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COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Susqu eh . na R an Harrisburg PENNSYLVANIA Gettysburg M issi THE STORY OF THE WAR WITH MAPS Sharpsburg ssi Sigel pp Harpers Ferry WEST OHIO VIRGINIA Pope’s new Army of Virginia includes Sigel and Banks coming out of Cincinnati iR ive r INDIANA ILLINOIS St. Louis i Ohio R Louisville ver James R. Perryville Columbus Buell is moving—uncommonly slowly— toward the key city of Chattanooga. Nashville Halleck ARKANSAS Grant Rosecrans Buell Memphis Corinth Norfolk The Seven Days, 1862 June 25 At Oak Grove McClellan calls the fighting off, then on, too late, gets nowhere. Jackson June 26 At Mechanicsville, Lee’s attack falls apart. McClellan retreats. Tenn R. Chronically failing to exploit his 3:1 advantage, McClellan fears what Jackson may do (green arrow) to his supply line and shifts it down to the James River. This abandons any hope of laying siege to Richmond. Mechanicsville ll Hi a Chi cka ho mi n Le e New Orleans Glendale Ri June 30 McClellan foils Lee at Glendale and keeps withdrawing. Malvern Hill v er Though relocating his line of supply to the less endangered James River may be prudent, McClellan in so doing essentially gives up on a siege of Richmond. His big siege cannons can’t be gotten up the James, nor overland, by it. Butler bloc es n Yazoo River ll LOUISIANA l June 29 Stalemate at Savage’s Station. McClellan withdraws. Savage’s Station (After Oak Grove, June 25, McClellan’s forces there, south of the Chickahominy, do little as successive battles rage down the river’s north side.) m Mobile Port Hudson C . yR ALABAMA Oak Grove Ja Red R. Richmond Montgomery MISSISSIPPI c e Vicksburg Bragg, who has taken over C.S.A. forces in the West, is odd. He once, serving as temporary commander of himself, turned down a requisition request from himself. Jackson M June 27 Gaines’s Mill is a Confederate victory, at horrific cost. Tupelo Bragg Richmond Appomattox VIRGINIA erland River mb Cu Bowling Green Washington, D.C. McDowell Pope the Shenandoah and McDowell at Manassas and Fredericksburg. Pope is a braggart and not particularly capable. He works to concentrate his Chancellorsville forces. His job is to protect Washington, defeat Jackson if he can (if he Fredericksburg Lexington can find Jackson!), and, if possible, drive south to help McClellan. KENTUCKY MISSOURI Banks Manassas kade FLORIDA July 1 At Malvern Hill McClellan defeats another badly coordinated attack by Lee and, against his generals’ wishes, withdraws to a port of exit, Harrison’s Harrison’s Landing Landing. ATLANTIC OCEAN GULF OF MEXICO M. DAVID DETWEILER COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL M. David Detweiler STACKPOLE BOOKS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Copyright © 2014 by Stackpole Books Published by STACKPOLE BOOKS 5067 Ritter Road Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 www.stackpolebooks.com All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Stackpole Books. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Detweiler, M. David. The Civil War: the story of the war with maps / M. David Detweiler. — First edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8117-1449-5 1. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865. 2. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Maps. I. Title. E468.D46 2014 973.7—dc23 2014026706 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL With abiding love for Ben, Emily, Luke, Matt, Sam and, last, first, always, JD COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Prelude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 1864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Battles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Foreword The aim is to give the reader a sense of the flow of the war. These pages are an amateur’s attempt to make a book he wanted to see but couldn’t find. New generations are losing America’s Civil War—not educated dedicatees but millions of young without a knowledge of history. History’s good for you. The maps in this book try to give a view from above—under the reading eye synchronously—of the campaigns, clashing armies, sweeping raids crisscrossing in ebb and flow, 1861–1865. The war unfolding in sequence. Its battles, tricks, slaughters, sieges, routs, pursuits and sly maneuvers mapped side by side in time and side by side on the vast, constant grid east of the Mississippi. Virginia’s tactical rivers and woods. Golden, rolling Maryland and Pennsylvania farm country. A Tennessee mountain ice storm. The fetid bayous of Mississippi. Secret passes in and out of the Shenandoah. Fissured young lips in a Kennesaw furnace. The commanders, foibled, brilliant—both. The afraid, valorous, betimes cowardly, much more often brave foot soldier bearing on bent back Mars engorged. I took a long time designing the maps, much detail, the margin art, and wrote the text and captions only to—finished—sit back to marvel at how short it all falls. Still, maybe fellow beginners will gain perspective, or the seasoned scholar a side-reference. Simple of necessity and of necessity incomplete, what follows was fun to put together, for all the pressure. And certainly enduring fascination with the war provides a good, if inadequate, way to say “Thank you for your service” to the noble Blue and Gray shades. MDD COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Prelude . . . NEBRASKA TERRITORY KANSAS TERRITORY NEW MEXICO TERRITORY Long before the war, its