in part due to strong government support. The nation’s
most enthusiastic supporter of exploration was Prince Henry, the son
of Portugal’s king. Henry’s dreams of overseas exploration began in
1415 when he helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta in North
Africa. There, he had his first glimpse of the dazzling wealth that lay
beyond Europe. Throughout Ceuta, the Portuguese invaders found
exotic stores filled with pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and other spices.
In addition, they encountered large supplies of gold, silver, and jewels.
Henry returned to Portugal determined to reach the source of
these treasures in the East. The prince also wished to spread the
Christian faith. In 1419, Henry founded a navigation school on the
southwestern coast of Portugal. Mapmakers, instrument makers,
shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains gathered there to perfect
their trade.
Within several years, Portuguese ships began creeping down
the western coast of Africa. By the time Henry died in 1460, the
Portuguese had established a series of trading posts along the shores
of Africa. There, they traded with Africans for such profitable items
as gold and ivory. Eventually, they traded for African captives to be
used as slaves. Having established their presence along Africa’s western coast, Portuguese explorers plotted their next daring move. They
would find a sea route to Asia.
Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia The Portuguese believed that to
reach Asia by sea, they would have to sail around the southern tip of
Africa. In 1487, Portuguese captain Bartolomeu Dias ventured
THINK THROUGH HISTORY
B. Summarizing
How does the phrase,
“God, glory, and gold”
summarize the
Europeans’ motives
for exploration?
B. Possible Answer
European explorers
wanted to spread
Christianity, bring
fame and prestige to
themselves and their
country, and enrich
themselves.
03 Chapter-83-88
10/11/02
10:53 AM
Page 87
Page 3 of 6
FEATURE TITLE
The Tools of Exploration
Out on the open seas, winds easily blew ships off course. With only the sun,
moon, and stars to guide them, few sailors willingly ventured beyond the sight of
land. In order to travel to distant parts of the world, European inventors and sailors
experimented with new tools for navigation and new designs for sailing ships.
The triangular sails allowed
the caravel to sail effectively
against the wind. With these
sails the ship could tack (sail on
a zigzag course) more directly
into the wind than could a
square-rigged ship.
Here, a naval officer uses a sextant, which
replaced the astrolabe in measuring the
height of the stars above the horizon.
The improved
rudder allowed
the caravel to
turn more easily.
The large cargo area was capable of
carrying the numerous supplies
needed for long voyages.
Connect
to History
Analyzing Motives Why did
inventors and sailors develop
better tools for navigation?
SEE SKILLBUILDER
HANDBOOK, PAGE R5
This 16th century Italian compass (with its lid beside it)
is typical of those taken by navigators on the great
voyages of exploration. The compass was invented
by the Chinese.
Connect
to Today
Modern Sailing Investigate
what types of navigational or other
tools modern sailors use. Choose
one tool and write a brief explanation of what it does. Be prepared
to present your report to the class.
An Age of Exploration and Isolation 87
03 Chapter-83-88
10/11/02
10:53 AM
Daily Life
A Rough Trip
Life aboard a ship during the age of
exploration was no pleasure cruise.
With no refrigeration system, foods
such as fruits, vegetables, and
meats quickly rotted. For nourishment, sailors often had to rely on a
rock-hard, bland-tasting biscuit,
known as hardtack.
In addition, swift and brutal
punishment often awaited those
who broke the ship’s rules. The
most common punishment was with
the “cat-o’-nine-tails,” a whip made
of nine knotted cords (shown here).
The sailor was tied down and
repeatedly struck on his bare back.
Page 88
Page 4 of 6
farther down the coast of Africa until he reached the tip. As he
arrived, a huge storm rose and battered his fleet for days. When the
storm ended, Dias realized his ships had been blown around the tip
to the other side. Dias explored the southeast coast of Africa and then
considered sailing to India. However, his crew was exhausted and
food supplies were low. As a result, the captain returned home.
With the tip of Africa finally rounded, the Portuguese continued
pushing east. In 1498, their explorer Vasco da Gama reached the
port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India. Da Gama and his
crew were amazed by the spices, the rare silks, and the precious gems
that filled Calicut’s shops. The Portuguese sailors filled their ships with
such spices as pepper and cinnamon and returned to Portugal in 1499.
The Portuguese gave da Gama a hero’s welcome. His remarkable voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea route to India.
Spanish Claims Before da Gama’s historic voyage, as the
Portuguese established trading posts along the west coast of Africa,
Spain watched with increasing envy. The Spanish monarchs also
desired a direct sea route to Asia.
In 1492, an Italian sea captain, Christopher Columbus, convinced Spain to
finance a bold plan: finding a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean.
In October of that year, Columbus reached an island in the Caribbean. His voyage
would open the way for European colonization of the Americas—a process that would
forever change the world. The immediate impact of Columbus’s voyage, however, was
to increase tensions between Spain and Portugal.
Columbus thought that he had indeed reached Asia. Believing him to be right,
Portugal suspected that Columbus had claimed for Spain lands that Portuguese sailors
might have reached first. The rivalry between Spain and Portugal grew more tense.
