Download communicable diseases

COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
• Communicable diseases are diseases that are
spread from person to person via direct
contact, airborne droplets or body fluids.
Many states require that communicable
diseases when they are identified by a health
care provider,
RUBRIC FOR POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION
AIDS/HIV
• AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a virus
called
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the
immune system, making people much more vulnerable to
infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens as the
disease progresses.
Seasonal Flu
• Seasonal flu is a contagious respiratory illness
caused by flu viruses. It spreads between
people and can cause mild to severe illness. In
some cases, the flu can lead to death. In the
United States, flu season occurs in the fall and
winter
Tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection, primarily in
the lungs (a pneumonia), caused by bacteria
called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is
spread usually from person to person by
breathing infected air during close contact.
H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu)
• Swine flu is an infection caused by a virus. It's
named for a virus that pigs can get. People do
not normally get swine flu, but human
infections can and do happen. In 2009 a
strain of swine flu called H1N1 infected many
people around the world.
Gonorrhea
• Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease. Gonorrhea
bacteria live in the mucosal areas of the body such as the
penis, vagina and the oral mucosa. According to New York
State Department of Health, this disease is more common in
15- to 30-year-olds and occurs more frequently in urban
areas versus rural areas. This disease can also be spread
from the mother to her newborn during birth.
Measles
• Measles is a serious and occasionally fatal viral
infection. This virus lives in the nose and throat of
infected patients. Measles is also a spread via
respiratory droplets. Symptoms of measles begin
with a cough, runny nose and low-grade fever. A
rash appears, which starts on the head and spreads
over the trunk and extremities.
Rabies
• Rabies is a preventable viral disease of mammals
most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid
animal. The vast majority of rabies cases reported
to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) each year occur in wild animals like raccoons,
skunks, bats, and foxes.
Chickenpox (varicella)
• Chickenpox (varicella) is a common illness
that causes an itchy rash and red spots or
blisters (pox) all over the body. It is most
common in children, but most people will get
chickenpox at some point in their lives if they
have not had the chickenpox vaccine.
Meningitis
• Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges. The
meninges is the collective name for the three
membranes that envelope the brain and spinal cord
(central nervous system), called the dura mater, the
arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The meninges'
main function, alongside the cerebrospinal fluid is
to protect the central nervous system.
Mumps
• Mumps. This is a virus that causes fever, body
aches, muscle aches, loss of appetite and swelling
of the salivary glands. Incubation period is 16 to 18
days. You should take your child to his/her doctor is
you suspect mumps because it is no longer a
common virus.
common cold
• common cold is a contagious, viral infectious
disease of the upper respiratory system,
primarily caused by rhinoviruses,
(picornaviruses) or coronaviruses. It is the
most common infectious disease in humans;
there is no known cure, but it is very rarely
fatal.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS
• HIV is the infection that causes AIDS.
• HIV has few or no symptoms for up to 10
years or more before symptoms of AIDS
develop.
• There is no cure for HIV/AIDS, but treatment
is available.
• HIV can be spread during sex play.
• Latex and female condoms offer very good
protection against HIV.
Causes and effects
• The flu is caused by influenza virus types A, B, and C. Both type A and
type B flu viruses are responsible for the seasonal outbreaks of flu.
Type A flu viruses are found in many different animals, including ducks,
chickens, pigs, and horses. Influenza B viruses circulate widely only
among humans.
• Flu viruses spread mainly from person to person, through coughing or
sneezing by people infected with influenza. Sometimes people may
become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then
touching their mouth or nose. Healthy adults may be able to infect
others beginning one day before symptoms develop and up to seven
days after becoming sick. This means a person may be able to pass on
the flu to someone else before ever knowing they are sick.
Causes and effects
• Only people who have active TB infections can spread the TB bacteria.
Coughing, sneezing, even talking can release the bacteria into the
surrounding air, and people breathing this air can then become infected.
This is more likely to happen if you're living in close quarters with
someone who has TB or if a room isn't well ventilated.
• Once a person is infected, the bacteria will settle in the air sacs and
passages of the lungs and, in most cases, will be contained by the immune
system.
• Your chances of becoming infected are higher if you come from - or travel
to - certain countries where TB is common.
Causes and effects
• H1N1 flu is caused by a virus. The most
common subtype, or strain, is influenza type A
H1N1, and this subtype has also caused
infection in people. The letters H and N in the
subtype name stand for proteins found on the
surface of the virus, which are used to
distinguish between different subtypes.