story begins. At the United States’ founding in the late 1700s, the American Constitution winked at slavery. The ownership, repression, forced labor, disenfranchisement and brutalization of black human progeny was accepted. It was the only way to get the southern states to sign the Constitution, without which there would have been no United States. By the 1850s, slavery was flourishing in the South, rich from its tobacco and cotton plantations, a society little changed—gentle, unprogressive, traditional, chivalric—based on the bonded labor of 4,000,000. Suddenly, in 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska Act permits slavery’s growth—into the nation’s vast, developing western territories (red arrows above), conceivably beyond. Those opposed to slavery had hoped the institution would die off in time. Overnight Kansas-Nebraska has created the very real prospect that, far from gradually dying out, slavery will thrive. Outrage over Kansas-Nebraska is nowhere more passionate than in the heart of Illinois lawyer/politico Lincoln. He hates slavery and springs into action, campaigning with vigorous eloquence and impeccable reason against the Kansas-Nebraska Act. In November 1860, Lincoln is elected President of the United States, at the head of a new party, the Republican, opposed to slavery’s expansion. 2 TEXAS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL IOWA MISSOURI Outraged in its turn, the South, feeling their economy and very way of life imperiled, quits the United States. Between December 1860 and February 1861, PENNSYLVANIA the Deep South [shaded ]—South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas—declares itself an OHIO independent nation, the ConILLINOISfederate StatesINDIANA of America (C.S.A.). The rebelling South is certain Lincoln wants slavery ended, knows he can’t touch it yet, and if ever able will strike slavery every military, legal and constitutional deathblow he can. They’re right. In his March inaugural address Lincoln insists: We want to be friends. We want to reconcile. Be assured, Lincoln is telling the South, the United States will not trouble slavery where it exists. He omits to note that he and the Republicans are set against any extension of slavery. This, slavery’s spread (KansasVIRGINIA Nebraska) is little mentioned at the war’s outset—by Lincoln because he wants to downplay differences—by the Confederacy because they want the grandest, most existential differences imaginable. KENTUCKY Southerners have explored creation of a slave-based cotton-sugar empire in the Caribbean and Latin America (red arrows below). TENNESSEE NORTH CAROLINA ARKANSAS SOUTH CAROLINA MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA GEORGIA The First Confederate States ATLANTIC OCEAN LOUISIANA FLORIDA GULF OF MEXICO 3 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1861 Winter/Spring If war is inevitable, Lincoln wants the Confederacy to start it. Lincoln’s mind is never far from the law. Federal property in the South—Union arsenals, armories, forts and customs houses, duties from which comprise an important revenue stream, Lincoln declares he will protect as best he can. Which is not very well. Federal property in the South is dropping to the Confederacy like low fruit. Lincoln feels himself on solid legal ground in ordering military missions into the South, not to attack but rather to resupply and protect U.S.A. property. In April Lincoln authorizes the arming of expeditionary forces to relieve, among other Federal possessions, Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. A walled, cannoned island, Sumter is Union soil. The Rebels have cut Sumter off and are bombarding the stronghold. On their flat roofs, in waistcoat and day gown the good people of Charleston watch, out over the glittery bay, distant flame spurts and smoke where their batteries are making the surrender of the Federal sea fort a certainty. April 1861: Sumter falls. The war has come. Lincoln has avoided “starting” it. Celebrations abound. It will be a short war, both sides think. Each side knows it will win. Everyone is seeing what they want to see. The Confederacy raises armies, regiment by regiment, smooth young faces jostling recruiting tables in squares and on village greens loud with flag color, band music and the war drug, euphoria. The Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, a brave, narrow, honorable micromanager, sets about organizing his newborn nation. Did the Confederacy have the right to secede? Yes, they say; Thomas Jefferson has said so: When in the course of human events it becomes necessary. But who gets to say whether or not secession was necessary? Not the government being rebelled against. All men are created equal? With rights? Not black people, per the Constitution. In addition to decrying tramplings on their right to self-rule, Southerners argue that black people are subhuman. This perversion will not be put down by reasoned argument, but rather by history’s hard currency: force. Over the two months following Sumter’s fall, four more states go out of the Union. Most notably Virginia with her industry, military, location, manpower, political clout, tradition and a favorite son named Lee. The Border States so-called, part slave, remain in the Union. Some by a thread. Of mixed loyalty and on the fence, the Border States are vital. As the Israelis say, Look at a map. Lincoln bends mightily not to alienate the Border States. He says: “I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky.” The war