Download A Survey of Gastrointestinal Cestode in Brownbanded Bamboo

A Survey of Gastrointestinal Cestode in Brownbanded Bamboo Shark Chilocyllium punctatum
Müller & Henle, 1838 from Upper Gulf of Thailand
Chanya Udom1and Smarn Kaewviyudth1
1
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900.
Corresponding author‘s e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Six species of cestodes were described from the spiral intestine of 43 Brownbanded
Bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller & Henle, 1838 samples collected from 3 provinces;
Chonburi, Chunthaburi and Trat province from November 2013 to February 2014. All fish specimens
were infected with tetraphyllidean cestodes;, Carpobothrium sp., Caulopatera pagei,
Orectolobicestus tyleri, Rhodobotrium sp., Spiniloculus mavensis and Yorkeria yubodohensis. In this
study, the number of 7,451 cestodes were found in
C. punctatum. The highest prevalence of cestode infection was O. tyleri (100%) followed by Y.
yubodohensis (88.37%) S. mavensis (32.55%) Carpobotrium sp. (16.28%) Rhodobotrium sp. (6.98%)
and C. pagei (6.97%)
Keywords: Brownbanded bamboo shark, gastrointestinal cestode, Upper Gulf of Thailand
Introduction
Helminth parasites are an important field in aquatic sciences and health sciences, especially
those of food-borne transmission (Thathaisong, 2012). They have been implicated in causing human
infections by consumption of raw or undercooked seafood (Adam, 1997). Recently, the helminth
parasites in marine fishes have been studied by several authours.
Brownbanded Bamboo shark C. punctatum is a small benthic shark inhabiting coral reefs and
off-shore bays thoughout the Indo-west Pacific region (Last et al., 1994; White et al., 2004). This
species was found to be threatened by overfishing (Bennett et al., 2009). It has been included on the
IUCN Red List as near threatened (Cavanagh et al., 2003; Harahush et al., 2007). According to FAO
statistics, sharks have traditionally been used as food in coastal areas. Shark meat was consumed
and preserved in different countries according to their food traditions and technologies available to
them at that time. The most common preservation methods were drying, salting or smoking. A
survey in this study were found in Thailand C. punctatum is consumed particularly menu Spicy fired
stir shark. Although, a few species are capable of infecting humans, however, the worms are
associated with behavioral factors which enhance infection, especially the habit of eating.
Cestode parasites can be deterioration of fish health and consequently affect their
economic development (Purivirojkul, 2012). The cestodes (Order Diphyllidea, Tetraphyllidea) are
considered as one of the most groups have been founded in Chilocyllium sp. (Caira, 1990; Caira et
al., 2002; Cavanagh et al., 2003; White et al., 2004; Khalil et al., 2006; Ruhnke et al., 2006 Caira et al.,
2007; Cutmore et al., 2011; Desjardins et al., 2011; Purivirojkul, 2012). Many species of cestodes
have been reported to C. punctatum, including, C. pagei, O. tyleri, S. mavensis, Y. chonburiensis, Y.
kelleyae, Y. parva, Y. pusillulus, Y. saliputium and Y. yubodohensis (Caira et al., 2002; Ruhnke et al.,
307
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2006; Christison et al., 2007; Cutmore et al., 2010; Desjardins et al., 2011 and Purivirojkul et al.,
2011). Therefore, our objective were to study diversity and prevalence of infected gastrointestinal
cestodes in C. punctatum collected samples from 3 coastline regions, Chonburi, Chunthaburi and
Trat province (of Upper Gulf of Thailand). This study will be essential for update information,
prevention and management these cestode parasitic disease transmitted by the C. punctatum
population. These research focus on Brownbanded Bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller
& Henle, 1838
Materials and methods
Total of 43 shark samples were collected from 3 regions; Chonburi, Chunthaburi and Trat
province coast of Upper gulf of Thailand from November 2013 to February 2014. The spiral intestine
and stomach were removed from the body by opened longitudinally. The mucosa was scraped to
collect the cestode embedded in the mucosal layer. The contents carefully were examined under
the stereomicroscope and all cestodes were counted before being fixed in 70% ethanol for further
staining with borax carmine, then dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, clearance in xylene and
mounted in Canada balsam. Cestode samples were photographed and measured (Olympus DP70
digital camera and Olympus BX51 microscope). Identification of the cestode species were done
(Khalil et al, 2006; Desjardins et al., 2011; Purivirojkul, 2012;
Results
Six species of cestodes (Figure 1) were found in spiral intestine and stomach of C.
punctatum, including, Carpobothrium sp, Caulopatera pagei, Orectolobicestus tyleri,, Rhodobotrium
sp., Spiniloculus mavensis and Yorkeria yubodohensis (Figure 1). All cestode species belonged to the
order Tetraphyllidea. The identification were emphasized and characterized by their scolex
morphology. Carpobothrium sp. has a large scolex which consists of four oval bothridia; each
bothridium with apical sucker. Each ending in a conical flat aria which is attached by a short
penduncle. Almost quadrangular, narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly. C. pagei was different from
other tetraphyllidean genera in having stalked, circular, non-loculate bothridia that lack an apical
sucker (Cutmore et al., 2010). O. tyleri also belonged to four bothridia; each bothridium with a single
apical sucker and marginal loculi. Rhodobotrium sp. has a scolex with pyriform sac, opening of which
is provided with lobe-like. Submarginal accessory sucker present at anterior end of each bothridium
and strobila acraspedote. S. mavensis has four simple bothridia, each bothridium, divided into two
by a transverse septum, separated from a broad flat muscular anterior region and has two C- shaped
hooks of equal size and one large accessory sucker. Y. yubodohensis has bothridia with two Cshaped hooks of different sizes, medial and lateral hooks. Medial hooks were large while lateral
hooks were smaller on bothridia with one small accessory sucker.