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace between the two nations. He
suggested an imaginary dividing line, drawn north to south, through the Atlantic
Ocean. All lands to the west of the line, known as the Line of Demarcation, would
be Spain’s. All lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Portugal complained that the line gave too much to Spain. So it was moved farther
west to include parts of modern-day Brazil for the Portuguese. In 1494, Spain and
Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they agreed to honor the line.
The era of exploration and colonization was about to begin in earnest.
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
With da Gama’s voyage, Europeans had finally opened direct sea trade with Asia.
They also opened an era of violent conflict in the East. European nations scrambled
to establish profitable trading outposts along the shores of South and Southeast Asia.
And all the while they battled the region’s inhabitants, as well as each other.
Background
Dias named Africa’s
southern tip the Cape
of Storms. However,
Portugal’s ruler was
so pleased with the
explorer’s journey,
that he renamed it the
Cape of Good Hope.
THINK THROUGH HISTORY
C. Analyzing Issues
How did the Treaty of
Tordesillas ease tensions between Spain
and Portugal?
C. Possible Answer
It appeased both
nations by granting
them their own territories to colonize.
Portugal’s Trading Empire In the years following da Gama’s voyage, Portugal built
a bustling trading empire throughout the Indian Ocean. As they moved into the region,
they took control of the spice trade from Muslim merchants. In 1509, Portugal extended
its control over the area when it defeated a Muslim fleet off the coast of India.
Portugal strengthened its hold on the region by building a fort at Hormuz in 1514.
It established control of the Straits of Hormuz, connecting the Persian Gulf and
Arabian Sea, and helped stop Muslim traders from reaching India.
In 1510, the Portuguese captured Goa, a port city on India’s west coast. They
made it the capital of their trading empire. They then sailed farther east to
Indonesia, also known as the East Indies. In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked the
city of Malacca on the west coast of the Malay peninsula. In capturing the town, the
88 Chapter 3
Background
Indonesia is the fourth
most populous
country in the world.
It consists of some
13,670 islands, but
only about 7,000 are
inhabited.
03 Chapter-83-88
10/11/02
10:53 AM
Page 89
Page 5 of 6
Portuguese seized control of the Strait of Malacca. Seizing this waterway gave them
control of the Moluccas. These were islands so rich in spices that they became known
as the Spice Islands.
In convincing his crew to attack Malacca, Portuguese sea captain Afonso de
Albuquerque stressed his country’s intense desire to crush the Muslim-Italian
domination over Asian trade:
A V O I C E F R O M T H E PA S T
. . . If we deprive them [Muslims] of this their ancient market there, there does not
remain for them a single port in the whole of these parts, where they can carry on their
trade in these things. . . . I hold it as very certain that if we take this trade of Malacca
away out of their hands, Cairo and Mecca are entirely ruined, and to Venice will no
spiceries . . . [be] . . . conveyed except that which her merchants go and buy in Portugal.
D. Possible Answer
It brought down the
prices of many Asian
goods, so more
Europeans could
afford them.
AFONSO DE ALBUQUERQUE, from The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque
Portugal did indeed break the old trade network from the East—much to the
delight of European consumers. Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia
at about a fifth of what they cost when purchased through the Arabs and Italians.
As a result, more Europeans could afford these items.
In time, Portugal’s success in Asia attracted the attention of other European
nations. As early as 1521, a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan arrived in
the Philippines. Spain claimed the islands and began settling them in 1565. By the
early 1600s, the rest of Europe had begun descending upon Asia. They were looking
to establish their own trade empires in the East.
THINK THROUGH HISTORY
D. Recognizing
Effects How did the
European domination
of the Indian Ocean
trade eventually
impact Europeans
back home?
Other Nations Drive Out the Portuguese Beginning around 1600, the English
40°E
A S I A
Medi
Ceuta
Beijing
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
terranean
JAPAN
Sea
Persian
Gulf Hormuz
Canary Is.
A F R I C A
Diu
Strait of
Malacca
0° Equator
INDIAN
OCEAN
ANGOLA
Mozambique
Mauritius
Bourbon
(Réunion)
Ft. Dauphine
Cape of
Good Hope
0
Malacca
MOLUCCAS
BORNEO
(SPICE IS.)
Batavia
JAVA
TIMOR
NEW
GUINEA
European
trading posts
Dutch
English
French
Portuguese
Spanish
Dias' route,
Aug. 1487– Feb.1488
Da Gama's route,
July 1497–May 1498
G E O G R A P H Y S K I L L B U I L D E R : Interpreting
Maps
1. Place Why would a fort at Hormuz help the Portuguese to stop
trade between Arabia and India?
2. Region Where was the Dutch influence the greatest?
Cape
Town
0
PACIFIC
OCEAN
European nations
and territories
Dutch
English
French
Portuguese
Spanish
MADAGASCAR
Tropic of Capricorn
40°S
MALAYA
EAST INDIES
Kilwa
Luanda
Manila
SUMATRA
Mombasa
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
(TAIWAN)
ES
PIN
Madras
Pondicherry
SRI
Columbo LANKA
Cochin
Fernando Po
FORMOSA
Macao
Bombay
Arabian Goa
Calicut
Sea
GOLD
COAST
Guangzhou
Daman
ILIP
PH
Cape
Verde Is.