will be fought, won and lost on the map opposite. In the West, as Tennessee, Mississippi and Kentucky were then thought of. In Georgia. In the East: Virginia, Border State Maryland, a sliver of Pennsylvania. Bracketed by national capitals Richmond and Washington, Virginia’s lovely grid of rivers, towns, heights, forests and battle plains will see more fighting than any other. Not shown are Texas, western Louisiana, the whole of Arkansas—all Confederate—or the whole of Border State Missouri. Though there will be hard fighting in these regions, in the end they’re not scale-tippers. Generals who have screwed up elsewhere will be put out to pasture here. Rivers are important, as barriers and transportation boulevards. Railroads will play a tremendous role (a few important ones are sketched as examples). The fabled Shenandoah Valley, cornucopia of Rebel livestock and grain, within whose mountainous green walls whole marching armies can hide, will have a leading role. 4 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Susq u R. nna a eh PENNSYLVANIA INDIANA OHIO ILLINOIS Harrisburg Gettysburg LL EY Sharpsburg VA Baltimore Cincinnati erland River mb u C Columbus Knoxville Nashville TENNESSEE A P P A L A EN Fredericksburg James S N A KENTUCKY Bowling Green Wash., D.C. SH Lexington Perryville Richmond R. Appomattox VIRGINIA I MISSOURI Louisville Chancellorsville H Ohio r Riv e AN (WESTERN) VIRGINIA Spring 1861. On the heels of the South’s Fort Sumter victory and Lincoln’s subsequent call for troops, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee secede from the U.S.A. St. Louis DO AH Harpers Ferry Manassas Norfolk C NORTH CAROLINA Chattanooga ARKANSAS Memphis SOUTH CAROLINA Corinth Tennessee River Yazoo River Mississippi Ri v er Wilmington Columbia Atlanta ALABAMA Charleston Fort Sumter Montgomery Jackson GEORGIA Vicksburg Savannah MISSISSIPPI Lincoln’s relief expedition arrives after the bombardment of Sumter begins, but stormy seas prevent the ships from reaching the fort. One ship is diverted to Fort Pickens on the Gulf Coast of Florida. Red R. Port Hudson LOUISIANA Mobile Fort Pickens FLORIDA New Orleans Sketchily shown to give an impression, the rail networks will figure prominently. Note Western Virginia, an up-for-grabs sub-region of staunchly Confederate Virginia proper. Note how the mountain wall of the Appalachians divides Western Virginia from Virginia, as well as, more generally, East (Virginia) from West (Kentucky, Tennessee, etc.). GULF OF MEXICO ATLANTIC OCEAN COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1861 Spring/Summer Mc The militaries build, forging arms, pressing bullets, armoring ships, drilling enlistees, cutting and stitching uniforms, mixing gunpowder. Garrisons grow. Forts go up. The North has twice the roads, rails, manpower and nearly ten times the factories, mills, ships, foundries, armorers. May. In Ohio, Union troops under McClellan are poised to enter Kentucky. In Tennessee, Confederate forces are poised to enter Kentucky. Kentucky Governor Magoffin declares neutrality, in theory closing Kentucky to fighting and troops. Good luck with that. Lincoln must handle Kentucky with kid gloves to keep the key Border State in the Union, so at first he leans toward honoring Kentucky neutrality. But the building pressure of growing armies increasingly in each other’s face has its own logic. June. A Union success at Philippi, in Western Virginia, while minor gets good press. McClellan, commander overall, though never anywhere near the battle takes credit for the little victory. Great at strategy, a fine organizer of armies, whose plans are always textbook, McClellan is a short, huge-chested figure of some charisma. He has had success all his life, though nothing spectacular. July. McClellan travels to the Philippi region in search of laurels, taking personal command there. At Rich Mountain McClellan sends Rosecrans around the opposing Rebel force’s rear flank. Rosecrans assaults with success, the battle sounds of which McClellan misreads as failure. Suddenly unsure, McClellan declines to follow up an with a frontal attack as planned. The Union Rich Mountain victory is not of the Corrick’s Ford magnitude it could have been. At Corrick’s Ford, nearby, Morris commands Philippi Union forces that win a running skirmish and the entire region is for all practical ST Rich Mtn. purposes cleared of Rebels for the rest of the war. This tiny campaign is a footnote—fine print compared to what’s going to come. But it boosts McClellan’s image. In overall command during the campaign, McClellan is due credit, which he takes, in the Northern press and however else he can find opportunity to praise himself. Boston: the first all-black unit drills; they are not allowed to serve. Civil violence flares. In the Border States especially: mobs and irregulars anti-Lincoln, anti-slavery, anti-black, anti-immigrant, anti-military-service . . . the Baltimore area is inflamed against Lincoln. Center and western Maryland are Union-sympathetic. In East Tennessee, though that state has gone Confederate, the vote on joining the C.S.A. was two-to-one against. East Tennessee will even provide soldiers for the North. Horrible as they are, wars spin off progress. The first national sanitary commission is formed—harbinger of health, sanitation and nursing awareness. Just across the Potomac from Washington, Union infantry is chased off a troop train by Rebel artillery fire; the train is captured. Observation balloons trail their telegraph communication wires