In this study 7,451 cestodes were found in C. punctatum. The highest prevalence of parasitic
infection was O. tyleri (5,547 specimens, 100%) followed by Y. yobodohensis (1,639 specimens,
88.37%) S. mavensis (216 specimens, 32.55%) Carpobotrium sp. (40 specimens, 16.28%)
Rhodobotrium sp. (4 specimens, 6.98%) and C. pagei (9 specimens, 6.97%). (table1)
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The high prevalence of infection (Table 2) were found in January and November with two
species of parasites, including, O. tyleri and Y. yobodohensis, while in February and December
showed lower prevalence of infection (Table 2). Rhodobotrium sp. only found in February and C.
pagei only found in January while O. tyleri and Y. yobodohensis were found all 4 months.
Figure 1 Six species of cestodes infected in C. punctatum.
Table1 cestode parasites from C. punctatum
Cestode species
Carpobotrium sp.
Caulopatera pagei
Orectolobicestus tyleri
Rhodobotrium sp.
Spiniloculus mavensis
Yorkeria yobodohensis
Total
Number
Infected
fishes
7
3
43
3
14
38
43
of Number of
cestode/fish
2-16
1-5
5-401
1-2
1-40
5-189
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Total number of
cestodes
(%)Prevalence Mean
intensity
40
9
5,547
4
216
1639
7,451
16.38
6.97
100
6.98
32.55
88.37
5.17
3.0
129.0
1.33
15.42
43.13
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Table2 Average number of each cestode species per fish in each month.
Year
2013
2014
Cestode species
November
December
January
Carpobotrium sp.
0.33
Caulopatera pagei
-0.60
Orectolobicestus tyleri
146.27
65.33
191.93
Rhodobotrium sp.
Spiniloculus mavensis
0.33
Yorkeria yobodohensis
49.64
47.66
61.53
Total
195.91
112.99
254.72
February
2.33
56.93
0.27
13.80
12.47
85.80
Discussion
Many species of cestodes have been reported in C. punctatum (Caira, J.N., 1990; Caira, J.N.
and., Tracy, 2002; Ruhnke, et al., 2006; Christison et al., 2007; Cutmore et al., 2010; Desjardins and
Caira, 2011; Purivirojkul and Boonsoong, 2012; Purivirojkul, 2013). But in this study six species of
cestodes were found, they are Carpobotrium sp., C. pagei, Rhodobotrium sp. O. tyleri, S. mavensis
and Y. yubodohensis. And also have been shown Carpobotrium sp., C. pagei, O. tyleri, S. mavensis
and Y. yubodohensis in C. punctatum from Gulf of Thailand. (Purivirojkul, 2012). But never found
Rhodobotrium sp. in C. punctatum from the Gulf of Thailand. Many species of Yorkeria spp. were
found in C. punctatum, including, Y. chonburiensis, Y. hilli, Y. kelleyae, Y. saliputium and Y.
yubodohensis. (Purivirojkul., 2012). Carpobotrium sp. was found in Carcharis acutus from India (Nitur
et al., 2008). O. tyleri was found in C. punctatum from the South Chaina Sea of Mukha, Malaysia
(Ruhnke, 2006). Rhodobotrium sp. was found in some ray from Gulf of Mexico (Cambell, 1979). S.
mavensis was originally described by Southwell (Desjardins, 2011) in Mustelus sp. and also found in
Chiloscyllium indicum from Sri Lanka (Desjardin et al., 2011) and Chiloscyllium griseum from India
(Subhapradha, 1955) and Chiloscyllium punctatum from Australia (Desjardins, et al., 2011; Caira,
1990). Rhodobotrium sp. found in this study are thought to be the first records of these two species
in the Gulf of Thailand.
Helminths can be damageable to the health of their hosts and have been affected as
diseases in host population. Cestodes also cause epizootic outbreak with heavy mortalities in the
juvenile stage of fish held in rearing ponds and hatchery condition (Bauer, 1959)
Conclusions
C. punctatum samples were collected from 3 regions of Upper gulf of Thailand infected with
6 species of cestodes, including, Carpobotrium sp., C. pagei, O. tyleri, Rhodobotrium sp., S. mavensis
and Y. yobodohensis. All helminths found were cestodes. The highest prevalence of cestode were
found in O. tyleri while almost prevalence were found in C. punctatum.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University. The authors would like to express sincere thanks to Miss Jittikan Intamong and Miss
Kamonchanok Wongissarakul for helping us to collected samples.
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