ARABIAN
PENINSULA
Kyoto
Nagasaki
CHINA
Delhi
INDIA Calcutta
Tropic of Cancer
St. Louis
Goree Is.
Gambia
160°W
E U R O P E
SPAIN
Seville
Melilla
Madeira
80°E
Amsterdam
NETHERLANDS
Paris
FRANCE
PORTUGAL
40°N Lisbon
Azores
Europeans in the East, 1700
160°E
ENGLAND
London
120°E
0°
and Dutch began to challenge Portugal’s dominance over the Indian Ocean trade. The
Dutch Republic is also known as the Netherlands. It is a small country situated along
2,000 Miles
4,000 Kilometers
89
03 Chapter-83-88
10/11/02
10:53 AM
Page 90
Page 6 of 6
the North Sea in northwestern Europe. Since the early 1500s, Spain had ruled this
area. In 1581, the people of the region declared their independence from Spain and
established the Dutch Republic.
In a short time, the Netherlands became a leading sea power. By 1600, the Dutch
owned the largest fleet of ships in the world—20,000 vessels. Together, the English and
Dutch broke Portuguese control of the Asian region. The two nations then battled one
another for dominance of the area. Each nation had formed an East India Company to
establish and direct trade throughout Asia. These companies had the power to mint
money, make treaties, and even raise their own armies. The Dutch East India
Company was richer and more powerful than England’s company. As a result, the Dutch
eventually drove out the English and established their dominance over the region.
European Trade Outposts In 1619, the Dutch established their
trading headquarters at Batavia on the island of Java. From there they
expanded west to conquer several nearby islands. In addition, the
The Dutch in South Africa
Dutch seized both the port of Malacca and the valuable Spice Islands
Since colonizing the Cape of Good
from Portugal. Throughout the 1600s, the Netherlands increased its
Hope, the Dutch have retained a
control over the Indian Ocean trade. With so many goods from the
powerful and controversial presence
East traveling to the Netherlands, the nation’s capital, Amsterdam,
in South Africa. Dutch settlers,
known as Boers, continually battled
became a leading commercial center. By 1700, the Dutch ruled much
the British after Great Britain seized
of Indonesia and had trading posts in numerous Asian countries. They
the region in 1806.
also controlled the Cape of Good Hope on the southern tip of Africa.
The Boers, who now call
By this time, however, Britain and France had gained a foothold
themselves Afrikaners, gained some
control in 1924. They began
in the region. Having failed to gain control of the larger area, the
restricting the rights of the nation’s
English East India Company focused much of its energy on estabmostly nonwhite population. In 1948,
lishing outposts in India. There, the English built up a successful
the Afrikaners took control of the
business trading fine cloth on the European market. In 1664, France
government. They established
apartheid, a legal system of severe
also entered the Asia trade with its own East India Company. The
discrimination.
company struggled at first, as it faced continual attacks by the Dutch.
During the 1990s, the governThe French company finally established an outpost in India in the
ment began repealing its apartheid
1720s. However, it never showed a strong profit.
laws, as it finally agreed to share
As the Europeans battled for a share of the profitable Indian
power with the Africans.
Ocean trade, their influence in inland Southeast Asia remained
relatively limited. European traders did gain control of numerous port cities throughout the region. However, their influence rarely spread beyond the ports into the countries’ interiors. From 1500 to about 1800—when Europeans began to conquer much of
the region—the peoples of Asia remained largely unaffected by European contact. As
the next two sections explain, European traders who sailed farther east to seek riches
in China and Japan had even less success in spreading Western culture.
CONNECT to TODAY
THINK THROUGH HISTORY
E. Analyzing Issues
How were the Dutch
able to dominate the
Indian Ocean trade?
E. Possible Answer
The Dutch, with the
largest fleet of ships
in the world, were a
great naval power;
also the Dutch East
India Company was
richer and more powerful than England’s
company.
F. Possible Answer
It did not greatly
affect them, for
European influence
did not spread much
beyond the port cities
of the East.
THINK THROUGH HISTORY
F. Recognizing
Effects How did the
arrival of Europeans
affect the peoples of
the East in general?
Section 1 Assessment
1. TERMS & NAMES
Identify
• Bartolomeu Dias
• Prince Henry
• Vasco da Gama
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Dutch East India
Company
2. TAKING NOTES
3. MAKING INFERENCES
Trace the establishment of
Portugal’s trading empire in the
Indian Ocean by supplying the
significant event for each date
shown on the time line below.
1498
1419
1488
1511
Write the lead paragraph for a
news story about one of the time
line events.
90 Chapter 3
4. ANALYZING THEMES
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas
reveal about Europeans’ attitudes
toward non-European lands and
peoples?
Science and Technology In
what ways did Europeans owe
some of their sailing technology to
other peoples of the world?
THINK ABOUT
THINK ABOUT
• the dispute between the
Portuguese and Spanish
• how the treaty settled the dispute
• the astrolabe
• the compass