to the ground, ogling enemy positions. West Virginia secedes from Virginia, entering a pro-Union limbo. In Washington, a House committee investigates loyalty, much of which, in the Union, is faked. Agèd Union chief general Winfield Scott proposes enveloping—strangling—the Confederacy. Take the Mississippi, blockade Rebel seaports, wait them out. The main Confederate army in the East is at Manassas. Waiting. The South does not necessarily need to attack. Only hold. Lincoln, pressured by public opinion and the media to get something going militarily (“On to Richmond!”), wants action, attack. Scott’s Anaconda Plan Cl el l W D PENNSYLVANIA Harrisburg M is s OHIO INDIANA ILLINOIS . na R an Susqu eh pers Ferryy assas Gettysburg Sharpsburg iss ipp Baltimore Harpers Ferry Cincinnati i Ri ve Manassas WEST VIRGINIA r St. Louis Ohio R Louisville i ve r Lexington Jame Perryville KENTUCKY MISSOURI erland River mb Cu Bowling Green Washington, D.C. Chancellorsville Fredericksburg Richmond s Riv er Appomattox VIRGINIA Norfolk Columbus Knoxville Nashville NORTH CAROLINA TENNESSEE Chattanooga ARKANSAS Memphis Corinth Tennessee R i ve r Yazoo River Montgomery Jackson Wilmington Columbia SOUTH CAROLINA Atlanta ALABAMA Charleston GEORGIA Savannah Vicksburg MISSISSIPPI Red R. Mobile Port Hudson LOUISIANA FLORIDA New Orleans GULF OF MEXICO 6 ATLANTIC OCEAN COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Susqu eh . na R an Miss issip pi R ive r PENNSYLVANIA INDIANA OHIO Sharpsburg el l an Baltimore Philippi Cincinnati Harpers Ferry Manassas WEST VIRGINIA Union forces under Lyon begin a campaign to clear Border State Missouri of Southern sympathizers. St. Louis i Ohio R Louisville ver Jame Perryville Richmond s Riv er Appomattox VIRGINIA erland River mb u C Bowling Green Wash. D.C. Chancellorsville Fredericksburg Lexington KENTUCKY MISSOURI Gettysburg Cl M C Mc ILLINOIS c Harrisburg n l a l l e Norfolk Holding Fort Monroe, Union general Butler refuses to return fugitive slaves who enter his lines. In June he sends out a force to attack Confederates eight miles away at Big Bethel. The Northerners are defeated. Columbus Knoxville Nashville NORTH CAROLINA TENNESSEE Chattanooga ARKANSAS Memphis Corinth Wilmington Tennessee R iver Columbia Yazoo River Old Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda” strategy of—basically—laying siege to a 600,000-square-mile nation (by blocking off the Mississippi, the coastline and the borders of the Confederacy and then waiting the Confederate States of America out) fails to address the reality that, to win, the C.S.A. need only survive. Lincoln sees early on that pressure—military—war—must be taken to—into—Rebel territory. Lincoln wants the Rebel army at Manassas attacked. SOUTH CAROLINA Charleston Montgomery Jackson Vicksburg ALABAMA GEORGIA Savannah MISSISSIPPI ATLANTIC OCEAN Red R. Mobile Port Hudson Fort Pickens LOUISIANA FLORIDA New Orleans Se m m es Rebel sea captain Semmes adroitly outruns Union blockade, will become famous Confederate commerce raider. GULF OF MEXICO Despite Sumter’s fall, the North’s naval might enables them to hold offshore strongholds, Fort Monroe at Virginia’s southeast extremity, Pickens at Pensacola, Forts Clark and Hatteras off North Carolina. The North’s navy (the South has almost none) begins blockading Confederate commercial ports from Texas to the Carolinas. Sleek Rebel blockade runners maintain a small flow of commerce in and out of the stoppered Southern ports, but the blockade dwindles Southern commerce significantly. Warships duel in estuaries and on the high seas. In Union yards construction has begun on ironclads, wooden steamships fitted out with cannon and metal-carapaced. The South will build ironclads too, but fewer. In the ironclad warship the non-wood, non-wind future of navies is made flesh. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1861 July Manassas /Bull Run In northern Virginia the Battle of Manassas (Confederate name) or Bull Run (Union name) is the first major clash of the war. Ordered by Lincoln, who has been taking heat from the Northern populace and newspapers for not driving to Richmond, a Union force commanded by McDowell ventures from Washington, D.C., into Rebel territory. Earnest, intelligent, spectacularly gluttonous, McDowell has never commanded a battle. With some reluctance he poorly manages the slow, undisciplined amble over Virginia soil of his 30,000-odd green soldiers. Around the key rail junction at Manassas, Beauregard’s equally green 20,000-or-so Rebels (B) are waiting—content to defend. It has occurred to the Confederacy that, given their numerical and industrial inferiority, plus the fact that to win they need only stay where they are, defending what they hold may be preferable to border-crossing aggression. “We just want to be left alone,” Jefferson Davis will say. Of course. If the Confederacy is “just left alone,” they’ve won! While not a large engagement compared to the fighting to come, Manassas nevertheless will involve more combatants and casualties than any previous battle in American history. PENNSYLVANIA Patterson’s Union force in the Shenandoah Valley is charged with preventing Johnston’s Rebel force there from breaking out and hurrying eastward to join up with Beauregard at Manassas. MARYLAND Harpers Ferry Baltimore P 14,000 J o to P 11,000 Plagued by delay, poor staffing, lack of wagons, troops wandering off m ac R. and a propensity to micromanage, McDowell’s advance is laggard. L Sh en h VIRGINIA a do an EL W DO R. Mc Manassas 30,000 