Causes and effects
• Gonorrhea is almost always sexually
transmitted. Genital sex will cause gonorrhea
of the genitals. Anal sex can transmit
gonorrhea to the rectum. Oral sex can cause
gonorrhea of the throat. Gonorrheal eye
infections are usually found in infants who
have picked it up in the birth canal, but adults
may get eye infections if they touch the
infected area and then rub their eyes.
Causes and effects
• The infection is spread by contact with droplets from the
nose, mouth, or throat of an infected person. Sneezing and
coughing can put contaminated droplets into the air.
• Those who have had an active measles infection or who
have been vaccinated against the measles have immunity
to the disease. Before widespread vaccination, measles was
so common during childhood that most people became sick
with the disease by age 20. The number of measles cases
dropped over the last several decades to almost none in
the U.S. and Canada. However, rates have started to rise
again recently.
Causes and effects
• Rabies is spread by infected saliva that enters the body
through a bite or broken skin. The virus travels from the
wound to the brain, where it causes swelling, or
inflammation. This inflammation leads to symptoms of
the disease. Most rabies deaths occur in children.
• In the past, human cases in the United States usually
resulted from a dog bite, but recently, more cases of
human rabies have been linked to bats and raccoons.
Although dog bites are a common cause of rabies in
developing countries, there have been no reports of
rabies caused by dog bites in the United States for a
number of years due to widespread animal vaccination.
Causes and effects
• The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes
chickenpox. The disease is highly contagious -over 90% of nonimmune individuals will develop
chickenpox following exposure. VZV is
communicable by both direct skin-to-skin
contact and via respiratory droplets (for
example, coughing, sneezing) from the infected
individual. While the average incubation period
from viral exposure to onset of symptoms is 1214 days, symptoms may appear as early as 10
days or as late as 21 days after exposure to the
virus.
Cause and effets
• Meningitis is usually caused by one of a number
of bacteria. The most common is Streptococcus
pneumoniae. Neisseria meningitidis can cause
outbreaks in crowded conditions, such as college
dormitories or military barracks. Haemophilus
influenzae type B (Hib) can also cause meningitis
in adults and children. Meningitis in children is
becoming less common because children now
receive the Hib vaccine in infancy as well as the
pneumococcal vaccine (Prevnar).
Cause and effect
• Mumps is a virus that is spread through saliva.
When someone coughs or sneezes those small
drops of moisture inter the air and can land on
another person spreading the illness. It can
also be spread through kissing or through the
sharing of eating utensils or cups.
Cause and effect
• Although more than 100 viruses can cause a common
cold, the rhinovirus is the most common culprit, and
it's highly contagious.
• A cold virus enters your body through your mouth,
eyes or nose. The virus can spread through droplets in
the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or
talks. But it also spreads by hand-to-hand contact with
someone who has a cold or by sharing contaminated
objects, such as utensils, towels, toys or telephones. If
you touch your eyes, nose or mouth after such contact
or exposure, you're likely to catch a cold.
Prevention
• HIV prevention refers to practices done to
prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. HIV
prevention practices may be done by
individuals to protect their own health and
the health of those in their community, or
may be instituted by governments or other
organizations as public health policies.
Prevention
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The single best way to prevent seasonal flu is to get vaccinated each year, but good health habits like covering your cough
and washing your hands often can help stop the spread of germs and prevent respiratory illnesses like the flu. There also are
flu antiviral drugs that can be used to treat and prevent the flu.
1. Avoid close contact.
Avoid close contact with people who are sick. When you are sick, keep your distance from others to protect them from
getting sick too.
2. Stay home when you are sick.
•
If possible, stay home from work, school, and errands when you are sick. You will help prevent others from catching your
illness.
3. Cover your mouth and nose.
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Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick.
4. Clean your hands.
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Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand
rub.
5. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
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Germs are often spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her
eyes, nose, or mouth.
6. Practice other good health habits.
Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces at home, work or school, especially when someone is ill. Get plenty of sleep,
be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food.
Prevention
• If you test positive for latent TB infection, your
doctor may advise you to take medications to
reduce your risk of developing active
tuberculosis. The only type of tuberculosis
that is contagious is the active variety, when it
affects the lungs. So if you can prevent your
latent tuberculosis from becoming active, you
won't transmit tuberculosis to anyone else.
