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Multi-Apartment Buildings Tamás Perényi Tamás Niczki Zsófia Dankó Boglárka Szentirmai Zoltán André Tímea Nikházy Margó Szécsi Zoltán Török Viola Tóth Andor Wesselényi-Garay Patrick Mullowney Anikó Annamária Németh Péter Brenyó Albert Máté Multi-Apartment Buildings by Tamás Perényi by Tamás Niczki, Zsófia Dankó, and Boglárka Szentirmai by Zoltán André, Tímea Nikházy, Margó Szécsi, Zoltán Török, and Viola Tóth by Andor Wesselényi-Garay, Patrick Mullowney, and Anikó Annamária Németh by Péter Brenyó and Albert Máté Publication date 2013 Copyright © 2013 BUTE Department of Residential Building Design, The curriculum development of the BME Department of Residential Building Design was implemented under the preject TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/1-11/1-2011-0055., , , Abstract In our curricular collection entitled Multi-Apartment Houses, we focus on multi-storey, multi-apartment residential buildings, while we deal with all the other types of multi-apartment houses in Low-Rise High-Density Housing. Copyright 2013 Table of Contents Introductory Essay ........................................................................................................ ix The Topic of Multi-Apartment Buildings .................................................................. ix Categories of Multi-Apartment Houses ..................................................................... ix The Structuring of This Collection ........................................................................... ix Examples of Historic Periods and Vernacular Architectural Prototypes ............................ x Multi-Apartment Buildings in the First Half of the 20th Century ................................... xi Projects in the Latter Half of the 20th Century ......................................................... xiii Contemporary Experiments, Design Issues ............................................................... xv 1. Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects ............... 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1 Majolica House, Vienna, Austri ...................................................................... 1 mp; Russell, Graham Court, New York, US ........................................................ 5 Rue Franklin Apartments, Paris, Franc ............................................................. 7 Casa Milà, Barcelona, Spain, 19 .................................................................... 13 Klerk, Hembrugstraat, Amsterdam, Netherland .................................................. 16 Gradins Vavin, Paris, Franc .......................................................................... 19 der Rohe, Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart, German .............................................. 22 - Martin Wagner, Britz Hufeisensiedlung, Berlin, Germany, ................................. 26 - Ignati Milinis, Narkomfin Communal House, Moscow, Russi ............................. 31 Siemensstadt Housing, Berlin, German ........................................................... 37 Karl-Marx-Court, Vienna, Austria .................................................................. 41 Highpoint Apartment Blocks, London, U ........................................................ 45 - Pietro Lingeri, Casa Lavezzari, Milan, Ital ..................................................... 50 Giuseppe Terragni - Pietro Lingeri, Casa Rustici, Corso Sempione, Milan, 1936 ...... 55 Charles Marshall - William Tweedy, Viceroy Court in St. John’s Wood, London, UK, 1934-36 ............................................................................................... 59 amus - Palanti, Fabio Filzi Quarter - Residential complex in the Milan suburbs, Ital ............................................................................................................ 64 Micthell - Bridgwater - Gollins & Smeeton AA, Viceroy Close, Birmingham, UK, 1938 ................................................................................................... 68 Robert Atkinson, Oslo Court, London, UK, 1938 .............................................. 71 Mario Terzaghi - Augusto Magnaghi Delfino, Apartment Building, Como, Italy, 1939 .......................................................................................................... 76 Giuseppe Terragni, Giuliani-Frigerio Apartments, Como, Italy, 1940 .................... 78 2. Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects ............... 82 ......................................................................................................................... 82 Henrik Böhm – Ármin Hegedűs, Török Bank, Szervita Square No. 3, Budapest, District V, 1906 ........................................................................................... 82 Béla Lajta, Rózsavölgyi House, Szervita Square No. 5, Budapest, District V, 1911-12 ...................................................................................................... 87 Béla Málnai, Former Czech-Hungarian Industrial Bank, Nádor Street No. 6, Budapest, District V, 1912 ............................................................................. 94 Iván Kotsis, Luther House, Nyíregyháza, 1929 ................................................. 99 Pál Ligeti – Farkas Molnár, Delej Mansion, Mihály Street No. 11, Budapest, District I, 1930 .......................................................................................... 103 Károly Rainer, Mailáth Houses, Keleti Károly Street, Budapest, District II, 1930 ......................................................................................................... 105 Pál Detre - Máté Major, Tenement House, Attila Road No. 129, Budapest, District I, 1934 ..................................................................................................... 108 Lajos Kozma, Six-Flat Tenement Mansion, Bimbó Road No. 39, Budapest, District II, 1934 ......................................................................................... 110 László Lauber - István Nyíri, Tenement House, Kékgolyó Street No. 10, Budapest, District XII, 1934 ......................................................................... 113 Gábor Preisich - Mihály Vadász, Manfréd Weiss’s Pension Funds Tenement House, Bartók Béla Road No. 62–64, Budapest, District XI, 1934 ....................... 119 iv Multi-Apartment Buildings Aladár Árkay - Sándor Faragó - József Fischer - Károly Heysa - Pál Ligeti Farkas Molnár - Móric Pogány - Gábor Preisich - Mihály Vadász, OTI Tenement Houses, Pope John Paul II Square (formerly Köztársaság Square) Nos. 14,15 and 16, Budapest, District VIII, 1935 .................................................................. 125 Lajos Kozma, Átrium House, Margit Boulevard No. 55, Budapest, District II, 1936 ......................................................................................................... 131 Dr. Béla Barát - Ede Novák, Georgia Tenement Palace, Rákóczi Road No. 4, Budapest, District VII, 1936 ......................................................................... 137 Béla Hofstätter - Ferenc Domány, Dunapark House, Pozsonyi Road No. 38-40, Budapest, District XIII, 1936 ........................................................................ 143 László Lauber - István Nyíri - Sándor Bálint, Tenement House, Irányi Street No. 8, Budapest, District V, 1936 ........................................................................ 148 Farkas Molnár, Condominiums, Pasaréti Road No. 7, Budapest, District II, 1936 ... 150 Móric Pogány - István Janáky, Bérvilla, Áfonya Street, Budapest, District II, 1936 ......................................................................................................... 155 Károly Bálint, Tenement Mansion with Businesses, Kolumbusz Street No. 57/b, Budapest, District XIV, 1937 ........................................................................ 158 Lajos Kozma - Vilmos Dénes, Tenement House, Régiposta Street No. 13, Budapest, District V, 1937 ........................................................................... 160 György Rumszauer, Tenement House of the Association of the Royal Hungarian Postmasters and Postal Employees, Szalay Street No. 5/a, Budapest, District V, 1937 ......................................................................................................... 168 Gyula Wälder, Tenement House (Holitscher House), Rákóczi Road No. 12, Budapest, District VII, 1937 ......................................................................... 172 János Wanner, Tenement Mansion, Szilágyi Erzsébet Avenue No. 61, Budapest, District II, 1937 ......................................................................................... 174 Béla Hofstätter - Ferenc Domány, Tenement House of Weiss Manfréd Companies’ Recognised Pension Fund, Margit Boulevard Nos. 15-17, Budapest, District II, 1938 ......................................................................................... 176 Tibor Hübner - István Janáky, OTI Tenement House, Károly Boulevard Nos. 13-15, Budapest, District VII, 1940 ............................................................... 182 Dr. Dezső Hültl, Tenement House of the Hungarian Academy of Science (MTA), Károly Boulevard No. 1, Budapest, District VII, 1939 ....................................... 186 Aladár and Viktor Olgyay, Tenement House, Városmajor Street No. 50/b, Budapest, District XII, 1941 ......................................................................... 189 Gedeon Gerlóczy, Tenement House with Businesses, Petőfi Sándor Street No. 12, Budapest, District V, 1944 ........................................................................... 194 3. Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects ......... 200 ....................................................................................................................... 200 Luciano Abenante - Francesco Di Salvo - Gian Tristano Papale, Social Housing, Naples, Italy, 1947 ..................................................................................... 200 Luigi Moretti, Il Girasole, Rome, Italy, 1950 .................................................. 204 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago, USA, 1951 ......................................................................................................... 208 Le Corbusier, Unité d'Habitation, Marseille, France, 1948-52 ............................ 213 Mario Asnago - Claudio Vender, Residential Building, Via Faruffini 6, Milan, Italy, 1954 ................................................................................................. 219 José Antonio Coderch, Casa de la Marina, Barcelona, Spain, 1951–54 ................. 223 Attilio Mariani - Carlo Perogalli, Via Crivelli, Milan, Italy, 1955 ........................ 231 Frank Lloyd Wright, Price Tower, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA, 1956 ................ 234 Gio Ponti, Casa Via Dezza, Milan, Italy, 1957 ................................................ 240 Kunio Maekawa, Harumi Apartments, Tokyo, Japan, 1958 ................................ 243 Gian Luigi Banfi - Lodovico Belgiojoso - Enrico Peresutti - Ernesto Rogers (Studio BBPR), Velasca Tower, Milan, Italy, 1958 ............................................ 251 Johannes Hendrik van der Broek - Jaap Bakema, Hansaviertel Tower, Berlin, Germany, 1960 .......................................................................................... 256 Bertrand Goldberg, Marina City, Chicago, USA, 1964 ..................................... 259 Ernő Goldfinger, Balfron and Trellick Tower, West-London, UK, 1968–72 ........... 264 v Multi-Apartment Buildings Moshe Safdie, Habitat ’67, Montreal, Canada, 1967 ........................................ 267 Alison and Peter Smithson, Robin Hood Gardens, London, UK, 1972 ................. 273 Kisho Kurokawa, Nakagin Capsule Tower, Tokyo, Japan, 1972 .......................... 277 Rudolf Olgiati, Apartment House, Flims-Dorf, Switzerland, 1973 ....................... 283 Ricardo Bofill - Taller de Arquitectura, Walden 7, Barcelona, Spain, 1973 ............ 286 Cruz y Ortiz Arquitectos, Calle Doña María Coronel 26, Sevilla, Spain, 1976 ....... 291 Rudolf Olgiati, Tschaler House, Chur, Switzerland, 1977 .................................. 294 Jean Nouvel, Nemausus I-II, Nîmes, France, 1985–88 ...................................... 298 4. Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects ................ 303 ....................................................................................................................... 303 Zoltán Kiss, Apartment Building, Délibáb Street, District VI, Budapest, 1954 ....... 303 Károly Weichinger–Csaba Virág, OTP Apartments, Liszt Ferenc Square, District VII/VI, Budapest, 1961 ............................................................................... 306 Zoltán Gulyás, OTP Apartments, Rumbach Sebestyén Street, District VII, Budapest, 1963 .......................................................................................... 310 György Vedres, OTP Apartments, Bem Embankment, District I, Budapest, 1962 .... 317 György Jánossy, Apartments, Úri Street No. 38, District I, Budapest, 1963 ........... 320 Tibor Tenke, Medium-Rise Apartment Houses of an Experimental Housing Estate, Budapest, XXII, 1963 ....................................................................... 325 Lajos Schmidt, Apartments, Gellérthegy Street, District I, Budapest, 1965 ............ 329 György Tokár - Attila Emődy, Apartments, Hajnóczy József Street, District XII, Budapest, 1965 .......................................................................................... 333 János Sedlmayr, Apartments, Tárnok Street No. 7, District I, Budapest, 1964 ........ 337 Béla Borvendeg, Apartments, Szeged, Oskola Street, 1968 ................................ 342 Levente Varga, Terrace House, Lévay Street No. 8, District II, Budapest, 1967– 1969 ......................................................................................................... 348 Csaba Virág, White Dove House, Úri Street, District I, Budapest, 1969 ................ 352 Zoltán Farkasdy - Attila Kenessey, Apartments in the Castle District, Dísz Square, District I, Budapest, 1970 ................................................................. 357 Zoltán Farkasdy, Apartments, Úri Street, District I, Budapest, 1970 .................... 362 Mrs János Sedlmayr, Apartments, Hátsókapu Street, Sopron, 1971 ..................... 367 Olga Mináry, Apartment Buildings, Hankóczy Jenő Street, District II, Budapest, 1974 ......................................................................................................... 371 Lajos Horváth, Infill Development in the Castle District, Úri Street, District I, Budapest, 1972 .......................................................................................... 374 Károly Jurcsik, Apartments, Toboz Street, District III, Budapest, 1977 ................ 381 5. Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects ........................................... 384 ....................................................................................................................... 384 Gilles Perraudin - Françoise Jourda, Croix Rousse Social Housing, Lyon, France, 1992 ......................................................................................................... 384 Philippe Gazeau, Logements Postiers, Rue de l’Ourcq, Paris, France, 1993 ........... 388 Carlo Baumschlager-Dietmar Eberle, Rohrbach 2 Residential Complex, Dombirn, Austria, 1997 ............................................................................................. 392 Frédéric Borel, Apartment Building, Rue Pelleport, Paris, France, 1999 ............... 396 Carlos Ferrater, Paseo de Gracia - Diputación Building, Barcelona, Spain, 1999 ..... 401 Herzog & de Meuron, Rue des Suisses Apartment Buildings, Paris, France, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 406 de Architekten Cie, The Whale, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2000 ......................... 412 Kazuyo Sejima–Ryue Nishiziwa (SANAA), Kitagata Housing, Kitagata, Japan, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 416 Carlo Baumschlager - Dietmar Eberle, Hötting-West Development, Innsbruck, Austria, 2000 ............................................................................................. 422 Eduardo Souto de Moura, Maia Apartments, Maia, Portugal, 2001 ...................... 425 Cino Zucchi, D/Residential Building on La Giudecca, Venice, Italy, 2002 ............. 430 Ercilla - Campo Arquitectura, 168 FLATS Public Housing, Lakua, VitoriaGasteiz, Spain, 2002 ................................................................................... 433 Alfonso Reyes - Dellekamp Arquitectos, 58 Apartments, Mexico City, Mexico, 2003 ......................................................................................................... 437 vi Multi-Apartment Buildings MVRDV, Silodam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2003 .......................................... 445 Alvaro Siza Vieira, Terraços de Bragança, Lisbon, Portugal, 2004 ...................... 454 Claus en Kaan Architecten, Ter Huivra, Joure, Netherlands, 2004 ....................... 458 Edouard François, Flower Tower, Paris, France, 2004 ...................................... 463 Miller & Maranta, Schwarzpark Residences, Basel, Switzerland, 2004 ................. 467 Alexis López Acosta - Xavier Iván Díaz Martín, Edificio Inakasa, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, 2005 .................................................................................... 474 David Chipperfield - EMV Social Housing, Villaverde, Madrid, Spain, 2005 ........ 478 MVRDV - Blanca Lleó Asciados, Mirador Apartment Building, Madrid, Spain, 2005 ......................................................................................................... 482 PLOT (BIG+JDS), VM House, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2005 ............................ 487 Rafael Moneo - Martinez Lapena, Apartment House, Barcelona, Spain, 2005 ........ 490 Riano Arquitectos, 22-Flat Housing, Madrid, Spain, 2005 ................................. 494 Ryue Nishizawa (SANAA), Moriyama House, Tokyo, Japan, 2005 ..................... 501 S-M.A.O., Social Housing, Carabanchel, Madrid, Spain, 2005 ........................... 505 Amann - Canovas - Maruri, 61-Apartment Social Tenement House, Coslada Puerto, Madrid, Spain, 2006 ......................................................................... 507 C.F. Møller Architects, Østerbrogade 105, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006 .............. 511 Edouard François, La Closeraie, Louviers, France, 2006 ................................... 514 Emiliano López - Monica Rivera, 27-Apartment Social Tenement House for Young People, Barcelona, Spain, 2007 ........................................................... 516 Xiaodu Liu & Yan Meng (Urbanus Architecture & Design Inc.), Tolou Collective Housing, Nanhai District, Guandong Province, China, 2008 ............................... 522 ZIGZAG Arquitectura, VIVAZZ Social Housing, Mieres, Spain, 2011 ................. 527 6. Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects ...................................... 533 ....................................................................................................................... 533 Tamás Tomay, Three-Flat Apartment House, Kavics Street No. 8/D, Budapest, District II, 1996 ......................................................................................... 533 György Vadász - László Váncza, Residential Community, Beregszászi Road, Budapest, District XI, 1999 .......................................................................... 536 Sándor Pálfy - Ferenc Keller, Residential Community, Csejtei Street Nos. 15–19, Budapest, District II, 1998 ........................................................................... 539 Péter Reimholz, Hapimag Apartments, Fortuna Street, Budapest, District I, 2000 ......................................................................................................... 544 Zsófia Csomay - Péter Reimholz, Raul Wallenberg Guesthouse, Toldy Ferenc Street Nos. 8-10 and Szabó Ilonka Street No. 7, Budapest, District I, 2000 ............ 547 János Dobai, Passage House, Mária and Horánszky Streets, Budapest, District VIII, 2001 ................................................................................................. 555 Dévényi Tamás, Magház (“Core-House”), Rottenbiller Street, Budapest, VII, 2002 ......................................................................................................... 561 Tamás Tomay, Apartment House, Gül Baba Street, Budapest, District II, 2002 ....... 567 Ferenc Cságoly - Ferenc Keller, Barbican House, Pécs, 2001 ............................. 575 Margit Pelényi, Social Tenement House, Pécs, 2002 ........................................ 580 Gábor Turányi, Owner-Occupied Apartment House in Mecset Street, Budapest, District II, 2003 ......................................................................................... 584 Gábor Csernyánszky, Municipal Tenements, Rákóczy F. Street Nos. 97–105, Budapest, District XXI, 2004 ....................................................................... 588 László Kalmár - Zsolt Zsuffa, 4-Flat Apartment Block, Vágás Street No. 22, Budapest, District XIV, 2004 ........................................................................ 592 Boros Pál, Owner-Occupied 9-Flat Apartment Block, Kecskemét, 2005 ............... 597 Gunther Zsolt - Csillag Katalin, Owner-Occupied Apartment Block in Futó Street, Budapest, District VIII, 2005 .............................................................. 604 Zsolt Hajnal, Residential Complex, Kapás Street No. 26–44, Budapest, District II, 2005 ......................................................................................................... 607 László Vincze, Azúr Apartmant House, Siófok, 2005 ....................................... 611 Hajnal Zsolt, Apartments in Futó Street, Budapest, District VIII, 2006 ................. 614 György Hild, Owner-Occupied 12-Flat Apartment Block, Virág árok Street No. 17, Budapest, District XII, 2006 ................................................................... 618 vii Multi-Apartment Buildings Kis Péter - Valkai Csaba, Municipal Apartments, Práter Street Nos. 30-32, Budapest, District VIII, 2007 ........................................................................ 622 Brigitta Mayer - László Szentgyögyi, Owner-Occupied Apartments in Nevegy Street, Budapest, District XI, 2007 ................................................................ 627 Péter Reimholz, Corvinus Palace, Szalag Street, Budapest, District I, 2008 ........... 631 Gábor Zoboki - Nóra Demeter, Dorottya Palace, Dorottya Street, Budapest, District V, 2008 ......................................................................................... 636 Lukács István - Vikár András, Simplon Court Apartments B, Váli Street, Budapest, District XI, 2009 .......................................................................... 639 János Bitó - Gyula Fülöp - Tamás Perényi, Reconstruction and Extension of an Historic Residential Building, Nándor Street No. 9, Budapest, District I, 2009 ........ 646 Gábor Turányi - Bence Turányi, Simplon Court, Bercsényi Steet, Budapest, District XI, 2010 ........................................................................................ 651 7. Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Apartment Buildings .................................................. 656 ....................................................................................................................... 656 BKK-2, Sargfabrik, Vienna, Austria, 1996 ..................................................... 656 Hentrich - Petschnigg & Partner (HPP), Dwellings for Young People, Leipzig, Germany, 2000 .......................................................................................... 661 BKK-3, Miss Sargfabrik, Vienna, Austria, 2000 .............................................. 664 Roos Architekten, Apartment Block, Jona-Kempraten, Switzerland, 2004 ............. 668 Johannes and Hermann Kaufmann, AM Mühlweg Housing Complex, Unit A, Vienna, Austria, 2006 ................................................................................. 671 sps-architekten, Passive Energy Housing Complex “Samer Mösl", Salzburg, Austria, 2006 ............................................................................................. 675 Aldric Beckmann - Françoise N’Thépé, Lot M3B3, Paris, France, 2007 ............... 679 Elenberg Fraser, Huski Apartments, Falls Creek, Australia, 2008 ........................ 683 Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, One Brighton Apartment Complex, Brighton, Great Britain, 2009 ..................................................................................... 687 Grab Architekten, Kraftwerk B, Bennau, Switzerland, 2009 .............................. 689 8. Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 693 viii Introductory Essay The Topic of Multi-Apartment Buildings In our curricular collection entitled Multi-Apartment Houses, we focus on multi-storey, multiapartment residential buildings, while we deal with all the other types of multi-apartment houses in Low-Rise High-Density Housing. However, these two types of housing cannot be precisely distinguished, because – for example – multi-storey row houses or terraced (deck) houses may be included in both categories. Speaking of multi-storey (high-rise) multi-apartment houses, we mean townhouses and tenement houses in general, or the developments formerly referred to as owneroccupied blocks (condominiums), urban mansions (villas) or even apartment houses. What all these examples have in common is that they are complexes containing several dwelling units that open from a shared circulation system. Categories of Multi-Apartment Houses Multi-apartment houses may be classified according to several aspects. Our collection is based on a chronological order: the historical examples are followed by contemporary ones relevant from aspects of design. However, multi-apartment buildings are traditionally grouped according to their many other characteristics, too. The final design of the buildings, the dimensions of the apartments and their standards are defined by several factors. The clients commissioning the building are crucial to the outcome. In this regard, we can make a distinction between market-based investment, social housing (tenement flats), houses built by corporate builders (typical of the early-20th century), as well as co-operative houses built by the owners in collaboration. Except for the latter, it holds true for all these projects that the would-be occupants are unknown at the time of design work, which means that architects need a brand-new method instead of the usual design strategy used in the case of singlefamily detached houses. While having to meet the needs of an unknown prospective apartment-dweller, architects also depend on the economic and cultural standards of their direct clients. Categorizations based on propriety nexus (private house, tenement house), building height (medium-height, high-rise) or trusses (brick, reinforced concrete frame, prefab panels, etc.) also have numerous architectural consequences and relevances. However, for design considerations, it is categorizations based on the type of circulation system and the development that seem to be the most relevant, since they certainly influence the design of dwelling units and thus the lives of their would-be dwellers. According to the circulation system, we distinguish tiered buildings and buildings with passages and corridors. Examples of these two categories occur in countless formations, in mixed forms or even blended. The appropriate choice defines aspects such as the orientation of the apartments, their exposure to sunshine, interior configuration, ventillation, the economical maintenance and operation of the building, or even the ratio of the useable and overall floor-area, which is a most important concern regarding the costs of investment. Regarding the type of development, we distinguish free-standing (detached) dwelling-houses containing one or more buildings and development in unbroken rows adjusting to the existing urban fabric. Previously such developments were built exclusively to surround a closed internal courtyard. Later on, by building around site blocks like a frame, larger livable internal gardens were left undeveloped. In any given situation, architects’ inventiveness is manifest primarily in the way they are able to integrate the above so that as many of the units within the complex as possible have the same, or at least almost equally advantageous conditions. More often than not, the issues of development go beyond the confines of the actual structure. Thus, a genuinely innovative development entails consequences for town planning and civic design. The Structuring of This Collection When compiling this collection, we selected and analysed remarkable international and local examples of the various periods from the point of view of building design. We developed our examination criteria along the lines of what we judged to be the most important issues that arise when designing multi-apartment residential buildings. It was not our aim to compile a comprehensive presentation. Instead, we focussed on some prominent buildings typical of their own time. The structures included ix Introductory Essay in our collection are representative examples either of the time of their construction, or their given socio-cultural environment and context. They are either lasting achievements of their own age, or their principles constitute a tradition that could be continued. This is why we often refer to them and treat them as prototypes to be revised during design work. Prototypes should, of course, always be seen through an appropriate filter, as many of them have assumed significant physical and moral obsolescence by now, coming into being under various cultural, social, economic or climatic conditions. We do hope that the analysis of the dwelling-houses we selected will prove to be educational. Their responses to certain issues faced then should help today’s architects to make professional decisions in their design work. Our selection contains seven sub-chapters surveying Hungarian and international projects of the first and the latter half of the 20th century, followed by contemporary projects, all in chronological order. The collection concludes with descriptions of some exemplary sustainable and energy-efficient buildings. Examples of Historic Periods and Vernacular Architectural Prototypes The evolution of multi-storey, multi-apartment residential buildings is generally associated with industrial revolution and the dwellings created for the masses of working class people flocking into towns and cities in its wake. According to the interpretation discussed in detail in the introduction, this form of housing actually became massively widespread in the early 20th century. However, it has some fairly early prototypes. If we survey secular vernacular or early architectural examples, it also becomes obvious that, in spite of its multi-storey design and density, it does not only exist in societies that enjoy higher technological standards in an urbanized environment. In the town of Shibam, Yemen, ten-storey residential high-rises were built in the 16th century with fairly simple building technology using adobe. As for today, in South-East China and Malaysia, clans co-farming still build common dwellings of more than one storey in natural environments. Whereas, in the 19thcentury, multi-apartment houses are a form of high-densitiy co-habitance where people feel compelled to live; the Chinese tulous (“earthen buildings”, LINK: Habitatio: V 37. Fucsieni Tulou) as well as the Malaysian longhouses (LINK: Habitatio: V 14. Iban longhouse) are advantageous formations of cooperation or joint defence against the enemy. Unfortunately, very little information remains to us about dwelling-houses from historic periods, since they were typically made of poorer quality building materials than public buildings and thus were destroyed. Although some of the palaces in the ancient world were multi-storey and housed several suites, these cannot be interpreted as prototypes of more recent multi-apartment buildings. Built for the purposes of the ruling circles, they contain enormous, elegant suites as well as subordinate structures functioning as dwelling units for the servants and guests. In this formast they are actually enlarged variations of dwelling-houses. However, we also know of the insulae [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Insulae] built for the poorer social groups of the urban population in ancient Roman times. Many of these early tenement houses were constructed during the Republic in the 2nd-1st centuries B.C.E. The earliest of its known surviving examples are found in Ostia [http://www.ostia-antica.org/dict/12.htm]. Masses of merchants, artisans, sailors and unskilled workers rented dwellings for themselves in these buildings. The propped upper storeys projected above the ground-floor businesses and worskhops on the mezzanine floor. The height of the houses reached 20 metres, and the structures sometimes housed more than 8-9 storeys owing to the low heights. Designs with a central courtyard or patio (Casa di Diana [http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio1/3/3-3.htm]), with a central passage (Casa delle volte dipinte [http://www.ostia-antica.org/regio3/5/5-1.htm]) and with a garden (Casa a Giardino [http://www.ostiaantica.org/regio3/9/9.htm]) were also documented. Although these structures typically collapsed or were destroyed by fire due to poor construction, they are still highly important milestones in the history of urban residential architecture. The stairwell on the façade or the latrine opening from a communal landing drew attention to important practical issues. Multi-apartment residential buildings, however, did not reach the standards of the insulae until the late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance period. In medieval urban centres, multi-storey residential developments in unbroken rows, occupying tight sites surrounded by town walls, were initially built from wood or with timber frames. Later on, in the x Introductory Essay Gothic Period, as the middle-class grew richer, they were typically made of ashlar and brick. Chapters of architectural history describing dwelling-houses, however, tend to focus on palaces, fortress-style castles and keeps or donjons. In the Renaissance and Baroque Era, secular architecture and townplanning grew more significant. Middle-class dwelling-houses were modelled after urban palaces. In the 18th century, the issues of middle-class comfort and the facilitation of cosiness came in focus. Towns were becoming equipped with watermains and sewage, although canalization was not unknown even in the Roman insulae built about 2,000 years ago. The façades of these buildings follow classic Roman prototypes, while the interiors are follow-ups upon axial sequences of spaces, typical of enfilades borrowed from the Baroque. The masses of people moving into towns and cities after the industrial revolution had found the cheapest homes available for them in multi-apartment residential buildings. In the latter half of the 19th century, the urban population substantially multiplied all over Europe. The tenement blocks built on the outskirts of the cities, then near the factories, or on downtown sites to replace old houses soon deteriorated into slums. Because of the poor living and housing conditions, the concept of multiapartment buildings was a synonym for the housing for the poor. Since it was a profitable investment of capital, the construction of tenement houses provided a temporarily response to the urgent housing shortage issue; yet, the lack of basic hygienic equipment, the stuffiness, the scarcity of light, and the high-density of housing led to frequent epidemics among people living in unhygienic dwellings. Overcrowded high-density tenement houses generate similar problems both in Europe and North America. In Hungary, new tenement houses were also built mainly for the masses of workers flocking into the capital. Tax exemption was introduced to encourage the transformation of certain parts of the city by constructing multi-storey houses. This is how the Great Boulevard of Budapest was constructed. The old ground-floor houses were replaced by multi-storey residential buildings. The houses built with outside corridors in this period still define the atmosphere of downtown Budapest today. As regulations only defined the cornice height on street façades, the construction of tenement houses soon turned into a hotbed of speculation. In order to cover the largest area possible, the internal (enclosed) courtyards were completely enclosed; thus, the courtyard apartments were dark and airless. To make this situation even worse, the site layout system was insufficient. Building regulations became obsolete, while social demands remained conservative. There was a world of difference between the spacious street-facing apartments of merchants and civil servants, designed as enfilade-like sequences of rooms, and the tight courtyard-facing bedsitters of the poorer. The latter had no separate bathrooms, and their tenants had to share the toilet next to the back stairs for servants. The role of architects in housing was insignificant both in Hungary and abroad. The interiors of houses were made after standard designs; it was only the façades and the main stairwells of the more important buildings that were given more attention. Some ackowledged architects were commissioned to design them. All over Europe these eclectic tenement houses associated with historic forms define town- and cityscapes even today. Residential buildings built in this period tend to have anachronistic ground-floor plans. Thus, they were unsuitable as starting points for progress. This is why the introduction of a new urban form of housing seemed an imperative necessity. Multi-Apartment Buildings in the First Half of the 20th Century Following the examples set by British urban planner Ebenezer Howard in his book titled Garden Cities of To-morrow (1898), the garden city movement made efforts to blend gardens representing rural life with the density of urban housing and without high-rise apartment buildings. The influence of these single- or two-storey row house-style developments was substantial both in Europe and overseas. Their basic design principles were borrowed for a large number of projects later on. Although they were also criticised by many because of their density and rural character, it was now obvious to opponents as well that the improvement of dwelling places was an urgent issue that brooked no delay. In the Netherlands, H. P. Berlage had already made dwellings top priority, striving to provide occupants with private and semi-private green areas that were as large as possible. In Paris, streets were designed by disrupting the building line strictly regulated by Haussmann and thus buildings were set back to allow more light and air into the streets and hence the apartments overlooking them (e.g., Aguste Perret: Paris, Rue Franklin Apartments; Henry Sauvage: Paris, Gradins Vavin). In the larger towns and cities of the xi Introductory Essay USA, wide-spannig row-houses and multi-storey apartment houses influenced by French examples became widespread. The latter were also favoured by the affluent strata. Nonetheless, by increasing both the floor area and the building height, the sites were utterly exploited. The apartments contained in buildings tailor-made for well-defined social types (e.g., smaller homes were designed for single tenants). The convenient hotel-style services, famous communal areas and cafés that endowed the buildings with unique identities made them immensely popular (Clinton&Russell: New York, Harlem, Graham Court). In Europe, the first genuine breakthrough was somewhat precipitated by the housing shortage following World War I. Each war-stricken country of the Old World made efforts to tackle issues of inhabitability, which in turn resulted in the evolution of a new architecture. Progressive architects focussed on social issues instead of formal ones in the hope that they could be solved by architectural means. As they popularized their theoretical research work and realised buildings with exhibitions and series of publications, the role of architects in residential buildings design grew more important than ever before. This new architecture defined practical objectives and articulated basic concepts of residential design that are still used today. A more rational lifestyle came into focus, which resulted in the birth of functional architecture. For the sake of appropriate utilization, advantageous orientation and satisfactory exposure to sunshine and ventillation, from then on the primary concern of design became an internal spatial organisation that was both economical and practicable. Apartments were designed by integrating contemporary technical achievements, introducing the bathroom, central heating, built-in kitchen furnishing and wardrobes. Exteriors emphasizing the structures of buildings were simplified, omitting ornamentation typical of historic periods. Forms were of secondary importance, and architects preferred constructing from the inside outwards, carefully avoiding associating and limiting themselves with the definition of any kind of “style”. Buildings now expressed an ultimate breakaway from historic elements in every respect. The new structural components, such as the reinforced concrete and steel frame, allowed for the separation of loadbearing and exterior spatial separation. This way, a formerly unforeseen and unprecedented multitude of potentials opened up, resulting in closer contact between the interior space and nature, basically reformulating the relationship between people and their environment. In Germany, tenements were built as municipal projects. Housing estates with social purposes designed by Bruno Taut and Ernst May were successful and became widepsread (Bruno Taut–Martin Wagner: Berlin, Britz Hufeisensiedlung). In 1927 the Weissenhofsiedlung, a housing estate in Stuttgart, was built with unprecedented residential buildings that served as prototypes for a large number of dwellings later on. The multi-apartment house by Mies van der Rohe contained through apartments thanks to its smaller width. Two years later, the housing estate in Siemensstadt presented the latest achievements of functionalist housing. Breaking away from the former urban fabric, the apartments of these multistorey linear developments along a north-south axis boasted undoubtedly more advantageous designs. A year later, CIAM (Congres Internationaux d’Architecture Modern), the international organisation of Modernist architects, was founded, summoning the representatives of the new architecture to participate in worldwide co-operation. This marked a new social sensitivity and an ultimate breach with academism. In the years to come, congresses focussed on issues of studio apartment construction and new methods of development. Managed by Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus school was built meanwhile in Dessau to evolve into the intellectual centre of the new architecture. In France, Le Corbusier’s housing project in Pessac was the very first experimental housing estate that was entirely new in its own time, both in the structural and aesthetic sense. In the Netherlands and England, the new apartments in housing estates built for the working class were typically equipped with more modern conveniences than the outdated housing of the middle-class. In the USSR, a utopian attempt was made to construct communal houses instead of apartment buildings based on the traditional family model. Level by level, these minimal apartments shared a communal kitchen as well as a dining-room (Moisei Ginzburg and Ignati Milinis: Moscow, Narkomfin). Hungary followed in the wake of Western European architecture with a few years’ delay. Our progressive-minded architects were familiar with international projects of Modernist architecture, and those delegated to the CIAM regularly attended the international conferences. In the early 1930s, especially in Budapest, the Modernist approach was widespread in Hungary. However, while in Germany – thanks to the subvention policy – up-to-date social housing estates proliferated, Hungary had no significant achievement in this field owing to the lack of social policy which would complement xii Introductory Essay and facilitate architecture. A strange situation developed here. It was the more affluent middle-class which proved to be most open-minded to architectural experimentation. Meanwhile, advocates of the new architecture turned against the insincerity of rigid, closed buildings that only served the time’s representational demands, and they condemned residential buildings built after design books, drawing attention to the contradictions of “temporary one-room-and-kitchen lodgings” concealed behind “palazzo façades”. First, with their theoretical writings, then – from the mid-1930s on – with the construction of their houses, they laid the foundations for the developmental forms that have prevailed in the design of multi-apartment residential buildings up till now. The decree on a new housing tax in 1934 only supported the development of the side of the site along the street. Although it allowed for a span width of 14.0 metres, instead of the eliminated lateral wings, it meant the end of the pre-existing hierarchy of apartments within the building. The tier-system that ensued included units opening from the stairwells. This way, outside galleries, airshafts and backstairs for the servants were abandoned. The appropriately-sized rooms enjoyed more light. The achievements of the era in Hungary were two new development forms typical in green-belt zones, the tenement mansion (e.g., those designed by Lajos Kozma, Móric Pogány, István Janáky and János Wanner in Budapest) and the owner-occupied mansion (e.g., Farkas Molnár: Budapest, District II, Pasaréti Road). However, many could not accept the schematic of Modernist architecture unconditionally. The dogmatic principles found their expressions in more softened forms that adapted more willingly to the existing urban fabrics as a result of the influence of local characteristics, especially in Scandinavia (in the wake of Gunnar Asplund and Alvar Aalto) and the Mediterranean. A fine example of this tendency is Casa Rustici, a building by Giuseppe Terragni in Milan. Projects in the Latter Half of the 20th Century Throughout the post-war era, especially in the European cities and towns that were destroyed by bombs, there was enormous demand for new residential buildings. The ideas of pre-war Modernist architecture were put in practice by architects reviving districts of towns and cities and erecting large-scale buildings. The disappearance of servants co-living with families brought about significant structural changes in the designs of interiors, just like the introduction and wide-spread use of technological novelties such as central heating and electric washing machines. The rooms of apartments were transformed, the servants’ quarters next to the kitchen disappeared, while the bathrooms and kitchens were completely upgraded. There was a tendency now to include various comfort features, as well as communal spaces, kindergartens and playgrounds within residential buildings. The most epochal project of this era was Le Corbusier’s Unité d'Habitation, which was an attempt to construct a vertical town as a follow-up of the principles realized by the aforementioned communal house in Moscow. Although this form of housing did not live up to expectations in Marseille, it has proven to be an important point of reference in the history of multi-apartment buildings design. This project has been influential worldwide ever since. Similar houses have sprung up in Germany (Van der Broek en Bakema: Berlin, Hansaviertel Tower) and Japan alike (Kunio Maekawa: Tokyo, Harumi Flats). As a rule, experimentation is about more economical construction and issues such as the reduction of the areas occupied by the shared circulation system. The preferred responses were typically duplex apartments with small floor sizes, since this allowed for a communal circulation passage that only had to be integrated on every third level. From the 1940s on, prefabrication technology spread all over Europe, and mainstream architectural practice actually meant massive projects of large-scale dwelling houses. This resulted in essentially similar residential environments everywhere with few exceptions – such as Mediterranean countries where residential designs followed the traditional urban model, or the terrace houses in Germany and Switzerland that became widespread in the 1960s. Hungarian architecture evolved along with the European trends up until the 1950s, but then it broke away from global tendencies in architecture for 40 years through the centralised enforcement of Socialist-Realism. In the USA, the new architecture was introduced by European emigrants (Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius and Marcell Breuer). High-rise buildings have remained popular ever since overseas. The second wave of the former skyscraper-construction boom brought along even taller buildings with new forms. Previously used on office blocks exclusively, the curtain-wall façade was first applied xiii Introductory Essay to a residential structure by Mies van der Rohe (Chicago, Illinois, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive), while Wright pioneered in the blending of offices and dwelling units in his mixed-use Price Tower (Bartlesville, Oklahoma), which was an unprecedented novelty back in those days. Later on, mixeduse developments were specified in regulations as compulsory in more and more states of the USA to counteract the nightly abandonment of office districts. Some smaller scale high-rises were built in England, too. There were several experiments accompanying their design work, raising the issue of the proximity of dwelling units for the first time. Wright, for instance, held the opinion that in less densely populated small towns and on the outskirts, high-rise apartments could have more intimacy. In other projects, the separate dwelling units were strung along the central vertical core of the highrise structure much like a bunch of grapes. The idealist concepts of the Modernist housing estates did not work out. More often than not, people found the functionalist apartments too tight, and tensions among the lower social strata heightened. Later on, cars needing parking space occupied the greeneries between row houses. Changing needs were not taken into account, however. Dissatisfaction with the precedents of Modernism gave birth to new architectural theories in the 1960s and 70s. What these various concepts had in common was that they approached the town as a dynamically changing environment. Plug-In City by Archigram architects in England describes this exactly. Their theoretical project presented the city as a machine walking on legs that keeps redefining itself to suit changing circumstances. Extreme examples of residential buildings constructed in this era represent attempts to find alternative ways. Concerning the forms of houses, as opposed to Modernist façades stripped of all superfluous components, they saw potential in geometrical motifs, a systematic repetition of basic units and the creation of extraordinary structures. Bertrand Goldberg’s Marina City (Chicago, Illinois, USA) is an excellent example of the latter, while the capsule house by the Metabolist architect Kurokawa (Tokyo, Japan) and Habitat 67 by Moshe Safdie (Montreal, Canada) exemplify structures made up of dwelling units connected in a flexible way. Buildings representing English Brutalist architecture of this era were designed by Ernő Goldfinger (London, Balfron and Trellick Tower) and by the Smithsons, a married couple (Alison and Peter Smithson: London, Robin Hood Gardens). By the late 1970s and early 80s, the popularity of multi-storey residential buildings rapidly decreased in the more developed countries, and social tensions within housing estates grew more intense. In Aldo Rossi’s wake (L'architettura della città, 1966) many emphasized the significance of traditional towns. An architectural exhibition was organized to revive bomb-devastated West Berlin (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin, IBA Berlin: 1979-87) with the slogan “the inner city as a dwelling-place”. This brought about the re-evaluation of town centres and the traditional urban fabric. The exhibition defined two fundamental strategies: the “humane approach to urban reconstruction" and “critical-judicial reconstruction", both of which emphasized the necessity of adjusting to context, the given and existing conditions and circumstances. Instead of a comprehensive reconstruction, now the conservation of urban fabric and structures was given priority, along with establishing dialogue with the people concerned. The enclosure-type development and the urban villa or mansion (see Rauchstrasse in Berlin) re-appeared. The exhibition presented the achievements of contemporary residential design. The architects invited to represent Post-Modernism (e.g., Peter Eisenman, Aldo Rossi, Rob Krier, Hans Hollein and James Stirling) reached back to historical forms as opposed to the anonimity of Modernism. There were also significant residential projects in France, though more typically in suburbs. These regions had no powerful historical background comparable to that of Berlin’s revival, but there was also the need for a continuity of the past. An interesting momentum in the history of design theories concerning multi-apartment residential buildings is the social dwelling house (Nemausus) by Jean Nouvel in Nîmes with flexibly adjustable living spaces that were more spacious than usual. Apart from the service/ancillary areas rooms, the apartments form a large open-plan space lacking separations. The costs of construction were reduced by using simple structures applied exclusively on industrial building up till then, as well as by disregarding internal finishes, doors and openings. Compared to other social housing projects, the resulting apartments were larger. However, Nouvel had concrete objectives with the simple, unadorned, incomplete interiors. Contrary to early 20th-century utopists, he was convinced that architect as a cultural agent must not determine the lifestyle of tenants and should only offer them some options instead. xiv Introductory Essay Just like on the continent, there was a buzz of similar tendencies in England. They returned to the street, the basic element of the traditional town’s physical and social organisation, and rediscovered 19thcentury row and terrace houses. Trying to find a solution to one of the dilemmas of multi-apartment housing, Ralph Erskine made an attempt to forge a relationship between the would-be tenants and their apartments when involving them in the design process of the social housing in Newcastle’s Byker Wall. In Europe, meanwhile, social housing entailed the reinterpretation of high-rise buildings and row houses. In luxury projects throughout the cities of the USA and Australia, residential buildings gradually assumed these typical forms. Hungarian architecture in the 1950s followed the Socialiast-Realist trend. Tension developed between the representational, external façades of buildings and the tightness of the small apartments they concealed. However, the enclosure-type development of typically symmetrical blocks undoubtedly conveyed certain values. Later on, with the loosening up of the enclosures, localised dwellings and row houses became widespread. Built as public projects, the brick houses of the Socialist housing estates were replaced by concrete block houses in the early 1960s, only to be replaced by prefab buildings by the end of the very same decade. Imported from the Soviet Union, this technology ruled housing projects in Hungary for the next 20 years. In the spirit of economic efficiency, only a few building types were erected, while variations were concentrated on the margins of towns and cities with standardized flat sizes. Prefab houses seemed like adequate responses to the housing shortage, chiefly because they embodied the promise of social equality and welfare to people flocking from the countryside to cities. However, the monotony of the buildings combined with poor-quality construction soon ruined hopes, and thus the houses rapidly became obsolete, both in the physical and moral sense. Owneroccupied multi-apartment buildings built by OTP (National Savings Bank) or on public initiative were not limited by norms. In the green-belts of Buda, or on vacant sites downtown and in the Castle District, prefab technology could not be applied. Hence, these areas offered more scope for architects. Péter Molnár, György Jánossy and Zoltán Gulyás are only a few of the architects who designed houses with Modernist tones, responding sensitively to their environment as the counterpoint of industrial production. The brick cladding often used on their buildings resulted as much from their desire for originality as the rejection of prefab technology. The 1980s put an end to prefab constructions and brought about uncertainty. The change of the political system and the privatisation of state-owned apartments brought about a reconfiguration in the housing market and a dramatic drop of the ratio of residential projects. The wide variety of new building materials appearing in the 1990s, the lack of reference points and the expectations of typically profit-oriented private investors posed particular problems for architects. Contemporary Experiments, Design Issues Residential projects in the 1990s had the tendency of appearing more like portions of urban rehabilitation, both in Europe and in the USA. The ambition to integrate with existing urban fabric and brown-field developments as such require a new kind of design approach. Items on the agenda include a differentiated use of homes, resulting from the polarisation of society, combined with the need for flexibility, as well as issues of energy conservation and sustainability which are now invoked in the social sense. In this world of rapid changes, our homes play a key role in how we define ourselves. Communal life in the traditional sense has also undergone radical changes, while new social activities came into being in a digitized world. Although physical contact among individuals tends to dwindle, contact is expanded unbelievably through a variety of media such as the Internet. Compared to the concepts of idealistic designs of housing estates in the 1960s, the role of the individual in this world has undergone fundamental changes. Communal spaces conceived and designed to facilitate meetings and free-time activities have been abandoned. Meanwhile, the world itself has accelerated, and people tend to be left to themselves more and more as individual human beings. The difference between communal and private spaces has become apparent: the former is losing its appeal, while we are more particular and have higher expectations about our own private domains. To meet such demands is an especially difficult task for designers of multi-apartment buildings that represent a form of mass housing, since their prospective dwellers are unknown during design work. More often than not, the solution in such cases is found in non-defined living spaces with the scope for versatile use. When designing multiapartment buildings, this could be the reason why we may feel on the safe side returning to early 20thcentury Modernism, since this movement experimented with several issues still timely and current xv Introductory Essay such as the flexible arrangability of the apartments, amongst many others. A significant difference is, though, that social and economic positions have undergone significant changes. Contemporary housing projects present a variety of responses to numerous unsettling issues. While some search for the individuum in monstrous buildings made up of masses of apartments (see MVRDV: Silodam, Amsterdam or Mirador, Madrid), others tend to find the answers in full anonymity (SANAA: Kitagata House, Kitagata, Japan). By virtue of their very nature, the results of experimentation are diverse, depending on the architects’ approach or the specific socio-cultural characteristics of the given location. Surveying the real needs of residents, the demand for lowmaintenance buildings and the application of participating methods in design based on comprehensive communication tend to come into focus. It is the occupants who are going to have the final word everywhere. The buildings they live in either survive or become outdated quickly, depending on whether or not they treat their homes as their own. xvi Chapter 1. Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects Majolica House, Vienna, Austri A unique building designed by Otto Wagner, a prominent architect of the Viennese Secession (Jugendstil) movement, Majolika Haus was built in 1898–1899. Distinguishing features of this apartment block include the ornamental tendrils and floral motifs wrapped over its entire surface and the flat façade articulated by simple openings. A characteristic decorative material of the five-storey front is the eponymous majolica, a type of durable, colour- and weather-proof glazed ceramic. Another distinguishing feature of the streetscape is the predominate green wrought-iron balcony railing evoking botanical forms – found on the bottom two floors of the street elevation, but only on the topmost storeys of the two lateral spans of the house. Designed to contain elegant flats with all the conveniences, this house rose to fame because of its exemplary dwelling unit featuring a glass-walled bathtub. © Wien Museum, source: August Sarnitz: Wagner, Taschen / Vincze Kiadó 2006 1 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Monica Nikolic, source: August Sarnitz: Wagner, Taschen / Vincze Kiadó 2006 © Wien Museum, source: August Sarnitz: Wagner, Taschen / Vincze Kiadó 2006 2 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Foto Bildarchiv, source: August Sarnitz: Wagner, Taschen / Vincze Kiadó 2006 © Technische Universitat Wien, source: August Sarnitz: Wagner, Taschen / Vincze Kiadó 2006 3 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Foto Bildarchiv, source: August Sarnitz: Wagner, Taschen / Vincze Kiadó 2006 © Otto Wagner, source: August Sarnitz: Wagner, Taschen / Vincze Kiadó 2006 4 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Technische Universitat Wien, source: August Sarnitz: Wagner, Taschen / Vincze Kiadó 2006 © Akademie del Bildenden Künste, source: August Sarnitz: Wagner, Taschen / Vincze Kiadó 2006 mp; Russell, Graham Court, New York, US Graham Court is the result of extensive real estate developments at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, a stylistically flourishing era when the adaptation of classical architecture was a tool to design large-scale buildings, which in turn also showed the influence of extravagance and monumentality. This was the first project of Clinton and Russell in the style of Renaissance palatial (palazzo) architecture, which evolved into a prototype of residential buildings with similar designs. The house, focussed on a central court, was equipped with elevators to satisfy contemporary demands for luxury. The high standards of both the materials used and the realisation met upperclass expectations. The symmetrical layout, the hierarchy of the faces and the classical components all reflect the stylistic features of historic palace façades. 5 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Museum of the City of New York, Wurts Collection, source: New Urban Housing, 56. old. © Emilio Guerra, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/emilio_guerra/7976208525/ © Museum of the City of New York, Print Archives, source: New Urban Housing, 57. old. 6 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, harlem.html source: http://veronicatsgardens.blogspot.hu/2012/05/graham-court-gem-in- © ismeretlen, source: New Urban Housing, 57. old. Rue Franklin Apartments, Paris, Franc This apartment block is significant for the generous use of the then-new R-C frame (Hennebique’s system); the weight of the ceilings is supported by free-standing columns. The technology allowed for a reduction in wall surfaces, thus opening the interior spaces more towards the street. Due to the spatial organization resulting from the structure, it may be regarded as the prototype of free horizontal organisation, which is favoured by Modernism. Turning towards the street, the U-shape plan of the house made it possible to utilize the dimensions of the site more efficiently. As a result of the layout, the stairs, the lifts and the water blocks are housed at the rear, so the dwelling spaces have more advantageous views and light conditions. The in-between levels of the nine-storey building contain the apartmants with the parlour, the dining- and the bedroom at their centres. 7 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Studio Chevojon, source: Peter Gössel-Gabriele Leuthauser: Architecture in the Twentieth Century, Taschen, Köln, 1991 © Claire Gouldstone / Cecilia Mackay, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 8 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, franklin.html source: http://parisisinvisible.blogspot.hu/2011/09/homes-of-auguste-perret-rue- 9 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, franklin.html source: http://parisisinvisible.blogspot.hu/2011/09/homes-of-auguste-perret-rue- © ismeretlen, franklin.html source: http://parisisinvisible.blogspot.hu/2011/09/homes-of-auguste-perret-rue- 10 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, franklin.html source: http://parisisinvisible.blogspot.hu/2011/09/homes-of-auguste-perret-rue- 11 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Auguste Perret, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Auguste Perret, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 12 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Auguste Perret, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 Casa Milà, Barcelona, Spain, 19 Barcelona’s Casa Milà (La Pedrera – The Quarry) ranks amongst Gaudí’s most famous residential projects of symbolic significance. (It presently functions as a public building.) The five-storey apartment house* is an elegant iconic building with an undulating floor-plan and two skylit interior courtyards. An essential design in the architect’s oeuvre, this building uniquely blends the forms of nature and architecture. The frame consists of steel columns, buttresses and vaults. The façade is graced with a profusion of ornaments (floral motifs, cave-like balconies, sculpturesque chimneys) and organic components. Casa Milà, which is a UNESCO [http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO] World Heritage Site, was built after some drafts by Gaudí who supervised the construction process himself without working drawings. © ismeretlen, source: http://laboratoriodeintervencionespacial.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/lapedrera-vista-general.jpg 13 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Lara Vinca Masini, source: Lara Vinca Masini: Antoni Gaudi, Sadea Sansoni, Firenze, 1969 © K. W. Schmitt, source: Karl Wilhelm Schmitt: Multi-Storey Housing, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgart, 1966 14 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Antonin Gaudi, source: Karl Wilhelm Schmitt: Multi-Storey Housing, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgart, 1966 15 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Antonin Gaudi, source: Karl Wilhelm Schmitt: Multi-Storey Housing, Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgart, 1966 Klerk, Hembrugstraat, Amsterdam, Netherland This complex was designed by Michel de Klerk, a prominent figure of the Modernist architectural movement in the 1920s, who headed the prestigious Amsterdam School, which orchestrated the young generation. Evoking the expressive forms of naval designs, the complex named Het Schip (“The Ship”) was built on a triangular site. Housing a total of 102 apartments originally meant for workers, it includes a post office fitted to the acute-angle of the site (presently the Museum of the Amsterdam School), as well as a community hall. The apartments are accessible from the intermediate zone, along which the central courtyard is oriented. The arc-shaped retraction of the whole development, which created an entrance plaza, is accentuated by a tower motif. The complex as such shows the influence of Expressionism. The overall impression of Het Schip is defined by its versatile masonry, ornamental spires, round forms, unusual window designs and unique motifs. Wrought-iron and carpentry work (with a palette of black, dark green and white) are characteristic features of the simple decoration. 16 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Nieuwe-Nederlandsche Bouwkunst I, 1924, source: Peter Gössel-Gabriele Leuthauser: Architecture in the Twentieth Century, Taschen, Köln, 1991 © Tihanyi Judit - Halmos György, source: Tihanyi Judit - Halmos György: Az Amszterdami Iskola, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1993 © Tihanyi Judit - Halmos György, source: Tihanyi Judit - Halmos György: Az Amszterdami Iskola, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1993 17 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Klaus Frahm, source: Peter Gössel-Gabriele Leuthauser: Architecture in the Twentieth Century, Taschen, Köln, 1991 © Tihanyi Judit - Halmos György, source: Tihanyi Judit - Halmos György: Az Amszterdami Iskola, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1993 18 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Klaus Frahm, source: Peter Gössel-Gabriele Leuthauser: Architecture in the Twentieth Century, Taschen, Köln, 1991 © Klaus Frahm, source: Peter Gössel-Gabriele Leuthauser: Architecture in the Twentieth Century, Taschen, Köln, 1991 © Michel de Klerk, source: Peter Gössel-Gabriele Leuthauser: Architecture in the Twentieth Century, Taschen, Köln, 1991 Gradins Vavin, Paris, Franc Designed by Henri Sauvage, this terraced apartment block was built in 1922 on Rue Vavin, Paris. By applying the monolith reinforced concrete frame, which was a novelty then, the architect was trying to unleash the potentials of this material in terms of volume. Besides constructing cheap social housing, another important concern of the project was to create healthy living conditions. Originally a follower of Art Nouveau, Sauvage later on experimented with terraced houses and realised a building this time with minimal reliance on architectural devices combined with a vocabulary of sophisticated forms. In line with his ambition to improve the environment, the terraces on the receding façade made both the apartments and the street breezier and more advantageously exposed to sunshine. The white glazed tiles enriched with dark-blue ornamentation and the natural vegetation which enwraps the balustrade are extraordinary formal components of the façade. The seven storeys of the apartment block contain 78 apartments altogether. The interior zone, freed up by the terraced form resembling a stair-stepped pyramid, has become a venue for healthy lifestyle. It contains a 33 × 10 m pool. 19 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Fondation Sauvage, Direction des Archives de France, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 20 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Artedia, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Sylvie Niel, source: http://blog.couleuraddict.com/post/2011/06/26/Fa%C3%A7ade-en-gradins-d %C3%A9grad%C3%A9e-d%E2%80%99Henri-Sauvage © Sylvie Niel, source: http://blog.couleuraddict.com/post/2011/06/26/Fa%C3%A7ade-en-gradins-d %C3%A9grad%C3%A9e-d%E2%80%99Henri-Sauvage © Clément Guillaume, source: http://www.archiref.com/en/image/img4170-5157#.UWVrYzf6j-s 21 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Henry Sauvage, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Henry Sauvage, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 der Rohe, Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart, German Built by the Deutscher Werkbund in Stuttgart as an exemplary housing project, Weissenhofsiedlung was designed under the supervision of Mies van der Rohe as curator and by famous architects such as Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius. Containing a total of 21 buildings completed within a short period of 22 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects 21 weeks, this project marked the accomplishment of both modern housing and Modernism. Erected on the north-south axis of the site as a free-standing structure, the five-storey building designed by Rohe is uniquely atmospheric and evokes the designs of linear developments. It is also the largest of all the residential buildings here. The rhythm of its façade is defined by the projecting balconies and openings accentuating its horizontal nature. The floor-plan layout of the apartments allowed a broad scope for spatial organisation. The steel-frame structures on the façade walls, the centre and the stairwell made the dwelling units fairly flexible. With the exception of the kitchen and the wet areas, the flats may be freely rearranged to meet their users’ needs. This mode of floor-plan configuration offered an excellent solution to realise both long- and short-term interventions. Residential units could have versatile layouts and variable dimensions. © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 23 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 24 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 © Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 © Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 25 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 - Martin Wagner, Britz Hufeisensiedlung, Berlin, Germany, After the 1920s, demand for homes with modern conveniences called for the first housing estates. Managed by Bruno Taut [http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Taut], an exemplary project of social housing was realised in Britz, a district of Berlin, on the so-called Horse-Shoe Estate (Hufeisensiedlung). Built in seven stages, this ensemble contains more than 1,000 flats with 4 different floor-plans. Besides detached houses, 600 residential units are contained in three-storey apartment blocks here. Breezy and spacious greeneries in between the buildings, providing a sensitively connection with the garden city environment, highlight the importance of gardens. Using architectural means economically, Bruno Taut [http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Taut] achieved spectacular effects through the use of various plastered surfaces, integrating mullioned doors and windows and adopting a palette dominated by “Berlin red“. When designing this simple and functional housing estate, standardized floor-plans, prefabrication technology and the rationalisation of the building system came into focus. The prevailing logic of the configuration of the apartments placed the important living spaces and niches, the balconies or loggias, along the elevation facing the garden. The entrances, staircases and service functions are situated along the street façade. The rather small (49 m²) dwelling units have been popular ever since. Significant as an historical monument, this housing estate was listed by UNESCO as a protected World Heritage Site in 2008. © ismeretlen, source: http://www.dieselpunks.org/profiles/blogs/tauts-horseshoe © Doctor Casino, photostream/ source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorcasino/4946524476/sizes/o/in/ 26 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Doctor Casino, photostream/ source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorcasino/4946524476/sizes/o/in/ © Doctor Casino, photostream/ source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorcasino/4946524476/sizes/o/in/ 27 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Doctor Casino, photostream/ source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorcasino/4946524476/sizes/o/in/ © Doctor Casino, photostream/ source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorcasino/4946524476/sizes/o/in/ 28 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Bruno Taut - Martin Wagner, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Bruno Taut - Martin Wagner, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 29 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Bruno Taut - Martin Wagner, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Bruno Taut - Martin Wagner, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 30 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Bruno Taut - Martin Wagner, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 - Ignati Milinis, Narkomfin Communal House, Moscow, Russi A prominent figure of the Russian avantgarde (materialistic and pragmatic) architecture, Ginzburg also headed the OSA group (the association of contemporary Russian architects). The main objective of this organisation was a communal housing project to construct modern flat types and thus realise a new form of housing. Narkomfin Dom Kommuna in Moscow is one of the variations of the strojkem standardized apartment type, designed by a research team under Ginzburg’s management. The designer focussed on such issues as the integration of communal and individual dwelling spaces, while propagating the principle of gradually introducing collectivity and the communal use of amenities. A distinguishing feature of this communal house is the two-way internal street connecting duplex apartments. The green-roof building unit containing a restaurant, a library, a gym hall and a day-care nursery is also strung along the circulation axis. Due to its severely dilapidated condition, Narkomfin Dom Kommuna has been scheduled for demolition. © Katharine Holt, source: http://katharineholt.tumblr.com/post/11149109562/a-friend-introducedme-to-the-constructivist 31 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © NVO, source: File:Narkomfin_Building_Moscow_2007_04.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ © NVO, source: File:Narkomfin_Building_Moscow_2007_04.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ © NVO, source: File:Narkomfin_Building_Moscow_2007_04.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ 32 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © NVO, source: File:Narkomfin_Building_Moscow_2007_04.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ © Owenhatherley at en.wikipedia, source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narkmomfinfoto2.jpg 33 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © foto 1945 előttről, source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narkmomfinfoto1.jpg © Moisei Ginzburg / Ignati Milinis, source: http://nickkahler.tumblr.com/image/18091543720 34 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Moisei Ginzburg / Ignati Milinis, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Moisei Ginzburg / Ignati Milinis, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Moisei Ginzburg / Ignati Milinis, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 35 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Moisei Ginzburg / Ignati Milinis, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Moisei Ginzburg / Ignati Milinis, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 36 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Moisei Ginzburg / Ignati Milinis, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 Siemensstadt Housing, Berlin, German Showing characteristics of Modernist architecture and featuring different vocabularies of forms designed by several architects (Scharoun, Gropius, Forbat, Bartning, Henning and Häring), the highly versatile Siemensstadt estate created new standards in social housing. Based on a concept by Hans Scharoun, a residential complex with open spaces floating in green was constructed. Divided into three parts, the five-storey apartment block, arranged on a north-south axis to optimise building orientation, offered exemplary forms of housing, primarily containing dwelling units with 2+1 rooms. Since distinguishing features of the design – such as the loggias, roof superstructures and the proportions of openings – are reminiscences of naval architecture (ship forms), this tenement house earned the moniker “Panzerkreuzer“ (or armoured cruiser). As a significant Modernist residential estate of Berlin, the Ring Estate (in German: Großsiedlung Siemensstadt, also known as Ringsiedlung) was recognized by UNESCO [http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO] as a World Heritage Site in 2008. 37 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Dieter Leistner/artur, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © ismeretlen, source: http://katkestuste-linn.blogspot.hu/2010/04/101-tukike-weimari-vabariigiunistust.html © ismeretlen, source: http://katkestuste-linn.blogspot.hu/2010/04/101-tukike-weimari-vabariigiunistust.html 38 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://katkestuste-linn.blogspot.hu/2010/04/101-tukike-weimari-vabariigiunistust.html © ismeretlen, source: File:Berlin_GS_Siemensstadt_Panzerkreuzer.jpg 39 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Alexander Hartmann, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Hans Scharoun, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 40 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Hans Scharoun, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Hans Scharoun, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Hans Scharoun, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 Karl-Marx-Court, Vienna, Austria As a result of intensive housing projects after World War I, more than 60,000 new homes were built in the capital of Austria. The majority of municipal tenement complexes (Gemeindebauten) of ”Red Vienna” (Rotes Wien) were designed by Otto Wagner’s apprentices. Typologically, the KarlMarx-Hof (“Court”) complex may be regarded as a large-scale block development. The apartments are organized around huge interior courtyards which span almost 1 km long and 11 m deep. The street front – with gates leading into the courtyards and rhythmically spaced spires – represents both monumental architecture and social housing. The design programme contained a total of 1,382 apartments, the overwhelming majority of them with two rooms. The premises include a variety of communal amenities such as laundromats, baths, shower rooms, two kindergartens, a library and 25 business offices. 41 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Dreizung, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl-Marx-Hof_2009.jpg © Georg Mittenecker, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl-Marx-Hof2b.jpg © Georg Mittenecker, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl-Marx-Hof2b.jpg © ismeretlen, source: http://students.washington.edu/ems29/Red%20Vienna/KarlMarxHof1.JPG 42 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:K.M.Hof_Vienna_detail.JPG © Anton-kurt, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JosefFranzRiedl.KarlMarxHof.C.jpg 43 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Peter Mulacz, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:T%C3%BCrdr %C3%BCcker_von_einem_Tor_des_Karl_Marx.Hofs.jpg © Karl Ehn, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 44 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Karl Ehn, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Karl Ehn, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 Highpoint Apartment Blocks, London, U Highpoint 1 may be regarded as the first realised designs of Le Corbusier’s five architectural points in England. The transversal wings allowed for ideal separation of the adjacent apartments. The majority of the residential units are open on three sides, which makes them both breezier and lighter. Highpoint 1 was meant for affluent clients, as well as for women wanting modern and comfortable housekeeping. The floor-plan layout of the two- and three-room flats created an exemplary formal and functional order. The interior spatial organization of the flats is logical and clear. The design of the bedroombathroom-hall, separate from the spaciously furnished living and dining room has proven exemplary. As a follow-up, Highpoint 2, built on an adjoining site, contains duplex apartments with symmetrical floor-plans. © ismeretlen, source: http://www.kristerbladh.co.uk/blog/?tag=berthold-lubetkin 45 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © adrian welch, source: http://openbuildings.com/buildings/highpoint-1-profile-1863# © adrian welch, source: http://openbuildings.com/buildings/highpoint-1-profile-1863# 46 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © adrian welch, source: http://openbuildings.com/buildings/highpoint-1-profile-1863# © adrian welch, source: http://openbuildings.com/buildings/highpoint-1-profile-1863# © Philip Sayer, source: http://www.coppindockray.co.uk/projects/highpoint-i-apartment/ 47 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Berthold Lubetkin, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 48 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Berthold Lubetkin, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Berthold Lubetkin, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 49 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Berthold Lubetkin, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 - Pietro Lingeri, Casa Lavezzari, Milan, Ital Designed by Giuseppe Terragni, a member of Gruppo 7 and a prominent figure of Modernist Italian architecture, Lavezzari House in Milan was erected on an acute-angled site as a development in unbroken rows with a symmetrical, flat-roof structure. With its modern vocabulary of forms and materials, it is one of the five most remarkable multiple-family dwelling houses in Milan, which Terragni co-designed with Pietro Lingeri. On each strorey, three apartments open from the circulation core, centred around a three-flight stairwell and a lift. Jutting out from the front, as well as in the direction of the side streets, cantilevered balconies with upturned R-C sheets provide the leitmotifs of this corner building, which is divided into three parts. The side façade is gradually stepped back towards the neighbouring houses. 