Download Biology Test 2 Study Guide Fungi

Biology Test 2 Study Guide
Fungi:
What are the major characteristics of fungi? What are hyphae? Mycellium? Fruiting bodies? Fungi have fungal bodies (slender threads); body is made of mycelium mycella. Hyphae: branching filaments filled with cytoplasm and nuclei. Fruiting bodies: part of the mushroom that is visible; responsible for spore reproduction and releasing it. Their cell walls are made of chitin. They use extracellular digestion by absorbing things; digestion takes place outside cells
Types of reproduction? When/how are spores involved? Where are spores produced?
Sexual: positive and negative; asexual: fragmentation. Spores are produced in fruiting bodies and use wind to sexual produce.
What are the major groups of fungi? Be able to recognize examples from the groups and distinguish them.
1. Chytrids: flagella, motile sperm; produce swimming spores, kills off frogs
2. Zygomycetes: bread mold, asexually; reproduces by forming diploid spores
3. Ascomycetes: truffles, fruit mold; penicillin: fungi used to kill off bacteria; form spores in sac­like case
4. Basidiomycetes: shell fungi, stink cores; produce club­shaped reproductive structures
How do fungi interact with other species?
It can kill other species. Mutualism, paratism.
Fungi have symbiotic relationships – with what other organisms? What are examples?
Lichen=fungi+algae. Mycorrhize=fungi+plant roots. Both are symbiotic
What are some examples of ways we use/benefit from fungi?
Medicine, like penicillin; truffles, eating blue cheese, yeast. What are some examples of fungi that cause problems or disease for humans?
PHYLUM CHART:
Phylum
Level of
Organizatio
n
Symmetry
# of
Body Cavity
Germ
Laye
rs
Porifera
Cellular
Asymmetrical
-
- (no tissues)
Cnidarians
Tissue
Radial
2
Acelomate
Nematoda
Organ
Systems
Bilateral
3
Pseudocoelma
te
P
Arthropoda
Organ
Systems
Bilateral
3
Eucoelomate
P
Sexual
Platyhelmint
hes
Organ
Systems
Bilateral
3
Acoelomate
P
Sexual/Asexual
Flat worms
Annelida
Organ
Systems
Bilateral
3
Eucoelomate
P
Sexual (most
are
hermaphroditic
),Asexual
(fragmentation)
Earthworms,
Marine
Worms,
Leeches –
segmented
worms in
general
Mollusca
Organ
Systems
Bilateral
3
Eucoelomate
P
Bilaterallarvae,
3
Eucoelomate
D
Echinoderma Organ
ta
Systems
P/D
--
--
Reproduction
Examples
Sexually (releas Sponges
ed through
Osculum)
Asexually
(budding)
Sexually/Buddi
ng
Jellyfish
Roundworms
Insects n
stuf
Clams,
Mussels,
Snails,
Scallops
Sexual/Asexual
STARFISH
They release anti­coagulant that prevents the clotting of blood to continue blood flow to allow limb reattachment
What are the major parts of the mollusk body and what structures do they contain? (if we cover this)
Muscular foot, mantle, radula
What is a hemocoel? How is it related to gas & nutrient exchange?
A blood cavity
Compare and contrast the different group mollusks: gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.
g­ live nearly everywhere on earth, have a single external shell or no shell at all
b­mollsuks that have 2 shells held together by hinges and strong muscles
c­ ocean dwelling mollusk whose foot is adapted to form tentacles around its mouth
What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a hard exoskeleton?
Advantages—protection, helps keep the organism safer
Disadvantages—extremely heavy, hard to move with
What is the exoskeleton of insects made of?
Chitin
How do arthropods grow – what happens when their “shell” is too small?
They molt their exoskeleton
What are the examples of arthropods well developed sensory structures?