Prevention
• Take these everyday steps to protect your health:
• Cover your cough: Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue
when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash
after you use it.
• Wash your hands: Wash your hands often with soap and
water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based
hand cleaners are also effective.
• Avoid spreading germs: Avoid touching your eyes, nose or
mouth. Try to avoid close contact with anyone who is sick.
Germs spread this way.
• Stay home if you are sick: If you are sick with flu-like illness,
CDC recommends that you stay home for at least 24 hours
after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for
other necessities. (Your fever should be gone without the
use of a fever-reducing medicine.) Keep away from others as
much as possible to keep from making them sick.
Prevention
• # Use a condom if you choose to have sex. Abstaining from
sex is the surest way to prevent gonorrhea. But if you
choose to have sex, use a condom during any type of sexual
contact, including anal sex, oral sex or vaginal sex.
• # Ask your partner to be tested for sexually transmitted
infections. Find out whether your partner has been tested
for sexually transmitted infections, including gonorrhea. If
not, ask whether he or she would be willing to undergo
testing.
• # Don't have sex with someone who has any unusual
symptoms. If your partner has signs or symptoms of a
sexually transmitted infection, such as burning during
urination or a genital rash or sore, don't have sex with that
person.
Prevention
• Preventing new infections
• If you've already had measles, your body has
built up its immune system to fight the
infection, and you can't get measles again.
Most people born or living in the United
States before 1957 are immune to measles,
simply because they've already had it.
Prevention
• Two rabies vaccines are available in the UK. Vaccination
usually requires a course of three doses for protection.
The second dose is given seven days after the first. The
third dose is given 21 or 28 days after the first,
depending on which vaccine is used.
• The injections are not painful and are given into your
upper arm. There are usually no serious side effects.
• Vaccination should be completed before your
departure to allow your body to develop full immunity.
Prevention
• The chickenpox (varicella) vaccine is the best
way to prevent chickenpox. Experts from the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) estimate that the vaccine provides
complete protection from the virus for nearly
90 percent of young children who receive it.
When the vaccine doesn't provide complete
protection, it significantly lessens the severity
of the disease.
Prevention
• # Wash your hands. Careful hand-washing is important to
avoiding exposure to infectious agents. Teach your children
to wash their hands often, especially before they eat and
after using the toilet, spending time in a crowded public
place or petting animals. Show them how to wash their
hands vigorously, covering both the front and back of each
hand with soap and rinsing thoroughly under running
water.
• # Practice good hygiene. Don't share drinks, foods, straws,
eating utensils, lip balms or toothbrushes with anyone else.
Teach children and teens to avoid sharing these items too.
• # Stay healthy. Maintain your immune system by getting
enough rest, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet
with plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• # Cover your mouth. When you need to cough or sneeze,
be sure to cover your mouth and nose.
Prevention
• he mumps vaccine is usually given as a combined
measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) inoculation,
which contains the safest and most effective form
of each vaccine. Two doses of the MMR vaccine
are recommended before a child enters school:
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The first between ages 12 and 15 months
The second between ages 4 and 6 years, or
between 11 and 12 if not previously given
Prevention
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* Wash your hands. Clean your hands thoroughly and often, and
teach your children the importance of hand-washing.
* Scrub your stuff. Keep kitchen and bathroom countertops clean,
especially when someone in your family has a common cold. Wash
children's toys periodically.
* Use tissues. Always sneeze and cough into tissues. Discard used
tissues right away, and then wash your hands carefully. Teach
children to sneeze or cough into the bend of their elbow when they
don't have a tissue. That way they cover their mouths without using
their hands.
* Don't share. Don't share drinking glasses or utensils with other
family members. Use your own glass or disposable cups when you
or someone else is sick. Label the cup or glass with the name of the
person with the cold.
* Steer clear of colds. Avoid close, prolonged contact with anyone
who has a cold.
* Choose your child care center wisely. Look for a child care
setting with good hygiene practices and clear policies about keeping
sick children at home.
References
• http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/commdise/com
mdise.html
• http://www.acphd.org/communicabledisease/communicable-diseases.aspx
• http://www.ehow.com/about_5434268_types
-communicable-diseases.html
Learning
• We conclude that as a student, we should be
aware on the different kinds of
communicable diseases, as well as their
cause and effect and most especially their
prevention and controls.
• The reason why we should learn those things
is to have a healthy living and to promote
wellness.