50 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Thomas R. Schumacher, source: Thomas R. Schumacher: Surface and symbol, Princeton Architectural Press, New York 1991 © Thomas R. Schumacher, source: Thomas R. Schumacher: Surface and symbol, Princeton Architectural Press, New York 1991 51 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © CharlierBrigante, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/15490726@N05/4799436064/ 52 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © CharlierBrigante, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/15490726@N05/4799436064/ © CharlierBrigante, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/15490726@N05/4799436064/ 53 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Giuseppe Terragni - Pietro Lingeri, source: Thomas R. Schumacher: Surface and symbol, Princeton Architectural Press, New York 1991 © Giuseppe Terragni - Pietro Lingeri, source: Thomas R. Schumacher: Surface and symbol, Princeton Architectural Press, New York 1991 54 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Giuseppe Terragni - Pietro Lingeri, source: Thomas R. Schumacher: Surface and symbol, Princeton Architectural Press, New York 1991 Giuseppe Terragni - Pietro Lingeri, Casa Rustici, Corso Sempione, Milan, 1936 Built after one of the Rationalist designs by Terragni, Casa Rustici realises two innovative architectural concepts: transparency and the integration of glass surfaces. With this strictly organised, Moderniststyle seven-storey block of flats, Terragni interpreted the communication between the environment and the building’s space in his own characteristic and original way. The building is made up of parallel cubes, which open towards the street, creating transparency and a living space bathed in light. The volumes perpendicular to the street front and the court that they surround are strung along bridges and terraces that are open in the direction of the public space. © ismeretlen, source: http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=5984065&size=lg 55 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © sokan, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © Hilary French, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © ismeretlen, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 56 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © ismeretlen, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 57 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Laura Montedoro, source: https://sites.google.com/site/lauramontedoro/varie © Giuseppe Terragni, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 58 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Giuseppe Terragni, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 © Giuseppe Terragni, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, London, 2008 Charles Marshall - William Tweedy, Viceroy Court in St. John’s Wood, London, UK, 1934-36 Designed by Marshall & Tweedy, this building in St. John’s Wood contains 84 modern luxury apartments. The seven-storey block stands out against its environment with its elegant and yet restrained style, volume and materials. Clinker-clad and trimmed with cast stone borders, the projecting main front overlooking the street features semi-circular windows, loggias and balcony doors. The leitmotifs of the façade are the semi-circular, cantilevered balconies joining the glass partitions. They turn around the angles of the building with their horizontal metal railings. Owing to its simple and smooth brick cladding, the front overlooking the court remains a restrained composition. The elongated H-shape of the block contains a variety of apartment types, ranging from studio units with minimum floor space to the largest five-bedroom flats. The modern and generous apartments are furnished and equipped with all the modern conveniences. Besides, tenants have an underground car garage at their disposal. 59 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs megjelölve, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London © nincs megjelölve, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London 60 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs megjelölve, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London © nincs megjelölve, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London 61 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs megjelölve, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London 62 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs megjelölve, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London © nincs megjelölve, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London © nincs megjelölve, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London 63 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Marshall and Tweedy Architects, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London © Marshall and Tweedy Architects, source: The Architectural Review, 1938 january-june, The Architectural Press, London amus - Palanti, Fabio Filzi Quarter - Residential complex in the Milan suburbs, Ital Taking up a whole city block, this residential complex containing small flats was built after integral designs of a linear development. The main principles of design work typical of Modernist architecture were to position parallel buildings aligned on a north–south axis, as well as to position empty spaces rhythmically and volumes succeeding each other in rows. This standardized residential district contains ten buildings in three rows inside the slab along the perimeter of the housing estate. Featuring simple Modernist architecture, the complex has a floor-plan system contained in a rectangle which mediates the finely articulated, composed facade and the well-balanced volumes. The distances between the buildings are in proportion with their heights, thus optimising light and ventillation. The block’s general types are made up of three-tiered parts. The flats of one, two or three rooms have a floor space of 25, 45 and 55 m² respectively. The minimal studio units include an integrated bathroom-kitchen block, as well as a living room with a loggia, while the living areas include the dining hall and the hallway. By the early 1980s, the buildings had deteriorated to an extent that they were in a dangerous condition. 64 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © sokan, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © ismeretlen, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © ismeretlen, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 65 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © ismeretlen, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 66 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Scott Budzynski, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/27539176@N04/7800816934/ © Scott Budzynski, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/27539176@N04/7800816934/ 67 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Albini-Camus-Palanti, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 Micthell - Bridgwater - Gollins & Smeeton AA, Viceroy Close, Birmingham, UK, 1938 Viceroy Close was built in downtown Birmingham as the first multi-storey block of flats in the interwar period on the sites of former Victorian houses. It was also the first to include a vast expanse of garden, offering tenants a suitable space for privacy despite the high density development. The entrance core of each building is a lounge from which flats are accessible via the staircase and an elevator. The robust brick-clad volume of the building is articulated by the refined tracery in the shifting planes along the façade. Of the eight flat types this block contains, the single-room units feature a bathroom, dining room and living room, while the five-room flats contain two bathrooms and two living rooms. 68 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 69 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 70 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Mitchell - Bridgewater - Golins - Smeeton AA, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 © Mitchell - Bridgewater - Golins - Smeeton AA, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 © Mitchell - Bridgewater - Golins - Smeeton AA, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 Robert Atkinson, Oslo Court, London, UK, 1938 An apartment building with Modernist tones, Oslo Court graces St. John's Wood, one of the most exclusive districts of London. Designed especially to meet the needs of young married couples, residential buildings containing luxury apartments were constructed here intensively during the 1930s. 71 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects Oslo Court is a development that illustrates this. The fan-shaped floor plan allowed 112 of its 125 apartments to have direct views over the neighbouring Regent's Park. The units are accessible from the two staircase cores via a corridor between them. The two main entrances open from the park, but there is a third entrance from the opposite side leading on to the garage level. The building contains flats with five different floor plan layouts; the single-room (one-bedroom) units include a living room, a kitchen, a separate bathroom and a balcony. © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 72 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 73 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 74 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 © ismeretlen, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 © Robert Atkinson, source: The Architectural Review, vol. 83, 1938 75 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects Mario Terzaghi - Augusto Magnaghi Delfino, Apartment Building, Como, Italy, 1939 This free-standing, four-storey, flat-roofed, multi-tenant apartment building was built in the Modernist style with a symmetrical layout to contain six apartments in a compact volume only differentiated by the staircase in its central axis, which is a different height. Yet, there are no shifts in the plane along the façade. Two-tier, three-room apartments have a clear and logical floor plan layout. Each apartment has a loggia that faces the garden and runs along in front of the wing. Rooms overlooking the street feature French balconies. The simple plaster-clad volume is closed on the end elevations, while it folds out towards the garden with frames that open up. The character of the façade overlooking the internal courtyard is mediated by solid and pierced parapets outside the apartments, as well as by the rhythm and harmony of the open stairwell’s railings. There are parking spaces in the ground-floor street lane, aw well as light-bathed communal spaces that open towards the courtyard. © nincs pontosítva, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 76 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs pontosítva, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © nincs pontosítva, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © nincs pontosítva, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 77 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © Terzaghi-Magnaghi Delfino, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © Terzaghi-Magnaghi Delfino, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 Giuseppe Terragni, Giuliani-Frigerio Apartments, Como, Italy, 1940 Located in downtown Como, Casa d’affitto Giuliani-Frigerio is the last realised apartment block by Terragni. It shows the influence of forms used by Italian Modernism, as well as those of buildings designed by Le Corbusier (who was respected by Terragni as an exemplary architect), especially with regard to the composition of the roof garden and the ribbon windows. In line with Terragni’s philosophy of architecture, the house is composed of parallel volumes and rows of empty spaces, which in this case he combined with the rotation of the building. The architect was fond of asymmetrical designs, which he also applied elsewhere. The five-storey Frigerio house contains 14 apartments. Its northern façade ranks amongst the most sophisticated compositions by Terragni. 78 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs pontosítva, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © nincs pontosítva, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © nincs pontosítva, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 79 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs pontosítva, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © roryrory, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/roryrory/2456755348/in/photostream/ © roryrory, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/roryrory/2456755348/in/photostream/ 80 Apartment Buildings from the First Part of the 20th Century – International Projects © roryrory, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/roryrory/2456755348/in/photostream/ © Giuseppe Terragni, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architectura funzionale, Editore Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 81 Chapter 2. Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects Henrik Böhm – Ármin Hegedűs, Török Bank, Szervita Square No. 3, Budapest, District V, 1906 A building in the Hungarian version of Art Nouveau, it was designed by architects who followed in Ödön Lechner’s footsteps. This U-shaped development containing offices, retail spaces and apartments turns towards the street with a three-axis façade. The structure is crowned with a stone-framed gable graced by a colourful mosaic (designed and realised by Miksa Róth) representing the “Apotheosis of Hungary” (actually, the glorification of Patrona Hungariae, the patron saint of the country). The glass elevation, a novelty back in those days, blends with the Lechnerian gable cornice design and ornaments in a unique way. © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző 82 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző 83 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © K. Pintér Tamás, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 84 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © K. Pintér Tamás, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző 85 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Böhm Henrik - Hegedűs Ármin, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 86 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects Béla Lajta, Rózsavölgyi House, Szervita Square No. 5, Budapest, District V, 1911-12 An early Modernist design in Béla Lajta’s oeuvre, it abandons the Hungarian-style ornamentation typical of the Lechnerian Art Nouveau. This building reflects the priority of constructive components as opposed to decoration. The various functions (a retail and office block, as well as a residential house) are obviously separate and projected on the façade of the building. Above the verticallyarticulated shop fronts, the façade features impressive horizontal shoulders graced with geometric patterns alternating with large smooth finishes of snow-white enamel bricks. The ornamentation of the façade anticipates multipliable and reproducible works of applied arts with an industrial background. Regarding its internal spatial organisation, the building still rermains traditional. Thus, it cannot be categorized as clearly Modernist in design. Inside the building, the furnishings of the Rózsavölgyi Zeneműbolt (a retail music publisher) were designed by Lajos Kozma, working in Lajta’s studio at the time. © K. Pintér Tamás, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 87 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © K. Pintér Tamás, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 88 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © K. Pintér Tamás, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 89 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Vámos Ferenc, source: Vámos Ferenc: Lajta Béla, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1970, 211. old. © Vámos Ferenc, source: Vámos Ferenc: Lajta Béla, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1970, 213. old. 90 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © ismeretlen, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 91 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Lajta Béla, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 92 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Lajta Béla, source: Vámos Ferenc: Lajta Béla, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1970, 209. old. 93 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Lajta Béla, source: Vámos Ferenc: Lajta Béla, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1970, 206. old. Béla Málnai, Former Czech-Hungarian Industrial Bank, Nádor Street No. 6, Budapest, District V, 1912 A remarkable building by Málnai, co-designed with Gyula Haasz for the purposes of the former CzechHungarian Industrial Bank on a corner site in Nádor Street, it ranks amongst the most significant designs of pre-modern Hungarian architecture. The architectural duo received the commission via tendering, but had to revise their designs according to instructions from two prominent members of the jury (namely, Ignác Alpár and Béla Lajta). This imposing five-storey bank building stands out among the neighbouring structures with its sophisticated and elegant, yet restrained and moderate style, its exterior mass and its façade formation. Clad in stone, the reserved exteriors on the ground-floor and mezzanine office rooms are gently enhanced by the integrated decorative panels. In contrast, the residential floors on the top four storeys have unadorned openings with simple designs. A characteristic feature of the elevation is the tower-like mass designed without openings. It ends in a projecting cornice which is characteristically accentuated by the four-storey glass bay windown framed in iron. 94 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © K. Pintér Tamás, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 95 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © K. Pintér Tamás, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 96 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © K. Pintér Tamás, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 97 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © K. Pintér Tamás, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 © Málnai Béla, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 98 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Málnai Béla, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 © Málnai Béla, source: K. Pintér Tamás: Századeleji házak Budapesten, Magyar Építőművészek Szövetsége, Budapest 1987 Iván Kotsis, Luther House, Nyíregyháza, 1929 The innovative feature of this development is the private street with an arched layout. As a result of this, all the apartments contained in the tenement house open onto the street and thus receive more light. As a founding member of the Department of Residential Building Design, Iván Kotsis held firm beliefs concerning many fundamental issues of design. The symmetrical layout of Luther House and the windows vertically concentrated on the façade still evoke by-gone days. Nevertheless, it still includes several up-to-date components. The design, based on outside galleries leading to apartments, permitted the entrances of the apartments to be independent of the location of the staircase, which in turn allowed for their economical and up-to-date floor-plans. As it is, only the ancillary and service rooms of the two-span building open onto the outside galleries. The rooms have plenty of full value, and the old air-shafts could be omitted. Besides, the rooms have their own access via the hallways. One of the representative means of middle-class homes, the two-winged entrance door, was also abandoned. 99 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kotsis Iván, source: A Tér és Forma, 1929/2 , 94. o © Kotsis Iván, source: A Tér és Forma, 1929/2 , 94. o 100 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kotsis Iván, source: A Tér és Forma, 1929/2 , 95. o © Kotsis Iván, source: A Tér és Forma, 1929/2 , 96. o 101 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kotsis Iván, source: A Tér és Forma, 1929/2 , 97. o © Kotsis Iván, source: A Tér és Forma, 1929/2 , 97. o 102 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kotsis Iván, source: A Tér és Forma, 1929/2 , 97. o © Kotsis Iván, source: A Tér és Forma, 1929/2 , 97. o Pál Ligeti – Farkas Molnár, Delej Mansion, Mihály Street No. 11, Budapest, District I, 1930 One of the pioneering projects of Modernist architecture in Hungary, this house reveals an odd duality. While its excellent floor plans and diagonal form situated on a sloping terrain already reflect the new principles, its truss is a traditional feature, owing to the backwardness of the Hungarian building industry. The outdated technology probably left its mark on the design of building forms, and this may be the reason why it has no prominently projecting balconies or large openings. The novelty of its floor plan configuration lies in the fact that the rooms of the apartments open from a windowed central living area instead of the hall. The building once housed Farkas Molnár’s own apartment of one and a half rooms, which used to be open to visitors on Sundays to illustrate the economical uses of space. © Bánó Ernő, source: A Tér és Forma, 1930, III., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest, 1. o. 103 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Bánó Ernő, source: A Tér és Forma, 1930, III., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest © Bánó Ernő, source: A Tér és Forma, 1930, III., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest © Bánó Ernő, source: A Tér és Forma, 1930, III., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest 104 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Bánó Ernő, source: A Tér és Forma, 1930, III., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest © Ligeti Pál - Molnár Farkas, source: A Tér és Forma, 1930, III., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest Károly Rainer, Mailáth Houses, Keleti Károly Street, Budapest, District II, 1930 Commissioned by Count József Mailáth, the complex wedged between Keleti Károly Street and Bimbó Road contains a large-scale former hotel doubling as a tenement house. A tenement complex of four semi-detached houses was built in 1930 in the same style. Architect Károly Rainer was commissioned to design the house for the client after winning a closed design contest in 1928. As it was a giantscale project, selecting the building contractor was a priority. Another important concern was to hire a reliable master builder who had the necessary funds. This is why Lajos Berey was chosen for this position. Instead of the original layout, the site was divided into six parts in line with the designer’s concept in order to realise the mansion-like, free-standing buildings. It was only the ground-floor businesses where the development followed the line of the narrow Keleti Károly Street. From the first 105 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects storey up, the façade plane is recessed by 5.5 metres, and the apartments with terraces are permitted a more generous and breezier streetscape with more exposure to sunshine. Semi-detached U-shaped residential buildings with outside galleries surround an internal courtyard. Characteristic features of the five-storey corner building are the loggias in the centre on the three street fronts, the restaurant on the bottom level and the parapets with balustrades that frame the recessed top floor, which features terraces. The residential complex was designed to contain a total of 150 apartments with 2, 3 or 4 rooms plus a hall, while the corner building was to feature 80 bedsitters with 1 or 2 rooms. © Rainer Károly, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1930/1 © Rainer Károly, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1930/1 106 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Rainer Károly, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1930/1 107 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Rainer Károly, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1930/1 © Rainer Károly, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1930/1 © Rainer Károly, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1930/1 Pál Detre - Máté Major, Tenement House, Attila Road No. 129, Budapest, District I, 1934 Built for a private investor, this tenement house truly represents the potentials of design when confined within the site boundaries. The development thus features imperfectly unbroken rows integrating lateral gardens, which are a compulsory regulation for this section of Attila Road along Vérmező. This design permitted a significantly larger expanse of façade. Featuring a façade on the cantilevered volume of the tenement house organised with a lateral garden, the building shows a set of forms characteristic of Modernist architecture. Despite the nice façades and elevations, the floor plans of the two double-room and two single-room apartments opening from the four-tier stairway are compromised to some extent, resulting from the elongated shape of the development. The spatial proportions of the longish rooms with a concealed hall are not quite advantageous. The exterior form and the interior contents contradict each other to some extent, owing to windows that are much too small and balconies that connect to the bedrooms instead of the living rooms. 108 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Detre Pál, Major Máté, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest, 15. o. © Detre Pál, Major Máté, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 109 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Detre Pál - Major Máté, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest Lajos Kozma, Six-Flat Tenement Mansion, Bimbó Road No. 39, Budapest, District II, 1934 This building features the characteristics of modern tenement mansions built on green belt land. As Kozma wrote in Space and Form, “The primary concerns of the arrangement are the four cardinal points, air, light, economical structures, good heatability and protection against cooling, utilization of shadow and light, and easy and transparent circulation, being closed toward the direction of the wind and the street, but open toward the garden and sunshine.” The symmetrical building contains the service areas next to the stairwell, while in the other direction there are the living areas fully open towards the garden. The ambition to blur the external boundaries of the building whilst blending the garden and the interior space is most evident in the completely adjustable glass partitions on the building ends, the roof terrace and the rooms’ corner and ribbon windows. Both the functional design of the apartments and the flexibility of the adjoining rooms are exemplary, since they permit a versatile utilisation of living areas. 110 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest, 252. o. © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest 111 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest 112 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest László Lauber - István Nyíri, Tenement House, Kékgolyó Street No. 10, Budapest, District XII, 1934 Although completed before the decree prohibiting total site enclosure, this building was never meant to maximise site development. Breaking with the practice of constructing urban tenement houses along the site boundaries, architects now created on-site greenery, a garden, and thus more valuable apartments. The sole, small lateral wing next to the street did not exploit the site, which allowed for a breezier development. Apartments contained in twos on each level feature functional and 113 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects contemporary design. The rooms open separately from the living area, and en suite bathrooms with windows directly join the bedrooms. Another specialty of the house – and also the very first one in its kind in Budapest – was the 150 m² roof garden belonging to the apartment of the client on the top lfloor. The openings piercing the walls surrounding the roof terrace artistically framed the views of the Budapest skyline’s famous landmarks. Le Corbusier’s ideas are also evident elsewhere, as the façade exposes. Thanks to fully openable folding windows without a corner prop, the boundaries of the exterior and interior are blurred. © Magyar Filmiroda, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 114 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Magyar Filmiroda, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest © Magyar Filmiroda, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 115 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Magyar Filmiroda, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest © Magyar Filmiroda, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 116 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Magyar Filmiroda, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest © Magyar Filmiroda, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 117 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Magyar Filmiroda, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest © Magyar Filmiroda, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 118 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Lauber László - Nyíri István, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest Gábor Preisich - Mihály Vadász, Manfréd Weiss’s Pension Funds Tenement House, Bartók Béla Road No. 62–64, Budapest, District XI, 1934 The method of development used on this corner site is an innovative one. By leaving off the development above the mezzanine facing the smaller street, a French courtyard was created. Thus, the wing along the thoroughfare (formerly Horthy, today Bartók Béla Road) could have a southern façade, and the ratio of the narrow and small side street improved considerably. Another novel feature of the design is that the kitchens are housed on the street façade as well, while the internal southern side contains bedrooms and bathrooms. The in-between apartments could do without the hall. The dweling units in the two-span building can be ventillated throughout; thus, they are more valuable than usual, which compensates for the lost undeveloped area. The ground floor of the building, which once housed the Simplon movie cinema, featured top achievements in contemporary technology and architecture with its sunken foyer, galleried interior, amphitheatre-style auditorium with tiers rising towards the projection screen, and acoustic techniques. Designers chose the steel skeleton because of the tax-exemption regulations (the building had to be completed as soon as possible), but the fragile structure also had certain architectural advantages. 