B Washington, D.C. 20,000 RAILROADS: Crisscrossing the young nation, rail lines provide opportunity to supply armies on the march into hostile environs. The rails can also facilitate the swift shifting of large bodies of troops to concentrate power where needed (as at Manassas). Johnston ( J ) has the Manassas line available to him. Patterson ( P ) and McDowell, for all the North’s rail brawn, have no such readily available rail artery (only an impracticable track wandering to the north in Maryland). Railroads, during the war, count. Often only a threat to a vital rail artery can divert and change the plans of armies. Richmond Johnston eludes an extremely chary Patterson. Entraining his force, Johnston rushes his 11,000 Rebels at rail speed to Manassas where, swelling Beauregard’s ranks in time to greet McDowell, they—their timing—will make the difference. r ive .R Sh en J Potom ac R . L EL OW Shifting forces quickly on “interior” lines (compact-adjacent, versus the more sprawling, less-in-communication-with-eachother “exterior” lines) whether by rail or forced-march is a tactic the South will use to force-multiply more than once in the bloody years to come. 8 cD M J. B. Manassas Washington, D.C. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Acknowledgments Once I’d conceived and detailed the maps, many of which survive in original form, the grown-ups took over. Kumiko Yamazaki, to call whom a cartographer is like calling Bach a musician, developed each map to final form with spectacular creativity. Caroline Stover’s graphic-arts talent made the maps and margin art special, every arrow, shading, icon and close-quarters composition scheme. Wendy Reynolds paginated masterfully. Judith Schnell gave invaluable advice. A hundred times along the way Mark Allison shared his concision, graphic intuition, word-sense and Ockham’s eye. Mark is Greenwich Mean Time. To them I am indebted inexpressibly. But most of all to David Reisch, who makes genius research, cornucopian knowledge—eclectic as well as foundational—preternatural efficiency and prowess in English look effortless. David’s perfection of—in many instances life-saving surgery on—the maps was of a piece with his tireless consulting, proofing, copy editing, upgrading, collating and course-correcting, flawless always and always with good humor and flair. Stackpole’s History Editor, David has brought many a manuscript to fruition. If we’re lucky, one of these days one of these will be his. MDD 151 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Battles Antietam, 48–52 Atlanta, 136–37 Averasboro, 146 Gaines’s Mill, 36 Gettysburg, 86–90, 92–93 Glendale, 36 Ball’s Bluff, 10–12 Bentonville, 146 Big Black River Bridge, 74 Brandy Station, 79 Brice’s Crossroads, 132 Bull Run, First. See Manassas, First Bull Run, Second. See Manassas, Second Island No. 10, 25, 28 Iuka, 53 Cedar Creek, 140–41 Cedar Mountain, 40 Champion Hill, 74 Chancellorsville, 68–71 Chattanooga, 106–11 Chickamauga, 100–104 Cold Harbor, 130–31 Corinth, 55 Crater, 136–37 Cross Keys, 34 Dallas, 130–31 Ezra Church, 136–37 Fair Oaks. See Seven Pines Five Forks, 146 Fort Donelson, 20–23 Fort Fisher, 142–43, 145 Fort Henry, 20–23 Fort Pulaski, 28 Fort Stedman, 146 Fort Stevens, 136 Fort Sumter, 4 Fort Wagner, 97 Franklin, 142–43 Fredericksburg, 58–59 Front Royal, 32 Jonesborough, 140 Kennesaw Mountain, 134–35 Kernstown (1862), 25 Kernstown (1864), 136 Lynchburg, 134 Malvern Hill, 36 Manassas, First, 8–9 Manassas, Second, 40 McDowell, 28 Mechanicsville, 36 Mobile Bay, 138 Monitor and Merrimack, 25 Monocacy, 134 Murfreesboro. See Stones River Nashville, 142–43 New Market, 126–27 New Orleans, 28 North Anna, 128–29 Oak Grove, 36 Pea Ridge, 25 Peachtree Creek, 136–37 Perryville, 55 Petersburg, 132–133, 134–35, 136–37, 138–39, 140, 144, 146 Port Gibson, 66 Port Republic, 34 Raymond, 72 153 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Battles 154 Savage’s Station, 36 Saylor’s Creek, 146 Seven Days, 36 Seven Pines, 32 Sherman’s March to the Sea, 142–43 Shiloh, 26–27 Spotsylvania, 124–27 Spring Hill, 142–43 Stones River, 62–63 Vicksburg, 60, 64, 66, 72, 74, 76, 78, 94 Trevilian Station, 132 Yellow Tavern, 125 Yorktown, 28 Wilderness, 118–21 Williamsburg, 30 Wilson’s Creek, 10 Winchester (1862), 32 Winchester (1863), 80 Winchester (1864), 140 Wyse Fork, 146 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Bibliography Adkin, Mark. The Gettysburg Companion: The Complete Guide to America’s Most Famous Battle. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008. Alexander, Edward Porter. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. Ambrose, Stephen E. Halleck: Lincoln’s Chief of Staff. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1962. Ballard, Ted. Battle of Ball’s Bluff. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, 2001. Ballard, Michael. Vicksburg: The Campaign That Opened the Mississippi. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Barrett, John G. Sherman’s March through the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1956. Bonekemper, Edward H. Grant and Lee: Victorious American and Vanquished Virginian. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008. Brands, H. W. The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace. New York: Doubleday, 2012. Castel, Albert E. Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1992. Catton, Bruce. Grant Moves South. Boston: Little, Brown, 1960. ———. Grant Takes Command. Boston: Little, Brown, 1969. Cleaves, Freeman. Rock of Chickamauga: The Life of General George H. Thomas. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1948. Coddington, Edwin B. The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command. New York: Scribner’s, 1968. Connelly, Thomas. Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1971. Cozzens, Peter. This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1992. Cullen, Joseph P. The Peninsula Campaign 1862: McClellan & Lee Struggle for Richmond. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1973. Daniel, Larry J. Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977. ———. The Battle of New Market. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975. ———. The Battlefields of the Civil War: The Bloody Conflict of North against South Told through the Stories of Its Great Battles. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. ———. Duel between the First Ironclads. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975. Ecelbarger, Gary. The Day Dixie Died: The Battle of Atlanta. New York: Thomas Dunne, 2010. Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. 155 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Bibliography Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002. Engle, Stephen D. Yankee Dutchman: The Life of Franz Sigel. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press, 1993. Fellman, Michael. Citizen Sherman: A Life of William Tecumseh Sherman. New York: Random House, 1995. Fonvielle, Chris E. The Wilmington Campaign: Last Rays of Departing Hope. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. 3 vols. New York: Random House, 1958–74. Freeman, Douglas Southall. Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1942-44. Furgurson, Ernest B. Chancellorsville 1863: The Souls of the Brave. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Gabel, Christopher R. Railroad Generalship: Foundations of Civil War Strategy. Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1997. ———. The Vicksburg Campaign: November 1862–July 1863. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 2013. Gallagher, Gary W. The Confederate War: How Popular Will, Nationalism, and Military Strategy Could Not Stave Off Defeat. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. Gallagher, Gary W., ed. Lee the Soldier. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1996. Gallagher, Gary W., and Joseph T. Glatthaar. Leaders of the Lost Cause: New Perspectives on the Confederate High Command. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2004. Gott, Kendall D. Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry–Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. 2 vols. New York: Charles Webster, 1885. Guelzo, Allen C. Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012. ———. Gettysburg: The Last Invasion. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013. Hallock, Judith Lee. Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat, Vol 2. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1991. Harsh, Joseph L. Confederate Tide Rising: Robert E. Lee and the Making of Southern Strategy, 1861–1862. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1998. Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983. Hebert, Walter H. Fighting Joe Hooker. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1944. Hennessy, John J. Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. Hess, Earl J. The Civil War in the West: Victory and Defeat from the Appalachians to the Mississippi. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. ———. Kennesaw Mountain: Sherman, Johnston, and the Atlanta Campaign. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. Hoehling. A. A. Vicksburg: 47 Days of Siege. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1996. Hollandsworth, James G. Pretense of Glory: The Life of General Nathaniel P. Banks. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. Holzer, Harold. Emancipating Lincoln: The Proclamation in Text, Context, and Memory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. Slavery and the Making of America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs. Bentonville: The Final Battle of Sherman and Johnston. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. Huntington, Tom. Searching for George Gordon Meade: The Forgotten Victor of Gettysburg. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2013. Hurst, Jack. Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1993. Johnson, Ludwell H. Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1993. Josephy, Alvin M. The Civil War in the American West. New York: Knopf, 1991. Kegel, James A. North with Lee and Jackson: The Lost Story of Gettysburg. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1996. Klement, Frank L. The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham & the Civil War. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1970. 156 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Bibliography Longstreet, James. From Manassas to Appomattox. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1908. Marszalek, John F. Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order. New York: Free Press, 1993. Martin, David G. The Peninsula Campaign, March–July 1862. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1992. Marvel, William. Burnside. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. McDonough, James Lee. Chattanooga—A Death Grip on the Confederacy. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. ———. Shiloh—In Hell before Night. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1977. ———. Stones River—Bloody Winter in Tennessee. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1980. McDonough, James Lee, and James Pickett Jones. War So Terrible: Sherman and Atlanta. New York: W. W. Norton, 1987. McMurry, Richard M. Two Great Rebel Armies: An Essay in Confederate Military History. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989. McPherson, James M., ed. The Atlas of the Civil War. New York: Macmillan, 1994. McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ———. War on the Waters: The Union & Confederate Navies, 1861–1865. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. Murfin, James V. The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign of 1862. New York: T. Yoseloff, 1965. Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. Here Come the Rebels! Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1965. O’Reilly, Francis Augustin. The Fredericksburg Campaign: Winter War on the Rappahannock. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. Peters, Ralph. Cain at Gettysburg. New York: Forge, 2012. Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg—The First Day. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Rafuse, Ethan S. Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 1863–1865. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008. Rhea, Gordon C. The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–6, 1864. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1994. ———. The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern, May 7–12, 1864. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. ———. Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26–June 3, 1864. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. ———. To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2000. Sears, Stephen W. Chancellorsville. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. ———. George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988. ———. Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. ———. To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1992. Sherman, William T. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. 2nd ed. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1889. Simpson, Brooks D. Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity, 1822–1865. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Stackpole, Edward J. Chancellorsville: Lee’s Greatest Battle. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Company, 1958. ———. The Fredericksburg Campaign. 2nd edition. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1991. ———. From Cedar Mountain to Antietam, August–September 1862. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Company, 1959. ———. Sheridan in the Shenandoah: Jubal Early’s Nemesis. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Company, 1961. ———. They Met at Gettysburg. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Company, 1956. Stackpole Books, The Editors of. Gettysburg: The Story of the Battle with Maps. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2013. Steere, Edward. The Wilderness Campaign. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Co., 1960. 157 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Bibliography Stoker, Donald J. The Grand Design: Strategy and the U.S. Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Swanson, Mark. Atlas of the Civil War Month by Month: Major Battles and Troop Movements. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2004. Symonds, Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the Civil War. Annapolis, MD: Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company, 1983. ———. The Civil War at Sea. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2009. ———. Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography. New York: Norton, 1992. Tanner, Robert G. Stonewall in the Valley: Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Spring 1862. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1996. Trudeau, Noah Andre. Bloody Roads South: The Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May–June 1864. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989. ———. The Last Citadel: Petersburg, Virginia, June 1864–April 1865. Boston: Little, Brown, 1991. ———. Southern Storm: Sherman’s March to the Sea. New York: Harper, 2008. Tucker, Glenn. Chickamauga: Bloody Battle in the West. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961. U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. 128 vols. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. Wagner, Margaret E. The Library of Congress Illustrated Timeline of the Civil War. New York: Little Brown, 2011. Weigley, Russell F. A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000. Wert, Jeffry D. From Winchester to Cedar Creek: The Shenandoah Campaign of 1864. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997. ———. General James Longstreet: The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier. New York: Touchstone, 1993. ———. The Sword of Lincoln: The Army of the Potomac. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. Williams, T. Harry. Lincoln and His Generals. New York: Knopf, 1952. ———. P. G. T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1955. Woodworth, Steven E. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1990. ———. Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. Woodworth, Steven E., and Kenneth J. Winkle. Atlas of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 158 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Also Available GETTYSBURG THE STORY OF THE BATTLE WITH MAPS “This map-supported narrative of the Battle of Gettysburg will appeal to neophyte and expert alike. The hour-by-hour maps of the maneuvering and fighting provide the clearest cartographic picture —James M. McPherson, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of the battle in existence.” of Battle Cry of Freedom “This book meets people coming to the battlefield just where they are, with concise and uncluttered maps that clearly and accurately lay out the major movements down to brigade level, on an hourby-hour basis, and with a straightforward and easily-followed narrative of each map’s actions. Take it in the car, take it on foot, combine it with digital apps, or study it in advance—you will have the —Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln Prize–winning author of battle of Gettysburg in easy grasp.” Gettysburg: The Last Invasion “A unique exploration of the battle. Since each map shows the entire battlefield, it is possible to understand the context of each movement, attack, and counterattack during the three days and how it related to the rest of the battle. The accompanying text brings the battle alive and nicely —D. Scott Hartwig, former Supervisory Historian at complements the maps.” Gettysburg National Military Park Paperback • 8.5 x 11 • 160 pages • 70 full-page color maps • 152 color illustrations WWW.STACKPOLEBOOKS.COM U.S. HISTORY/ Civil War COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL “A LUCID NARRATIVE PLUS CLEAR, EASY-TO-READ MAPS that portray both strategic and tactical operations make a splendid combination in this valuable volume. It can be read cover to cover as a complete military history of the Civil War, or consulted as a reference work on specific campaigns and battles. It is a book that Civil War experts as well as novices will find indispensable.” JAMES M. McPHERSON author of Embattled Rebel: Jefferson Davis as Commander in Chief “THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR is of course intimately linked with the American landscape. Understanding that topography, and visualizing the movements of armies over it present a constant challenge even to seasoned readers. M. David Detweiler’s The Civil War: The Story of the War with Maps presents a fresh and invaluable companion for anyone who wants to understand what happened whether reading in an armchair, or touring on the battlefield. The maps are both illuminating and attractive, and refreshingly easy to comprehend. The marginal vignette maps are especially helpful, and overall the approach is innovative, and very effective. Scholars and buffs alike will welcome this as a valuable addition to their shelves.” See more of WILLIAM C. DAVIS author of Crucible of Command: Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee THE CIVIL WAR “FOR READERS ADDICTED TO HISTORIES OR NOVELS ABOUT THE CIVIL WAR, a common challenge at www.stackpolebooks.com is the lack of adequate maps. This excellent volume satisfies that need, once and for all: It’s the clearest, fullest collection of strategic and tactical maps available, a fine volume on its own and an indispensable aid to understanding many another book. Few works truly are ‘must-haves’ for a Civil War collection, but this one’s essential.” RALPH PETERS author of Cain at Gettysburg and Hell or Richmond “ANY READER—OR HISTORIAN!—WHO HAS YEARNED for a simple, comprehensible, vivid map to accompany the story of a military campaign, a battle, or a mere skirmish, need now look no further than David Detweiler’s useful and highly attractive compilation. Civil War–era civilians and modern aficionados alike may have long yearned for portraits and landscapes to illustrate the battles and leaders of the time, but commanders of the day relied on maps to lead the way to tactical advantage on the field of action. It is good to have a volume that combines an understanding of military movements of the period and accessibility to modern technology to create understandable cartography of the scenes that people of the period yearned to understand.” HAROLD HOLZER Roger Hertog Fellow, New-York Historical Society M. DAVID DETWEILER graduated from Yale, where he published fiction and wrote and performed in three musical reviews. After working as a journalist, investigative reporter and editor, he became President of Stackpole Books, in which post he has remained for thirty years. As an amateur military history buff, he developed and wrote the acclaimed GETTYSBURG: The Story of the Battle with Maps, with co-editor David Reisch. THE CIVIL WAR: The Story of the War with Maps similarly presents a unique comprehensive overview of 1861–65. THE CIVIL WAR came to life as the result of the author’s having long sought such a book and not been able to find it. THE CIVIL WAR describes and maps the flow of our great national conflict from beginning to end sequentially, every clash, raid, error, pitched battle, retreat, inspired maneuver and campaign side by side in time and space as events unfolded on the vast, unchanging grid east of the Mississippi. Detweiler enjoys fly fishing, hunting, sports, composing and writing fiction. He lives in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, with his wife and son, and cannot resist chasing the fleeting what-ifs of history. ISBN 978-0-8117-1449-5 5 2 4 9 5> STACKPOLE BOOKS www.stackpolebooks.com 9 7 808 1 1 7 1 4 4 95 $24.95 U.S. Higher in Canada Printed in U.S.A.