119 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest, 279. o. © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest 120 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Máté Olga, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest 121 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Máté Olga, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest 122 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Máté Olga, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest 123 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest © Preisich - Vadász, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest © Preisich - Vadász, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest 124 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Preisich - Vadász, source: A Tér és Forma, 1934, VII., Vállalkozók lapja, Budapest Aladár Árkay - Sándor Faragó - József Fischer - Károly Heysa - Pál Ligeti - Farkas Molnár - Móric Pogány Gábor Preisich - Mihály Vadász, OTI Tenement Houses, Pope John Paul II Square (formerly Köztársaság Square) Nos. 14,15 and 16, Budapest, District VIII, 1935 This cluster of social tenement houses by the representatives of CIRPAC (the elected executive body of CIAM, Comité international pour la résolution des problèmes de l’architecture contemporaine, in English: International Committee for the Resolution of Problems in Contemporary Architecture) broke away from the enclosure-type development, which made it unique among tenement houses constructed in Budapest during the interwar period. The main objective of the building with a linear design was to achieve maximum and equal optimisation of sunshine, ventillation and views for the small, tiered apartments it contained. The three row houses are connected by a sequence of businesses on the ground floor, which creates an enclosure on the street side and maintains the continuity of the urban fabric. The novelty of deployment and the functional design are unquestionable strengths of the project. However, the exaggerated puritanism and the ambition to economise may have contributed to the miserable deterioration of the houses witnessed today. 125 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Máté Olga-műterem, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest, 185. o. © Máté Olga-műterem, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 126 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Máté Olga-műterem, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 127 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Máté Olga-műterem, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 128 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Máté Olga-műterem, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest © Máté Olga-műterem, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest © Máté Olga-műterem, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 129 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Máté Olga-műterem, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest 130 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Árkay, Faragó, Fischer, Heysa, Ligeti, Molnár, Pogány, Preisich, Vadász, source: Tér és Forma, 1935/1, Sós György, Budapest Lajos Kozma, Átrium House, Margit Boulevard No. 55, Budapest, District II, 1936 With a client motivated by greed for gain, this speculative tenement house failed to produce anything new with its concept of deployment. However, because of the brilliantly conceived floor-plan arrangement, as well as its direct projection on the façade, innovative structural technique and, not least, its careful detailing, this building still has significance beyond itself and its times. Its combination of reinforced concrete and steel structure was a real novelty at the time. The building is an expressive example of spatial systems focussed on a central core, which is reflected in the floor plans of the apartments. It also provides a viable example of ingenuous façade formation amongst conditions that restrict design work. The ground floor of the building once contained the Átrium movie cinema, equipped with a modern ventillation system and acoustic techniques. 131 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest, 127.o © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 132 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 133 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 134 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 135 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 136 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Kozma Lajos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest Dr. Béla Barát - Ede Novák, Georgia Tenement Palace, Rákóczi Road No. 4, Budapest, District VII, 1936 Located in an important intersection of the city centre, this tenement house occupies a place between traditional and modern architecture. Its deployment is the result of relevant regulations and taxexemption restrictions. Influence of the new architecture is apparent in the loggias facing the internal garden, which is closed from the road and features an ornate basin; sun-decks on the flat roof; the studio apartment on the top floor; the neon sign that wraps around the corner vertically on the street side; and the clock standing out like a tower. Although they broke away from Eclecticism, designers did not strip the façade of ornamentation. Clad in travertine, this surface is accentuated by French balconies along the vertical axes framed with marble and ornate railings, while the studio flats are equipped with segmental-headed windows. The materials used, the excellent subcontractor works and the elegant stairwell design raise this representative luxury tenement house well above the average. 137 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest, 317. o. 138 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 139 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 140 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 141 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Barát Béla - Novák Ede, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest © Barát Béla - Novák Ede, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 142 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Barát Béla - Novák Ede, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest Béla Hofstätter - Ferenc Domány, Dunapark House, Pozsonyi Road No. 38-40, Budapest, District XIII, 1936 The integral architectural design is a result of the centrally-regulated developmental form and the façade structure. It was designed by architects who travelled extensively abroad and refused to follow the pure aesthetics of rigid, orthodox Modernism. The generous foyers, high-quality materials and examples of fine workmanship featured in this luxurious tenement house all served the customary demands of the client, a large industrial company. A key factor guarenteeing the success of the marketbased project was the optimal satisfaction of middle-class expectations at the time. The ground floor of the building houses the famous Dunapark Café. © Haar Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937, 111. o. 143 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Haar Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Haar Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 144 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Haar Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 145 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Haar Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 146 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Hofstatter Béla - Domány Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Hofstatter Béla - Domány Ferenc, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 147 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects László Lauber - István Nyíri - Sándor Bálint, Tenement House, Irányi Street No. 8, Budapest, District V, 1936 A generous six-storey tenement house on a corner site, it is a typical modern building with a simple, crystallised façade. Conceived in the spirit of new architecture, the asymmetrical layout of openings on the façade continues around the corner and is interpretable together with the other side, a beautiful example of this being the interrelation of the balcony and the windows running horizontally on the façade. Originally, a two-room plus hall apartment and a three-room plus hall apartment opened from the two-tier stairwell. The building forms a connection with the taller neighbouring structure via a roof terrace with a pergola. © Seidner, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest 148 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest, 336. o. 149 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1936, IX., Sós György, Budapest Farkas Molnár, Condominiums, Pasaréti Road No. 7, Budapest, District II, 1936 A block of owner-occupied flats and a mansion were integrated when developing this triangular site. Regarded as the climax of Molnár’s oeuvre, the building, as a rule, bears Neo-Plasticist features. The integration of the two parts, the mural by Molnár once gracing the entrance area and the characteristic chess-board grid evokes compositions by Mondrian and Doesburg. As a result of the logical floor plan system and R-C skeleton, the freely alternating bay windows and loggias define the prominent street façade. The fixed service functions are contained beside the stairwell along the rear façade, while the rooms are placed along the more advantageously oriented street façade. © Haar, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937, 367. o. 150 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Sneider, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 151 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Mezei Ottó, source: Mezei Ottó: Molnár Farkas, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1987 152 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Haar, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 153 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Molnár Farkas, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 154 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Molnár Farkas, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Molnár Farkas, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 Móric Pogány - István Janáky, Bérvilla, Áfonya Street, Budapest, District II, 1936 A free-standing mansion containing one apartment on each level, this is a genuinely modern building. Rooms clearly divided into intimate and daylight zones correspond to a functional design, which makes them contemporary. The spatial contact created by the external garden, through the dining area, the 155 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects floral window and the terrace, was hoghly auspicious. The perimeter terrace allowed all rooms to communicate with the garden in a profound way. On the garden-facing side, the ground-floor terrace raised on columns and the walkable roof terrace on the flat roof were inspired by Le Corbusier’s concept and followed the principles of new architecture. © Seidner, source: Tér és Forma, 1937, 326. o. © Seidner, source: Tér és Forma, 1937, 327. o. 156 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Seidner, source: Tér és Forma, 1937, 327. o. © Pogány Móric, source: Tér és Forma, 1937, 327. o. 157 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Pogány Móric, source: Tér és Forma, 1937, 327. o. Károly Bálint, Tenement Mansion with Businesses, Kolumbusz Street No. 57/b, Budapest, District XIV, 1937 This mass of the building shows the characteristic features of Modernist architecture. In line with the ambition to blur the boundaries between the interior and exterior, the ground-floor patisserie is contained beneath the plinths on the lower part the terrace. The corners of the house are are either curved over with ribbon windows or alternatingly cut from the mass to create roofed open balconies. The floor plan system was up-to-date for its time; all the main rooms were directly exposed to natural light, and the volume’s depths contained service areas only. The common boiler room, laundry and drying rooms on the ground floor serve their functions practically. 158 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Seidner Zoltán, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Seidner Zoltán, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 159 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Bálint Károly, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 © Bálint Károly, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 Lajos Kozma - Vilmos Dénes, Tenement House, Régiposta Street No. 13, Budapest, District V, 1937 The novelty of this building, a development set back from the streetline, thus improving the narrowness of Régiposta Street, was a compulsory condition set by regulations. The R-C frame building was carefully designed down to the tiniest details, which is a trademark of designs by Kozma. The strip of ribbon windows on the façade is only disrupted at the pillar level by the black marble cladding in-laid in the windows’ plane, behind which the shutter system and engineering units are concealed. Despite its tightness, the stairway foyer is not overwhelming, which is the positive effect of both the design (as it is opened towards the internal L-shaped garden) and the high-quality materials. Each level contains three single-room flats featuring clever details that are thoughtfully conceived and carefully designed. These include the cupboards, built-in wardrobes sunk in the wall plane, a laundry box and a vanity cabinet integrated in the grid of tiles in the bathroom, and even the pull-cord of the built-in watercloset tank. 160 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest 161 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Seidner, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest 162 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző 163 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest 164 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects 165 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest © Kozelka, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző 166 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, Dénes Vilmos, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest © Kozma Lajos, Dénes Vilmos, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest 167 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozma Lajos, Dénes Vilmos, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest György Rumszauer, Tenement House of the Association of the Royal Hungarian Postmasters and Postal Employees, Szalay Street No. 5/a, Budapest, District V, 1937 This corner building with an R-C skeleton is defined by the diagonally symmetrical floor plan configuration, in which the six apartments housed on each storey are accessible via the enclosed sector-shaped stairwell along the axis. However, the client’s compromising ambition to maximise development prevented it from evolving into a truly Modernist building. In line with traditional developments, the building takes on the contours of the site, which entails the disadvantageous 168 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects north-facing orientation of the apartments overlooking Szalay Street. Dwellings feature contemporary achievements of technology, each being equipped with built-in wardrobes and an air-tight hallway. The generous stairway space and the entrance foyer are graced with fine architectural details. However, the oversized depth of the three-span apartments is rather disturbing. The contrast between the horizontal articulation of the street side and the vertical bay window on the corner lends this building its character. © Seidner, source: A Tér és Forma, 1939, XII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest, 15. o. 169 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Seidner, source: A Tér és Forma, 1939, XII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Seidner, source: A Tér és Forma, 1939, XII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest 170 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Seidner, source: A Tér és Forma, 1939, XII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Seidner, source: A Tér és Forma, 1939, XII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Rumszauer György, source: A Tér és Forma, 1939, XII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest 171 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Rumszauer György, source: A Tér és Forma, 1939, XII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest Gyula Wälder, Tenement House (Holitscher House), Rákóczi Road No. 12, Budapest, District VII, 1937 This mass composition was borrowed from that of the building designed by Dénes Györgyi for the same site, which remained in blueprint. An architect previously specialised in the Neo-Baroque style, Gyula Wälder made his very first step towards Modernism with this project. As it is an extremely high-density development containing two tenement blocks embracing a confined courtyard bordered by three streets, it lacks innovation in its location. However, the designer was concerned with the integrity of the cityscape when adjusting the house’s superstructure (its cornice and roof) to that of its neighbour (Béla Lajta’s bank centre and tenement house in Erzsébetváros). The department stores on the bottom floors and the apartments above are clearly distinguished on the façade. A projecting roof separates the business portals from the brick cladding of the upper floors, graced by vertical pilaster strips. The brick architecture of the façade and the Rococo-style grilles of the gateways and balconies combined with the ornamentation of the cornice create an unusual blend with the modern-design shop fronts and neon signs. 172 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka Tivadar, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937, 195 o. © Kozelka Tivadar, source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 173 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Walder Gyula , source: A Tér és Forma, 1937, X. szám, Tér és Forma szerkesztősége és kiadóhivatala, Budapest, 1937 János Wanner, Tenement Mansion, Szilágyi Erzsébet Avenue No. 61, Budapest, District II, 1937 This is one of the most beautiful free-standing tenement mansions of its time. The loggia that appears in the composition of mass and the cutout stairway volumes are both evidence of Le Corbusier’s influence, which is not accidental. Wanner worked for Le Corbusier’s studio between 1931 and 1932. The symmetry of the enclosed rectangular block is gently upset by the asymmetrical position of the solid components of the entrance and the parapet. Opening from the two-tier stairwell, the apartments are excellent functionally and feature halls that are opened up by the loggias along the side façade. This transforms them into naturally lit living spaces of optimal walue. © ismeretlen, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architettura funzionale, Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 174 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © ismeretlen, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architettura funzionale, Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © Wanner János, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architettura funzionale, Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 © Wanner János, source: Alberto Sartoris: Gli elementi dell'architettura funzionale, Ulrico Hoepli, Milano 1941 175 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects Béla Hofstätter - Ferenc Domány, Tenement House of Weiss Manfréd Companies’ Recognised Pension Fund, Margit Boulevard Nos. 15-17, Budapest, District II, 1938 As the scheme had to respond to the neighbourhood’s screening partition wall (a compulsory criterion defined by the Public Works Committee), a central elliptical stairway was designed in between the two parallel row houses. This design features several advantages. It was enough to build a single largersize staircase facilitating easier access to the apartments via the central circulation system, the living areas could be opened towards the streets, and the depth of the English courtyard between the two row houses could be smaller, too. The floor plan configuration of the dwellings is up-to-date. Each unit features a separate water-closet, the rooms are accessible via the bathroom or closet, while the kitchens come with a separate household entrance connected to the other rooms of the dwelling via an air-tight foyer. What makes this house a real specialty is the stylish corner volume in limestone cladding that continues in a curve around the corner, the atmospheric stairway foyer that has mellowed with age, and the beautiful skylit stairwell containing two circular elevators. © Haar, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest, 180. o. 176 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest 177 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest 178 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest © Haar, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest 179 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest 180 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Haar, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest © Hofstatter Béla - Domány Ferenc, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest © Hofstatter Béla - Domány Ferenc, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest © Hofstatter Béla - Domány Ferenc, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest 181 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Hofstatter Béla - Domány Ferenc, source: Tér és Forma, 1938, Pápai Ernő Műintézete, Budapest Tibor Hübner - István Janáky, OTI Tenement House, Károly Boulevard Nos. 13-15, Budapest, District VII, 1940 As one of the Madách Houses, it was designed as an integral development intended to head Erzsébet Avenue, later rernamed as Madách Avenue, and an architectural event which included several building regulation plans and design contests. Finally, Gyula Wälder was commissioned to draw the integral plans of the buildings. The bottom levels are orchestrated by an arcade topped with a tall, towering façade clad in clinker bricks. As a result, designers of the individual buildings had no free scope and were only free to design the floor plans. The number of storeys, the façades with their axes, the number and positions of the projections and the windows were all compulsorily defined by Wälder’s concept. Despite all the restrictions, the duo of architects, Hübner and Janáky, came up with a clear floor plan and structural organisation. Although this method of design work (realising interior contents applied to the back of a ready-made exterior) clashed with the spirit of new architecture, the result is an unquestionably integral urban development. The entrance area and the foyer of the building are enriched with remarkable works of applied arts. © Borsos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest, 15. o. 182 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Borsos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest 183 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Borsos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest 184 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Hübner Tibor - Janáky István, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest 185 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Hübner Tibor - Janáky István, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest Dr. Dezső Hültl, Tenement House of the Hungarian Academy of Science (MTA), Károly Boulevard No. 1, Budapest, District VII, 1939 Built four years later than the adjacent Georgia House, it was realised as a perfect complement to its neighbour in response to regulations defining both the development’s embedding and its contours. Just like the building designed by Béla Barát and Ede Novák, it features a façade highlighted by decorative components such as the marble-framed French balconies along the vertical axes, the ornate steel rails and the balustrade parapet along the cylindrical top floor – all conceived in the spirit of Eclecticism. Just like Georgia House, this building is an imposing tenement house featuring a large, ornate entrance hall with a colonnade and traditional residential floor plans. © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest, 64. o. 186 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest 187 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest 188 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Kozelka, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Hütl Dezső, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest © Hütl Dezső, source: A Tér és Forma, 1940, XIII., Pápai Ernő műintézete, Budapest Aladár and Viktor Olgyay, Tenement House, Városmajor Street No. 50/b, Budapest, District XII, 1941 This is an excellent design of the new architecture, evidently influenced by Le Corbusier and the Modernist architecture of the Mediterranean. Its embedding breaks free from the tenement house 189 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects layouts prevailing till then, and in a novel fashion, instead of Városmajor Street, the apartments open towards the internal garden. The street façade contains the stairway and the ancillary rooms of the dwelling units. What heralds the new era here is the garden is utterly enjoyable from each apartment. The ambition to blend nature on the outside with the interior and turn towards the greenery permeates the design of the ground-floor apartment, which features garden access. Enclosed loggias envelop the whole internal façade, and the top-floor apartment’s roof terrace includes a porch and shower. From a functional viewpoint, direct access from the car park in the basement to the stairwell is also a novelty. © Belvárosi Fotoműhely, source: A Tér és Forma, 1941, XIV., Ált. Nyomda, Budapest, 156. o. © Belvárosi Fotoműhely, source: A Tér és Forma, 1941, XIV., Ált. Nyomda, Budapest 190 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Belvárosi Fotoműhely, source: A Tér és Forma, 1941, XIV., Ált. Nyomda, Budapest 191 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Belvárosi Fotoműhely, source: A Tér és Forma, 1941, XIV., Ált. Nyomda, Budapest © Belvárosi Fotoműhely, source: A Tér és Forma, 1941, XIV., Ált. Nyomda, Budapest © Belvárosi Fotoműhely, source: A Tér és Forma, 1941, XIV., Ált. Nyomda, Budapest 192 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Olgyai és Olgyai, source: A Tér és Forma, 1941, XIV., Ált. Nyomda, Budapest © Olgyai és Olgyai, source: A Tér és Forma, 1941, XIV., Ált. Nyomda, Budapest 193 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Olgyai és Olgyai, source: A Tér és Forma, 1941, XIV., Ált. Nyomda, Budapest Gedeon Gerlóczy, Tenement House with Businesses, Petőfi Sándor Street No. 12, Budapest, District V, 1944 This building was erected on the site of the former Orczy House, on the corner of Petőfi Sándor and Párizsi Streets. As opposed to the contours of the former development, which reached to the street, the new one is stepped back, ameliorating the airspace of the downtown street, which was rather narrow anyway. Another novel feature of the scheme was the roofed passage on the ground floor, which created a private street in the depth of the site. Adherers of Modernism welcomed this idea and proposed to introduce it in several parts of the Inner City. Another advantageous response to urban issues was the gradual retraction of the mass above the first storey which mitigated the narrowness of the confining Párizsi Street. Each apartment features a hall thanks to the three-span width of the building, which was in turn a response to investors’ expectations. This stylish building is a genuine downtown house representing lasting values with high-quality fine materials, stairwell details and works of applied arts gracing the foyer. 194 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos Imre, source: A Tér és Forma, 1944, Tér és Forma Lapkiadó, Budapest, 69. o. 195 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos Imre, source: A Tér és Forma, 1944, Tér és Forma Lapkiadó, Budapest 196 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos Imre, source: A Tér és Forma, 1944, Tér és Forma Lapkiadó, Budapest © Borsos Imre, source: A Tér és Forma, 1944, Tér és Forma Lapkiadó, Budapest 197 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos Imre, source: A Tér és Forma, 1944, Tér és Forma Lapkiadó, Budapest © Borsos Imre, source: A Tér és Forma, 1944, Tér és Forma Lapkiadó, Budapest 198 Apartment Buildings from the First Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borsos Imre, source: A Tér és Forma, 1944, Tér és Forma Lapkiadó, Budapest © Gerlóczy Gedeon, source: A Tér és Forma, 1944, Tér és Forma Lapkiadó, Budapest © Gerlóczy Gedeon, source: A Tér és Forma, 1944, Tér és Forma Lapkiadó, Budapest 199 Chapter 3. Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects Luciano Abenante - Francesco Di Salvo - Gian Tristano Papale, Social Housing, Naples, Italy, 1947 Containing 12 lines of buildings, this social housing estate was built right after the war in Poggioreale, a suburb of Naples, on a site owned by the client, the Social Housing Institute. The stairwells of the tiered buildings are accessible from the terraced street at the height of the first level. The varied designs of the ground floors are the results of both necessity and the demand for rooms with different functions (portico, concierge service and apartments for larger families). The new buildings had to be followups, using the foundations and the ground floors completed in the 1940s with housing levels different from those of the buildings designed earlier. Each block contains 25 apartments each with 2, 3 or 4 rooms. From an architectural aspect, the residential complex is an integral one of good standards. The facade is rhythmically articulated by enclosed ribbon windows at various parapet heights and visually concluded by the expressively designed terraces on the top floor. © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 200 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 201 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 202 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects 203 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Luciano Abenante, Francesco Di Salvo, Gian Tristano Papale, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 Luigi Moretti, Il Girasole, Rome, Italy, 1950 Turning towards the main street with a mass cut in two parts down the middle by a narrow vertical cleft, the building contains 2 large apartments on each general floor. Above the ground floor, the two blocks, clad in rustic and smooth travertine, are retracted in every direction, so the housing levels seem to float above. The lightweight appearance of the upper storeys is enhanced by the materials used (the facade is enveloped in white glass mosaic) and the wrap-around ribbon windows. The designs of the lateral balconies, the efficient positioning of the stairwell, combined with refined claddings and finishes and other precisely executed details – all contribute to the highly expressive character of the building divided in two parts. © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 204 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 205 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 206 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © nincs megjelölve, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 © Luigi Moretti, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 207 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Luigi Moretti, source: Carlo Pagani_ Architettura italiana oggi, Hoepli, Milano 1955 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago, USA, 1951 This free-standing, twin pair of 26-storey towers actually reinterpreted urban housing projects with their combination of glass and steel and the expression of skeletal frames on the facade. Placed at right angles to each other, the two buildings face Lake Michigan and the inner city. Logically designed, the steel skeleton of the towers offers a perfect solution to both the plan system and facade design. Carefully selected for the structural pillars, the window profile creates the beautiful texture of the steel-and-glass skin. The two high-rises have identical outer structures and geometries, but different interior designs. What they have in common is the lift and the stairwell designed as their inner core. The northern block contains 8 two-room apartments per level, while the southern one features 4 fourroom units. 208 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Ezra Stoller/ESTO, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 96. o © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 209 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 210 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 © Rui Morais de Sousa, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 211 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 © Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 © Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, source: Mies van der Rohe, szerk. Paco Asensio, teNeues 2002 212 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects Le Corbusier, Unité d'Habitation, Marseille, France, 1948-52 Of the buildings referred to as Unité d’Habitation (“collective house”, literally meaning “housing unit”), five were completed between 1947 and 1960. The most famous of them is this residential building in Marseille. Like a city built vertically, it is 165 m long, 56 m tall and 24 m wide and contains 337 apartments of various sizes. Unite d'Habitation has a characteristic facade design, being a concrete-coffered high-rise structure raised on 17 pairs of R-C pilotis. Le Corbusier adjusted the sizes of the duplex dwelling units to Modulor, an anthropometric scale of proportions he devised himself, his motto being that “the house is a machine for living in" basically meant to offer residents all the modern conveniences. The circulation system of corridors only penetrates in between the prevailing duplex units on every third level. The 7th and 8th floors house communal spaces (shopping, entertainment and amenities). The architect designed the roof to contain a look-out point, an open-air theatre stage, a gym hall, as well as a nursery-plus-kindergarten. Residents, however, felt the apartments too tight. The internal streets of shops on the 7th and 8th floors did not work out quite well, and children living here preferred to play in the parks outdoors. Although the collective house in Marseille failed to live up to expectations, it has evolved into a ground-breaking, definitive design of multiple-family housing. © Lucien Herve, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 213 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Lucien Herve, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 © Lucien Herve, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 © neil mp, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/29727266@N02/5151685365/in/photostream/ 214 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Lucien Herve, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 © Lucien Herve, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 215 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © neil mp, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/29727266@N02/5151685365/in/photostream/ © Lucien Herve, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 216 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Lucien Herve, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 © neil mp, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/29727266@N02/5151685365/in/photostream/ © Le Corbusier, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 217 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Le Corbusier, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 © Le Corbusier, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 © Le Corbusier, source: Le Corbusier - Oeuvre complete 1946-1952, Editions Girsberger, Zurich, 1955 218 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects Mario Asnago - Claudio Vender, Residential Building, Via Faruffini 6, Milan, Italy, 1954 The architectural philosophy represented by Asnago and Vender is reflected in this building on Via Faruffini in a most authentic way. Their design method refers to a process of abstraction, resulting in the formal clarity of strict rationalism. The multi-layered character of the architectural devices applied deliberately on the street facade, the playfulness of alternating solid and open surfaces, and the rhythmic layout of apertures – all contribute to a versatile and yet integral design. A unique formal constituent, the metal grid fixed outside the third and fourth storeys, is a purely artistic detail lacking function. The building is not a homogeneous one; its irregularities reflect the designers’ ambition to make it an expressive, “passionate” work of architecture. The bottom level of the corner building houses public space containing offices. On each floor, three larger dwelling units, both corner and transitional types, join the vertical circulation core at the focus of the mixed-use building. © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 219 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 220 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 221 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 222 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Mario Asnago - Claudio Vender, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 © Mario Asnago - Claudio Vender, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 José Antonio Coderch, Casa de la Marina, Barcelona, Spain, 1951–54 Following the classical configuration, this high-rise building was built near the waterfront in Barcelona. The bottom two levels contain shops that are open via glass surfaces, while each of the upper six floors houses an apartment. The attic holds two studios and a terrace. Unique features of the house are the floor plans and the facade design. The interiors of the dwelling units are defined by an intricate system of walls breaking the planes at oblique angles to create exciting apetures, practical 223 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects foyers and the impression of spaciousness. Open on three sides, the building features a facade reflecting the interior design with solid surfaces and the undulating dynamics of adjustable wooden louvers. Because of its materials and forms, Casa de la Marina is a fine example reinterpreting the traditions of the Mediterranean by blending them with a Modernist vocabulary of forms. © Duccio Malagamba, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 92. o 224 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Pere prlpz, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Casa_de_la_Marina.jpg 225 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Sandro Maggi, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/archimap/2472841671/in/photostream/ 226 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Sandro Maggi, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/archimap/2472841671/in/photostream/ 227 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Sandro Maggi, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/archimap/2472841671/in/photostream/ © Sandro Maggi, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/archimap/2472841671/in/photostream/ 228 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © José Antonio Coderch, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 92. o © José Antonio Coderch, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 92. o 229 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © José Antonio Coderch, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 92. o © José Antonio Coderch, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 92. o 230 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects Attilio Mariani - Carlo Perogalli, Via Crivelli, Milan, Italy, 1955 This building boasts an integral and characteristic streetscape, although relevant construction regulations only allowed for a 5-metre-wide front garden. The rhythm of alternating open and closed balconies contributes to the unique overall impression of the facade design. Besides the playfulness reflected in forms, the facades and the palette are key factors in the architecture. Wall surfaces feature chrome yellow ceramic mosaics, the cornices are wrapped in grey marble, and the plinth features a plain matte marble ceramic mosaic. As a distinguishing feature of Italian Neo-Realist architecture, the kitchen and the dining room were integrated to allow the living room to function as an independent space. However, Perogalli designed this building with a reduced-size (3.2 m²) kitchen without a dining room. The latter function is contained as part of the living area. © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 231 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 232 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 © Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 233 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Attilio Mariani - Carlo Perogalli, source: Case d'abitazione, szerk: Carlo Perogalli, Görlich Editore, Milano, 1961 Frank Lloyd Wright, Price Tower, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA, 1956 This multi-use high-rise contains the offices of H. C. Price and other companies as primary tenants, as well as apartments on its 19 storeys intended as income-raising ventures. The scheme is yet another one by Wright that reflects his organic approach. The structural design incorporates the tree-motif with its centrally positioned core representing the trunk, while the cantilevered floors projecting out from it are like the branches. The outer skin of the tower is made up of curtain walls hung from the floors to lend the facade its distinctly light appearance. The structural cores containing the four elevator shafts and the interior walls perpendicular to each other divide the levels into four segments – three of which are suited to house offices, while the fourth was to house a duplex apartment. Nowadays, the mixeduse building functions as an art centre and also contains luxury dwellings, which are as highly regarded as one-of-a-kind. 234 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://catalinamoreno88.wordpress.com/page/10/ © Ben Russell, source: http://architecture.about.com/od/franklloydwright/ig/Frank-Lloyd-Wright/ Price-Tower.htm 235 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://catalinamoreno88.wordpress.com/page/10/ 236 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Joe Price, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 98. o © Frank Lloyd Wright, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 98. o © Frank Lloyd Wright, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 98. o 237 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Frank Lloyd Wright, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 98. o 238 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects 239 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Frank Lloyd Wright, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 98. o Gio Ponti, Casa Via Dezza, Milan, Italy, 1957 Gio Ponti is known as a master of both architecture and design. When working on this project, generous spatial connections were the first on his priority list. The nine-level structure at 49 Via Dezza contains Ponti’s own apartment and studio, too. Ponti’s careful attention to details when dressing his spaces, designing the interiors according to an integral concept, certainly shows in the furnishing and the accessories equipped with concealed lighting fixtures, the elm-wood wall panelling, the diagonal ceramic floor-tiling, and the white ceiling that is in harmony with all the elements. His unique and innovative solutions are the high-standard design of walls pierced by apertures to create borders between interior and exterior. To open up the facade towards Via Dezza, he used generously-sized windows in a versatile layout to enhance the exterior with refined playfulness. © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka 240 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Gio Ponti Archives - Salvatore Licitra, Milano, source: Graziella Roccella: Gio Ponti, Taschen, Köln 2009 © Gio Ponti Archives - Salvatore Licitra, Milano, source: Graziella Roccella: Gio Ponti, Taschen, Köln 2009 241 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Gio Ponti Archives - Salvatore Licitra, Milano, source: Graziella Roccella: Gio Ponti, Taschen, Köln 2009 © Centro Studi e Archivio della Communicazione, Univ. di Parma, Archivio Ponti, source: Graziella Roccella: Gio Ponti, Taschen, Köln 2009 242 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Gio Ponti Archives - Salvatore Licitra, Milano, source: Graziella Roccella: Gio Ponti, Taschen, Köln 2009 Kunio Maekawa, Harumi Apartments, Tokyo, Japan, 1958 Located on Harumi, an artificial island in Tokyo Bay, this grand-scale building along a north-east and south-west axis contains apartments which were popular with the affluent upper middle-class then. The easy access and proximity of the amenities and services it offered made the dwelling units even more attractive. Massive steel and R-C structures were justified by the need to resist earthquakes and exposure to climatic extremes. Floor plans drew inspiration from the modern architecture of Le Corbusier’s Unité d'Habitation in Marseille. Single-level and duplex apartments are contained along the full length of the building with access only on every third level from the circulation corridor. The smaller units, which face southeast, are housed on the circulation level, while transitional apartments that occupy the full depth of the building are accessible from the same level via small staircases either downward or upward. 243 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://deseopolis.tumblr.com/image/34071543060 © Maekawa Associates, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 102. o 244 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://www2.si.umich.edu/Art_History/UMMA/JA12/JA124.jpg © Maekawa Associates, source: http://deseopolis.tumblr.com/image/34071543060 245 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects 246 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Kunio Maekawa, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 102. o 247 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects 248 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Kunio Maekawa, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 102. o © Kunio Maekawa, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 102. o 249 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Kunio Maekawa, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 102. o 250 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Kunio Maekawa, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 102. o Gian Luigi Banfi - Lodovico Belgiojoso - Enrico Peresutti - Ernesto Rogers (Studio BBPR), Velasca Tower, Milan, Italy, 1958 Torre Velasca, a 106-metre (26-storey) skyscraper, towers above the Gothic buildings of the old city core. To respond to the historic fabric of Milan, designers borrowed the forms of medieval guard towers. As a result, the lower part of the building is narrower, while the upper cantilevered section extends out. This design was also justified by mixed functional demands. The lower, narrower levels contain offices, businesses and exhibition spaces, while the upper (wider and more spacious) ones house apartments. The positioning of the slender building stem in the middle of the site allowed for a large, open-space pedestrian plaza around it. Adjustment of the development to the historic context is 251 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects enhanced by the stone-cladding of the facade. The exterior mass features versatile textures defined by the play of apertures that pierce the walls alternating with transparent and reflexive surfaces. © ismeretlen, source: http://www.globeimages.net/data/media/186/torre_velasca_milan.jpg © Magyar Építőművészet, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1960, Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest 252 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Magyar Építőművészet, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1960, Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest © Magyar Építőművészet, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1960, Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest 253 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1960, Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1960, Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest 254 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1960, Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1960, Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest 255 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Lodovico Belgioioso / Enrico Peressutti, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1960, Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest Johannes Hendrik van der Broek - Jaap Bakema, Hansaviertel Tower, Berlin, Germany, 1960 Bakema’s scheme for this high-rise, high-density housing project was realised as part of the international building exhibition, IBA (Interbau), in 1957. The 16-storey local-acess tower has a splitlevel design creating a complicated fabric of single- and two-level apartments. Housed on two different levels, the 6-metre-wide duplex units face west and east along an internal stairwell. The entrance level gives access to the kitchen and the spacious living-room, while the next floor contains the bedroom, bathroom and study. The spatial system thus created allowed for only six internal circulation corridors and mainly transitional apartments, which optimizes ventillation and light conditions. The loggias along the facade feature a clear and logical system that is a projection of the playful floor plan of the building. 256 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1375707 © Dom Garcia, set-72157619784703391 source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/domgarcia/5574018493/in/ 257 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Alexander Hartmann, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 108. o © buergerverein-hansaviertel, source: das_hansaviertel/seiten/091_broek_bakema.html http://www.buergerverein-hansaviertel-berlin.de/ © Broek en Bakema, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 108. o 258 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Van der Broek en Bakema, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 108. o © Van der Broek en Bakema, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 108. o Bertrand Goldberg, Marina City, Chicago, USA, 1964 When commissioned for this project, Goldberg had to design the complex so as to stop the urban exodus (a suburbanisation tendency) affecting Chicago. Thus, the scheme is a response to this issue of city planning and treats residential- and commercial-use zones as closely integrated, functioning as a lively independent “city within a city” all day long. Besides offering 360° panoramic views, the round, reninforced concrete towers house an internal circulation core which creates a secure structure, resisting even strong gales. The bottom third of each buildings contains an 18-level parking garage with a continuous, helical ramp. The upper two-thirds of the structures feature 450 flats ech, in a combination of studios,as well as one- and two-room residences, thus totalling 900 apartments. 259 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Barry Edwards/Arcaid, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o © ismeretlen, source: http://karahensley.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/marina_city_apartments.jpg 260 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © snjr22, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/snjr22/7119996889/sizes/o/in/photostream/ © snjr22, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/snjr22/7119996889/sizes/o/in/photostream/ © snjr22, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/snjr22/7119996889/sizes/o/in/photostream/ 261 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_%28ILL %29_River_North,_Marina_city,_1964.jpg © ismeretlen, source: http://bertrandgoldberg.org/ 262 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Bertrand Goldberg, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o 263 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Bertrand Goldberg, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o Ernő Goldfinger, Balfron and Trellick Tower, WestLondon, UK, 1968–72 Ernő Goldfinger was a prominent figure of post-war British architecture. In the 1940s, the government launched a reconstruction program to replace the loss of approx. 4 million demolished homes. Highrise construction was a priority, and Goldfinger was a genuine specialist in this field. Widely known, his 27-storey Balfron Tower and 31-storey Trellick Tower are rated now as protected buildings representing English Brutalist architecture. Housing small tenement dwellings, Trellick Tower was both dangerous and discredited in the 1970s. Since then, it has evolved into an iconic landmark. Balfron Tower, the smaller constituent of this tower composition, is connected on each level to a narrow service high-rise that houses the elevator and ancillary services. © ismeretlen, source: http://architecturalmetabolism.blogspot.hu/2012_08_01_archive.html © Wikimedia Commons / Sebastian F, source: http://www.archdaily.com/160672/ad-classics-balfrontower-erno-goldfinger/balfron_tower1/ 264 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Graeme Maclean, source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balfron_tower.jpg © ismeretlen, source: http://spin.co.uk/work-by-discipline/art-direction/trellick-tower 265 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Arni Haraldsson, source: http://www.allartnews.com/artists-establish-a-dialogue-with-modernistarchitects-or-designers-in-exhibition/ © Goldfinger Ernő, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o 266 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Goldfinger Ernő, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o Moshe Safdie, Habitat ’67, Montreal, Canada, 1967 An experimental project, Habitat ’67 was realised for Expo '67, the world exhibition in Montreal. The architect strove to design affordable apartments and thus opted for prefab technology. Designed in a stacked, modular system, the dwelling units (sized 11.7 × 5.3 × 3 metres) are connected in a loose, seemingly random pattern. Careful designing created three pyramid-shape structures with a selfcontained lift core. The top floors are connected via open circulation and access bridges. The kitchens and bathrooms of the 15 various apartment types are prefab constituents. The dwellings are two-, threeand four-room units, the majority of them duplexes with roof gardens. Although the project has been criticised for bad cost-efficiency, its ideological-conceptual background is exemplary by all means. © ismeretlen, source: http://eliinbar.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/habitat_panorama.jpg 267 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://www.arqhys.com/wp-content/fotos/2011/10/viviendas-HABITAT-67.jpg © ismeretlen, source: http://rovingadobe.wordpress.com/2012/08/22/departure/p1070020/ © ismeretlen, source: http://blog.ocad.ca/wordpress/envr1b01-fw2011-01/2011/09/introductionernestine-aying-2/ 268 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © jromero23, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jromero23/5826141905/sizes/l/in/photostream/ © ismeretlen, source: montreal-canada.html http://arch1101-2010kjb.blogspot.hu/2010/04/moshe-safdie-habitat-67- 269 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Moshe Safdie, source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Habitat_67.html 270 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Moshe Safdie, source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Habitat_67.html 271 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Moshe Safdie, source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Habitat_67.html © Moshe Safdie, source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Habitat_67.html 272 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Moshe Safdie, source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Habitat_67.html © Moshe Safdie, source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Habitat_67.html Alison and Peter Smithson, Robin Hood Gardens, London, UK, 1972 Designed by the Smithsons, a married couple, this council housing complex built in Poplar, an EastLondon residential district, is made up of two new Brutalist-style buildings. Embracing the extensive garden, the buildings stretch north-south along the site bordered by main roads on three sides. To optimise light condition, one is 10-story, while the other is 7-storey. The longish facade turns towards 273 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects the city with a wide circulation corridor that could function as an inner street and thus a meeting point and recreation area in line with the designers’ intention. The flats themselves are a mixture of singlelevel apartments and duplex maisonettes in both buildings. At entry level, the apartments feature the kitchen and dining area; the bedrooms and the living area are accessible either up or down the stairs. © Steve Cadman, source: File:Robin_Hood_Gardens_AP_Smithson.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ © Neil Perry, source: http://neilperryphoto.com/category/housing/ © Neil Perry, source: http://neilperryphoto.com/category/housing/ 274 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Neil Perry, source: http://neilperryphoto.com/category/housing/ © ismeretlen, source: http://fuckyeahbrutalism.tumblr.com/image/20008390646 275 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © John Lewett, source: http://www.archdaily.com/150629/ad-classics-robin-hood-gardens-alisonand-peter-smithson/108684756_735be0b997_o/ © Alison és Peter Smithson, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o 276 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Alison és Peter Smithson, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o © Alison és Peter Smithson, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o Kisho Kurokawa, Nakagin Capsule Tower, Tokyo, Japan, 1972 Kisho Kurokawa is a prominent architect of Metabolism, which is the most prestigious Japanese movement of Modernist architecture in Japan. According to the Metabolist vision, a city is a system of buildings made up of interconnecting, mobile and flexible constituents. As Kurokawa argues, architecture must spur the evolution of the individual with its spaces and means. The Nakagin Capsule Tower is an exemplary design of capsule architecture, a kind of modular construction. Owing to its high-tech equipment, the capsule is a kind of minimal space with the potential to guarantee the individual’s every essential condition. The owners can have their private modular units assembled to their liking before they are plugged into the central core, which is shared with the other occupants. The towerhouse was constructed by integrating 144 pods or capsules (temporary, residential or studio) that are manufactured off-site and then fixed one by one to two vertical R-C cores. The cantilevered hanging capsules of the service-circulation skeleton can be replaced and rearranged. 277 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://www.archdaily.com/168654/168654/%C2%A9arcspace/ © TYO, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pict_u_re/1576839166/sizes/o/in/photostream/ © TYO, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pict_u_re/1576839166/sizes/o/in/photostream/ 278 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © TYO, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pict_u_re/1576839166/sizes/o/in/photostream/ © TYO, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pict_u_re/1576839166/sizes/o/in/photostream/ © URBZOO, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/urbzoo/3767716132/sizes/o/in/photostream/ 279 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © URBZOO, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/urbzoo/3767716132/sizes/o/in/photostream/ 280 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Kisho Kurokawa, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o 281 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Kisho Kurokawa, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o © Kisho Kurokawa, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o 282 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Kisho Kurokawa, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o Rudolf Olgiati, Apartment House, Flims-Dorf, Switzerland, 1973 A characteristic condominium with unique tones, Olgiati’s architecture features a wall surrounding the interior like a skin, combined with a body of sculptural forms. Blending traditional and modern architecture, the architect created his own individual visual vocabulary of forms. His façades have generous openings as entrances, as well as loggias, small windows and recesses to accentuate the exterior shell design. A free-standing fire space and designed cooking area intensify the threedimensionality within the interiors. Its complex forms lend the building a characteristic appearance. As an exciting solution, the transversal roofing of this multi-apartment building evokes the character typical of detached houses. Highly efficient space utilisation reduced construction costs, which are surprisingly low, just like in Olgiati’s other projects. 283 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 284 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Rudolf Olgiati, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 285 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Rudolf Olgiati, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Rudolf Olgiati, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Rudolf Olgiati, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 Ricardo Bofill - Taller de Arquitectura, Walden 7, Barcelona, Spain, 1973 Much like a monumental fortification, Bofill’s building towers above a suburb of Barcelona. It is indeed a development that deviates from the traditions of the housing project genre as such. The basic idea was a vertical maze system, allowing occupants to open or close circulation between the apartments and communal spaces on demand. Made up of 18 towers, the building mass contains 446 residences in total. The towers are gradually stepped to lean and bend together creating the 7 interconnected interior courtyards, suited to function as the venue of a variety of activities ranging from playing games and sports to screening films in public. With a few exceptions, dwellings face both outwards and into one of the internal courtyards. Their floor-plan is based on 30 m² modules creating single-level studios or duplexes, the size of which range from 1 to 4 modules respectively. 286 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Pere López, uselang=es source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walden_7_P1090472.JPG? © jordiferrer, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walden_7_edifici.JPG?uselang=es 287 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © jordiferrer, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walden_7_edifici.JPG?uselang=es © Till F. Teenck, source: File:Walden-7_Sant_Just_Desvern_5.jpg?uselang=es 288 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Till F. Teenck, source: File:Walden-7_Sant_Just_Desvern_5.jpg?uselang=es 289 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Till F. Teenck, source: File:Walden-7_Sant_Just_Desvern_5.jpg?uselang=es http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ © Ricardo Bofill / Taller de Arquitectura, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o © Ricardo Bofill / Taller de Arquitectura, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o 290 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Ricardo Bofill / Taller de Arquitectura, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o Cruz y Ortiz Arquitectos, Calle Doña María Coronel 26, Sevilla, Spain, 1976 This building is part of the high-density development fabric of Sevilla. Local regulations strove to reduce housing density in the inner city, which in this case meant that 25 % of the site had to be left undeveloped. Designers positioned this zone in the focus, and thus opted for an irregular curved internal courtyard inspired by the Mediterranean patio layout. The building contains 12 apartments altogether (three dwellings per level) with approx. 100 m² of floor space. The flats completely occupy the space between the patio and the adjacent buildings and are open towards the street, the courtyard and two air-shafts. Responding to local climatic conditions, the roof-level patio is shaded to protect against overheating in summer. 291 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Duccio Magamba, source: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, 152. old. © Duccio Magamba, source: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, 152. old. 292 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Stefano - Stark, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/scaccia/13182843/sizes/z/in/photostream/ © ismeretlen, source: http://cuadernodepfc.wordpress.com/2011/08/16/tipologias-ii/ © ricardo_a, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ricardoalba/3563714974/ 293 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Cruz y Ortiz Arquitectos, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o © Cruz y Ortiz Arquitectos, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o Rudolf Olgiati, Tschaler House, Chur, Switzerland, 1977 When rebuilding Haus Tschaler, Olgiati responded to the sensitive faculties of the existing building. The sculptural body is manifest in both the exterior and interior of the house. The architect created dynamism and refined tension inside by relying upon an optical play of lights and carefully designed façade openings. His solutions of interior remodelling and spatial organisation are exemplary; the inner space and outer forms are kept in harmonious equilibrium. Through the proportions and order of apertures, as well as the articulation of the façades, the building creates its own unique paradigm appropriate for the existing architecture. The face-lifted house is a characteristic blend of historic and traditional components with modern motifs. 294 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 295 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 296 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Speich AG, Fotoplast AG, Offset Repro AG, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Rudolf Olgiati, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Rudolf Olgiati, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 297 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Rudolf Olgiati, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 © Rudolf Olgiati, source: Die Architektur von Rudolf Olgiati, Organisationsstelle für Architekturaustellungen und ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, 1983 Jean Nouvel, Nemausus I-II, Nîmes [http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nîmes], France, 1985–88 Containing 114 apartments, this complex designed by Jean Nouvel offered novelty in multiple ways, as opposed to traditional social housing projects. His innovative approach is manifest in both spatial formation and materials. The two apartment blocks house 17 different variations of single-level flats, duplexes and triplexes. His design priority was to contain spacious and light interiors, while keeping to a cost-efficient budget. By using a simple structural skeleton (R-C frame) combined with prefab technology, he minimized construction costs, which in turn allowed for larger dwellings. Free-standing stairs and transparent surfaces allow for transparent apartment interiors, while the terrace with folding doors on the southern façade exposes the living spaces to intense daylight. 298 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://bellearc.blogspot.hu/2012/11/nemausus-jean-nouvel.html © ismeretlen, source: http://bellearc.blogspot.hu/2012/11/nemausus-jean-nouvel.html 299 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © faasdant, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/faasdant/5641577857/sizes/o/in/photostream/ © luis186104, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/luis186104/5359136899/sizes/o/in/photostream/ © ismeretlen, source: http://littlearchitectinparis.wordpress.com/2012/07/01/nemausus-jean-nouvel/ l1070160/ 300 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Jean Nouvel, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o © Jean Nouvel, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o 301 Apartment Buildings from the Latter Half of the 20th Century – International Projects © Jean Nouvel, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o 302 Chapter 4. Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects Zoltán Kiss, Apartment Building, Délibáb Street, District VI, Budapest, 1954 Architect Zoltán Kiss chose Neo-Classicist architectural prototypes evoking the Reform Age of Hungarian history rather than forms preferred by contemporary Social-Realism characteristic of the period. Featuring simple forms, the concept of this residential building may be considered as up-todate, and it actually bears the stylistic features of contemporary architecture such as the accentuated symmetry, ornate central spatial organisation, simple and proportional mass expression, as well as carefully designed details. However, the exterior design, the layout of openings along the façade and the interior floor layout appear somewhat disharmonious. Entrances to the apartments are accessible via a central gallery with a skylight. The rooms of the single- and two-room dwellings open from a central living space. © ismeretlen, source: http://bellearc.blogspot.hu/2012/11/nemausus-jean-nouvel.html 303 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://bellearc.blogspot.hu/2012/11/nemausus-jean-nouvel.html © faasdant, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/faasdant/5641577857/sizes/o/in/photostream/ © luis186104, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/luis186104/5359136899/sizes/o/in/photostream/ 304 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://littlearchitectinparis.wordpress.com/2012/07/01/nemausus-jean-nouvel/ l1070160/ © Jean Nouvel, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o 305 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Jean Nouvel, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o © Jean Nouvel, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 122. o Károly Weichinger–Csaba Virág, OTP Apartments, Liszt Ferenc Square, District VII/VI, Budapest, 1961 Built in the neighbourhood of the Music Academy in the 1960s, this building is an interesting and reserved apartment house with Modernist tones that respond to its urban context. Although it is different from other residential developments in the same street, its otherness is far from being disagreeable. It is only at first sight that the simple façade structure, with its fine proportions, aluminium-clad grey parapets and coloured areas, appears slightly angular. The seven storeys contain identical housing levels with four well-functioning apartments on each. The specialty of this building is the ground-floor youth library, functioning ever since its opening with a separate entrance and elegant interiors. The delivery area with a gallery and the reading room with slanted ceilings are fine examples of the innovative solutions that designers realised in the interior spatial organisation. 306 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Schall József, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1961/4, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest 307 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Schall József, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1961/4, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest 308 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Schall József, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1961/4, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka 309 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Weichinger Károly / Virág Csaba, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1961/4, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest © Weichinger Károly / Virág Csaba, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1961/4, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest Zoltán Gulyás, OTP Apartments, Rumbach Sebestyén Street, District VII, Budapest, 1963 Zoltán Gulyás was one of the most acknowledged Hungarian architects of his times. This large-scale multi-apartment building was an essential scheme in his oeuvre. The project managed by OTP (the national Hungarian savings bank) to develop a vacant lot bore the concept of settlement. It was in response to the original housing development on the site bordered by three streets. The three bodies create a different context with the streetscape. They follow the site boundaries on Király Street and recede along Rumbach Street to create a plaza. From the direction of Madách Square, they create a terraced façade along the confines of the development. Three characteristic volumes were realised on this enormous site. Appearing on each street, the individual masses do not make physical contact above; they only meet along the ground floor’s unbroken frame. Economy was a priority concerning both the apartments contained in the buildings (they are typically two-room and single-room with a hall) and the numbers of tiers (2 and 4 respectively). The floor plan organisation and the façade wrapped in clinker brick cladding combined with various materials – all reflect the orderliness and thoroughness so characteristic of the architect. 310 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka 311 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Gulyás Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1963/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 312 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Gulyás Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1963/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 313 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Gulyás Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1963/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 314 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Gulyás Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1963/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 315 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka © Gulyás Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1963/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 316 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Gulyás Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1963/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest György Vedres, OTP Apartments, Bem Embankment, District I, Budapest, 1962 One of the landmarks along the Danube bank in the 1960s, this is a building with character. Freestanding on three sides, the six-storey apartment house with a roof superstructure turns towards the square with a cantilevered mass projecting over the ground floor. The rhythm of the rooms jutting out at oblique angles and the loggias in between them lend this owner-occupied apartment house a unique atmosphere. Excellent architectural ideas of the design include out-of-plane dynamics and the loggia system, since it optimized the orientation advantageously for each apartment to have a river view. The roof superstructure, which counteracts the horizontal nature of the building, is retracted from the mass and extended by a gorgeous roof terrace with panoramic views. 317 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Vedres György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1963/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest © Vedres György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1963/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 318 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka 319 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka © Vedres György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1963/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest György Jánossy, Apartments, Úri Street No. 38, District I, Budapest, 1963 Located along the so-called Bástyasétány (Bastion Promenade) in the Castle District of Buda, this corner building harmoniously blends in with its environment. Bearing the features of contemporary 320 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects Modernism, it is a remarkable design of Hungarian architecture. As a result of the up-to-date method of development, the apartments are contained within one mass. As the closed and open staircase connects with the courtyard wing of the old structure, the atmosphere of the internal courtyard and the passage echo that of the castle. The mature floor-plan system is organised by sequencing four duplex apartments plus a studio flat on each level. The two-storey design was a deliberate choice, as the changing rhythm of the wall planes on the façade and that of the windows allowed for a more organic connection between the new building and its environment. Jánossy’s habit as a designer was one of perfectionalism combined with careful attention to details. This restrained, well-proportioned and elegant building was well ahead of its time. © Dobos Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1967/2, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 321 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző 322 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző © Horler Miklós, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1967/2, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest © Horler Miklós, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1967/2, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 323 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Jánossy György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1967/2, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest © Jánossy György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1967/2, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 324 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Jánossy György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1967/2, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest Tibor Tenke, Medium-Rise Apartment Houses of an Experimental Housing Estate, Budapest, XXII, 1963 This experimental housing estate in Budafok is a remarkable medium-height high-rise constructed with sliding shutter pre-cast wall technology. The 11 storeys of the apartment building with 5 dwelling units strung along side by side on each level extrapolate a clear floor plan structure. The interior spatial organisation of the flats may be considered innovative because of its internal partition system, which residents could rearrange to their liking. The designs of built-in furnishing also reflect the concept of flexibility. The 50 apartments were designed to suit various, versatile needs with floor plans to accommodate 4, 3 and 2 people respectively. To connect the high-rise with the amenity centres seemed like a modern idea then. This way, the floor spaces of the ancillary rooms in the apartments could be reduced in favour of living areas. 325 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © dr. Illyésné (TTI), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/4 326 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © dr. Illyésné (TTI), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/4 © dr. Illyésné (TTI), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/4 © dr. Illyésné (TTI), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/4 327 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © dr. Illyésné (TTI), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/4 © Tenke Tibor, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/4 328 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Tenke Tibor, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/4 © Tenke Tibor, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/4 Lajos Schmidt, Apartments, Gellérthegy Street, District I, Budapest, 1965 Bordered by three streets at different levels, this apartment building creates a characteristic completion in the area called Tabán with its versatile façade design. The scheme responds to a sensitive site which is a prominent part of the cityscape, as well as to the topography of the location, allowing for views of 329 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects the neighbourhood, the Castle and the protected historic buildings surrounding it. This development closely follows the shift in level between Naphegy and Gellérthegy Streets with its long flanking wing seated onto the terrain from the direction of Tabán Park. The tightly and clearly organised composition is completed by the mass that is adapted to the neighbouring development from the lower Gellérthegy Street. The split-level apartments of the block are strung along the cubes of the two-tier staircase. The rationally organised two-room apartments contain the service functions on the side facing the courtyard. The living rooms’ glass surfaces overlook the adjacent park and hillside, while wrap-around loggias – resulting from the split-level structure – lend the owner-occupied apartment house’s façade a characteristic rhythm and dynamism. © Schmidt Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest © Schmidt Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 330 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Schmidt Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest © Schmidt Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 331 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Schmidt Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest © Schmidt Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest 332 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Schmidt Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3, Műszaki könyvkiadó, Budapest György Tokár - Attila Emődy, Apartments, Hajnóczy József Street, District XII, Budapest, 1965 Differing from the neighbouring buildings, this is a high-standard infill development, a daring and characteristic architectural work of the period. The strengths of the design are first of all the exemplary floor plan configuration and the high-standard design of the courtyard façade. The building was actually realised by integrating the floor plans of two transitional flats and two studios on each level. In line with the concept, the eight-storey apartment house features a characteristic and prominent appearance, views of the Castle and out-of-plane bay windows necessitated by the disadvantageous street-orientation to optimize exposure to sunshine. The vertical façade structure is counteracted by the brick cladding and the horizontal nature of the R-C roofing. © Rácz György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3 333 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Rácz György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3 334 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Rácz György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3 335 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Rácz György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3 © Rácz György, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3 © Tokár György / Emődy Attila, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1965/3 336 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects János Sedlmayr, Apartments, Tárnok Street No. 7, District I, Budapest, 1964 Located on a prominent site in the Castle District, this building is remarkable for its adjustment to the historic environment, the old-and-new context and the architectural standards of its reconstruction. The concept was essentially targeted to preserve the originally U-shaped remains of a walll and the influences of the past and present layered on each other that evoke the atmosphere of the Castle District. The logically configurated floor plan is a fine illustration of the innovative ideas defining interior spatial organisation. The inner courtyard area contains the circulation lane, while the central zone houses the wet areas, and the outer zone features the living rooms. The progressive idea of having duplex apartments in the attic was well ahead of its time. Besides the atmospheric interiors, the refined proportions of exterior mass expression and façade design are the most remarkable characteristics. An important distinguishing feature of the house is the careful attention to details. © Dobos Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/6 337 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Dobos Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/6 338 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Dobos Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/6 339 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Dobos Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/6 340 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Dobos Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/6 © Sedlmayr János, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/6 © Sedlmayr János, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/6 341 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Sedlmayr János, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/6 © Sedlmayr János, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1966/6 Béla Borvendeg, Apartments, Szeged, Oskola Street, 1968 This infill development is a fine example of up-to-date architectural forms organically blending in with an historic environment. The architect created an integral, modern-style apartment house containing businesses on the ground floor. The essence of the concept was the contemporary revival of the structure and proportions of the old house. The ingenious designs of single-storey, single-room flats and duplex three-room apartments offered as many housing units as needed, while also mimicking the rhythm of the original building. The façade surfaces and the clinker brick cladding are sophisticated references to the past and to the brick architecture of nearby Dóm Square. Pleasant, fine proportions and careful elaboration of details make this house a significant building of its times. 342 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © SZTV (Buzsáki Ferenc), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/5, Lapkiadó V., Budapest © SZTV (Buzsáki Ferenc), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/5, Lapkiadó V., Budapest 343 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © SZTV (Buzsáki Ferenc), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/5, Lapkiadó V., Budapest 344 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © SZTV (Buzsáki Ferenc), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/5, Lapkiadó V., Budapest © SZTV (Buzsáki Ferenc), source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/5, Lapkiadó V., Budapest 345 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borvendég Béla, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/5, Lapkiadó V., Budapest 346 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Borvendég Béla, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/5, Lapkiadó V., Budapest © Borvendég Béla, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/5, Lapkiadó V., Budapest 347 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects Levente Varga, Terrace House, Lévay Street No. 8, District II, Budapest, 1967–1969 Taking advantage of the terrain, a narrow and steep slope in Buda, this terraced house containing four apartments stands out against the neighbouring buildings with its structural clarity, materiality and elegance. Through shifts in volume – i.e., the terraced design of the units – this owner-occupied multi-apartment house is naturally connected to the vista and its hillside environment. Allowing for the preservation of existing vegetation, the articulation of the building contains semi-open wellproportioned courtyards, so residents may create their own living spaces. The floor plan configuration and clear structuring, as well as the logical connection between structure and materials, are particular strengths of the house. Its living areas are designed with adjustable spatial connections, and there are large expanses of glass on the façade as a result of the inner-core floor plan configuration. Each apartment contained in this terraced house has 2 (+1) rooms on a floor space of 80-85 m². The designer did not only care for the overall planning and details, but also supervised construction. Thanks to both this and the careful work of the artisans, a high-standard apartment building was realised despite the do-it-yourself building style. © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 348 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 349 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 350 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 351 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 © Varga Levente, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1971/2 Csaba Virág, White Dove House, Úri Street, District I, Budapest, 1969 Standing on a corner site on Úri Street in the Castle District of Buda, this atmospheric infill development is a characteristic apartment house of contemporary architecture featuring individual 352 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects tones and sensitive tracery. Having an integral architectural character due to its modern forms, materials and well-proportioned façade, the building organically adjusts to its historic environment. The traditional roof form and the up-to-date curtain wall lend the façade structure an exciting duality. The apartments with a strictly organised floor plan system open into the small courtyard via the outside gallery leading to the flats. The restaurant downstairs features carefully detailed interior design, and, in a generous solution, it widens into a plaza towards the street. Thus, it is completely open in this direction with a glass wall. © Bognár János és Müller Ferenc, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1969/6 © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka 353 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Bognár János és Müller Ferenc, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1969/6 354 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Bognár János és Müller Ferenc, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1969/6 © Bognár János és Müller Ferenc, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1969/6 355 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Bognár János és Müller Ferenc, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1969/6 © Virág Csaba, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1969/6 356 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Virág Csaba, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1969/6 © Virág Csaba, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1969/6 Zoltán Farkasdy - Attila Kenessey, Apartments in the Castle District, Dísz Square, District I, Budapest, 1970 The integration of this building into its historic context is an exemplary architectural solution. Farkasdy, whose contribution to the Modernist reconstruction of the Castle District is unquestionable, received this commission as the winner of a design competition. The apartment house contains well-conceived, high-standard apartments with rational spatial organisation. Almost symmetrical, the building concludes the square’s northern end like a modest gesture, without overwhelming it, as a self-evident contribution to the context, as if it had always stood there. The strengths of this building are the natural expression of mass, the façade that is free of overexaggerated forms, the atmospheric courtyard, the stairwell and the nicely designed areas with shared functions. © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 357 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 358 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 359 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: Szentirmai Boglárka © Farkasdy Zoltán / Kenessey Attila, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 360 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Farkasdy Zoltán / Kenessey Attila, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 © Farkasdy Zoltán / Kenessey Attila, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 © Farkasdy Zoltán / Kenessey Attila, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 361 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects Zoltán Farkasdy, Apartments, Úri Street, District I, Budapest, 1970 The greatest design work challenge here was the need to preserve the remains of medieval walls, while creating a context to meet the requirements of contemporary architecture. Integrating it into the existing streetscape had its own twist, insofar as Farkasdy, who was also the architect of the neighbouring house a decade earlier, had to adjust to his own designer’s approach. Built on a corner site, this house is defined by modest and simple means of architecture. The ground flloor contains a communal function (coffee shop), while each storey houses two larger and two smaller apartments. The attic is used as a studio. The building adapts to the existing atmosphere with a pitch roof typical of the Castle District. © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 362 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző 363 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző 364 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Vidovics István, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 365 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Farkasdy Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 © Farkasdy Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 366 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Farkasdy Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 © Farkasdy Zoltán, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1972/2 Mrs János Sedlmayr, Apartments, Hátsókapu Street, Sopron, 1971 Located on a prominent site in Sopron, this infill on a vacant lot is defined by the Modernist style and the adaptation of a consistent language of forms to the historic environment. The designer responded to the sensitive features of the location. The unique, small, triangular site had to be developed with a new building wedged between two dwelling houses of different masses. It had to be accessible via the restored passage of the neighbouring house, from the space of the new stairs. It is an ingeniuous 367 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects method of development, since the new apartment block does not adhere to the historic hip-roofed building beside it, but remains just the width of one flight of stairs away. This infill development with a carefully designed floor plan system contains a business office on the ground floor, two apartments on the first storey and three duplexes on the second. © Dobos Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1973/6, Lapkiadó V., Budapest © Dobos Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1973/6, Lapkiadó V., Budapest 368 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Dobos Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1973/6, Lapkiadó V., Budapest 369 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Sedlmayr Jánosné, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1973/6, Lapkiadó V., Budapest © Sedlmayr Jánosné, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1973/6, Lapkiadó V., Budapest 370 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Sedlmayr Jánosné, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1973/6, Lapkiadó V., Budapest Olga Mináry, Apartment Buildings, Hankóczy Jenő Street, District II, Budapest, 1974 Multi-apartment buildings rank amongst the most excellent architectural works of Olga Mináry. Besides functioning as excellent apartment buildings, these two houses with clinker brick cladding in Hankóczy Street have a unique tone. Actually, they are average-size owner-occupied condominiums designed with simple means. Each storey contains two smaller flats with continuous loggias and a larger unit that is open with a loggia on two sides. The floor plans of the units reflect order and structuredness. The functional layout and spatial organisation is a prominent distinguishing feature of the houses. Generous spatial connections compensate for the tightness of the apartments. 371 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Mináry Olga, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1974/5 © Mináry Olga, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1974/5 372 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Mináry Olga, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1974/5 © Mináry Olga, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1974/5 373 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Mináry Olga, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1974/5 © Mináry Olga, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1974/5 Lajos Horváth, Infill Development in the Castle District, Úri Street, District I, Budapest, 1972 Located in the Castle District at the plaza formed by Úri and Szentháromság Streets, this was the last one of three vacant corner sites to be developed here. Just like the opposite houses, this building is reserved and elegant. Despite the integration of the two sites, it blends in with developments characteristic of the Castle District with its mass and proportions. The consistent and homogeneous streetscape view and sophisticated references evoke the atmosphere of the former council building that had previously occupied the site. An orthogonal geometric design principle creates a transparent 374 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects structure. The ground floor contains businesses, while the upper floor houses living areas along the street front. The L-shaped corner house strung along the imposing round stairs, which is the focus of both the building and the area, wraps around an internal garden zone or courtyard. The floor plan system has proven to be a logical, exemplary and progressive one, containing apartments with flexible spaces. © Szabó József, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 © Szentirmai Boglárka, source: a szerző 375 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szabó József, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 376 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szabó József, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 377 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szabó József, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 378 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Szabó József, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 © Szabó József, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 © Horváth Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 379 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Horváth Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 © Horváth Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 380 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Horváth Lajos, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1978/6 Károly Jurcsik, Apartments, Toboz Street, District III, Budapest, 1977 Designed by Károly Jurcsik, this prominent representative of traditional architecture was an expressive apartment house for its time with a unique tone. Despite the tightness of the steep hillside site on Remetehegy, it is a development based on an ingenious concept, containing a total of 56 apartments in the four-storey building that echoes chain-condos. The overall articulation and dynamism results from the varied depths of the rooms that change level by level. The dimensions of the rooms, tailormade to meet the individual needs of residents, and the shifts in volume are characteristic means of façade design. The method of development, expression of mass and the surfaces created by exposed raw brick – all contribute to the consistent architectural design. © Zsitva Tibor, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1984/6, Lapkiadó vállalat, Budapest 381 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Zsitva Tibor, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1984/6, Lapkiadó vállalat, Budapest © Zsitva Tibor, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1984/6, Lapkiadó vállalat, Budapest © Zsitva Tibor, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1984/6, Lapkiadó vállalat, Budapest 382 Apartment Buildings in the Latter Half of the 20th Century – Hungarian Projects © Zsitva Tibor, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1984/6, Lapkiadó vállalat, Budapest © Jurcsik Károly, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1984/6, Lapkiadó vállalat, Budapest © Jurcsik Károly, source: Magyar Építőművészet, 1984/6, Lapkiadó vállalat, Budapest 383 Chapter 5. Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects Gilles Perraudin - Françoise Jourda, Croix Rousse Social Housing, Lyon, France, 1992 This apartment building follows the typology of old-time industrial-zone residential buildings that were typically the homes of silk weavers in the Croix-Rousse district of Lyon up until the 19th century. The cell-like units of the former mixed-use dwellings and work-places were defined by the dimensions of the power-operated looms and the acute demand for natural light needed for this labour. About half of these units were suited to house weaving with a double interior height, while the rest for was suited for housing with a gallery. The duplex apartments of this social housing block and their tall streetfacing windows may be seen as contemporary re-interpretations of the former structures. The exposed concrete used on the façade, combined with a palette of grey and ochre, evokes the limestone cladding of buildings typical of Croix-Rousse. The strict order of window layouts on the internal façade is counteracted by a playfulness, as it is wrapped in the fabric-like system of vertical circulation and corridors as if a secondary façade. Designers meant the latter to serve as meeting places for tenants. © Georges Fessy, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 384 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Georges Fessy, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 385 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Georges Fessy, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Georges Fessy, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 386 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Jonathan Letoublon, source: http://letoublonjonathanphotographie.blogspot.hu/2011/06/logementlyon-jourda-et-perraudin.html © Gilles Perraudin, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Gilles Perraudin, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 387 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Gilles Perraudin, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 Philippe Gazeau, Logements Postiers, Rue de l’Ourcq, Paris, France, 1993 Designed as housing for postmen, the building contains 26 apartments for rent, with business offices on the ground floor and a car park in the basement. The opening dividing the building sharply into two is a response to the unique geometry of the site, which is meant to be actively connected to its urban context. The disconnected street-facing mass contains seven storeys, while the building part realised in the depth of the site adjusts to its environment with its lower mass. Open terraces on each level act as transitions between public and private areas. The wide entrance, the spectacular escape stairs and the corridors leading to the apartments facilitate direct contact with the urban plaza. The systematic use of brick and wood lends elegance to the open terraces, which also function as meeting places when weather permits. 388 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Jean-Marie Monthiers, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Jean-Marie Monthiers, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 389 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Jean-Marie Monthiers, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Jean-Marie Monthiers, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 390 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Philippe Gazeau, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Philippe Gazeau, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 391 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Philippe Gazeau, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 Carlo Baumschlager-Dietmar Eberle, Rohrbach 2 Residential Complex, Dombirn, Austria, 1997 The monolythic apartment block opening on a headland bordered by the railways near the city centre is a result of ever-tightening building potentials. The apartment house fails to create contact with its environment. The outer “village green” functions as a kind of protective zone. The balconies of the apartments reflect the rhythm of the exterior design, which is counteracted by the pleasant spatial system of undulating interior walls and generous circulation cores illuminated by natural light. The interior is housed within the outer shell like an exposed concrete-structured box. The interior and the exterior do not only feature different atmospheres, they are also structurally diverse. The building houses smaller, 45 m² apartments, which are low-maintenance thanks to their compact design. © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 392 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 393 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 394 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 © Carlo Baumschlager - Dietmar Eberle, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 395 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Carlo Baumschlager - Dietmar Eberle, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 Frédéric Borel, Apartment Building, Rue Pelleport, Paris, France, 1999 The greatest challenges of Pelleport Apartments were the shape of the acute triangular site wedged between the diagonal intersection of two roads, Rue Pelleport and Rue des Pavillons, and the heterogenity of the surrounding buildings. This block of social dwellings is not adapted to the 19thcentury low-rise dwellings or to the adjacent 17-storey building. Instead, it has created a new reference point with its colourful, fragmented façade that expands outward. The façade is far from being an obvious termination; it appears more like the entirety of components layered on one another. Containing one apartment on each floor, the house defined by walls tilted inward or outward features a different horizontal plan that changes level by level. The façade is almost perfectly closed towards the busy southern side. The dwellings open eastward and westward, while on the northern side the stairwell breaks away from the mass of the building. The apartments are divided in the middle into daytime and intimate zones by a central framework core in which the sliding doors separating the interior spaces and the stores remain concealed. © Nicolas Borel, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 396 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Nicolas Borel, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 397 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Nicolas Borel, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 398 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Nicolas Borel, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Nicolas Borel, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 399 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Frederic Borel, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Frederic Borel, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 400 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Frederic Borel, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. Carlos Ferrater, Paseo de Gracia - Diputación Building, Barcelona, Spain, 1999 This building is located in a prominent area of Barcelona, at the intersection of Paseo de Gracia and Diputación. The project preserved and restored the original façades along the street on the site of the former Femme Movie Theatre. Designers successfully adjusted to the scales and level height of the original façades by integrating various housing typologies. The wing towards Paseo de Gracia is a single-storey structure along its full length on the street side. Towards the court, however, duplex apartments are contained with access via the internal courtyard, which is protected with a new glass cover. Behind the façade of the movie theatre, preserved along Diputación, there are another four storeys, each containing eight apartments. Opening towards the depth of the mass, the new Modernist façade is rhythmically articulated by the solid framing of the balconies, its characteristic features. 401 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Wenzel-José Molinos, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 402 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Wenzel-José Molinos, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 403 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Wenzel-José Molinos, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Carlos Ferrater, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 404 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Carlos Ferrater, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Carlos Ferrater, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Carlos Ferrater, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 405 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects Herzog & de Meuron, Rue des Suisses Apartment Buildings, Paris, France, 2000 This development contains two apartment buildings of different typologies. Framing the block, there are seven-storey buildings, a three-storey one erected in the internal courtyard surrounded by high partition walls, and two small gable-roofed residential houses. In line with the scheme, there are small 1-tier and 3-4-tier apartments in the buildings framing the block, while those in the courtyard meant for families have larger floor space. The buildings along the street borrow the vertical façade system and central stairwell typical of 19th-century dwellings in Paris. Here, by making the facade plane dynamic, which is intensified by the changing view of the shutters depending on their interior use, the appearance of the building is softened. In this context, the buildings in the courtyard are novelties. They were meant to establish closer contact with the semi-private garden instead of aiming to surpass the heights of the partition walls. The porch, wrapping around the façade, the curved wooden shutter system and the climbing greenery evoke the atmosphere of the friendly, small, residential streets of Paris before Hauszmann. © Trevor Patt, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/trevorpatt/3996653250/ 406 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Trevor Patt, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/trevorpatt/3996653250/ 407 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Trevor Patt, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/trevorpatt/3996653250/ © Trevor Patt, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/trevorpatt/3996653250/ 408 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Trevor Patt, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/trevorpatt/3996653250/ © Trevor Patt, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/trevorpatt/3996653250/ 409 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Trevor Patt, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/trevorpatt/3996653250/ © Herzog / de Meuron, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. 410 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Herzog / de Meuron, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. 411 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Herzog / de Meuron, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. de Architekten Cie, The Whale, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2000 The Whale is one of three large sculptural buildings planted into low-rise, high-density developments that evoke traditional residential buildings typical of Amsterdam. Acting as an enormous landmark, the 50 x 100 m building rises at both ends, thus transforming the courtyard it surrounds into a public plaza and redefining the traditional closed housing block. As a result of the design, each apartment receives enough sunlight and has proper ventllation. Accessible via outer corridors from the direction 412 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects of the courtyard, the dwelling units are highly versatile. Thus, the floor plan of the building changes level by level. © Jeroen Musch/de Architekten Cie., source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. © de Architekten Cie., source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. 413 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Jeroen Musch, source: http://www.mascontext.com/issues/4-living-winter-09/case-study-4-thewhale/ © Jeroen Musch, source: http://www.mascontext.com/issues/4-living-winter-09/case-study-4-thewhale/ © Jeroen Musch, source: http://www.mascontext.com/issues/4-living-winter-09/case-study-4-thewhale/ 414 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © René de Wit, source: http://www.mascontext.com/issues/4-living-winter-09/case-study-4-the-whale/ © de Architekten Cie., source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. © de Architekten Cie., source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. 415 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © de Architekten Cie., source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. © de Architekten Cie., source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. Kazuyo Sejima–Ryue Nishiziwa (SANAA), Kitagata Housing, Kitagata, Japan, 2000 Located at the intersection of the industrial and residential zones of Kitagata, the area is defined by four 10-storey apartment buildings along its four sides. Built after masterplans by Arata Isozaki, they were designed by four women architects. The public plaza framed by the development contains parking spaces and thematic communal areas designed by Martha Schwartz. The essential proposal of the housing concept by Kazuyo Sejima is that the basic module of an owner-occupied, multi-apartment house is not the apartment, but the room. Thus, Kitagata Housing contains co-ordinated sequences of 2.6 x 4.8 m rooms based on four typologies – namely, the bedroom, the living room, the tatami room and an open area (terrace). The bedroom, en-suite shower and toilet are the most intimate parts in each unit. The living rooms feature a dining area and a kitchen, and some of them have double interior height. The terrace takes up the entire width of the building and is in direct contact with the shared circulation that wraps around the building along its perimeter. The apartments feature a variety of designs, containing 4-7 rooms. The glazed, portico-like outer circulation makes the building transparent, whereby tenants living in anonymity have the chance to socialise. The door to each room-unit opens onto the shared circulation system, which is a solution overwriting the structuring of traditional apartment houses. 416 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Raphael Azevedo Franca, source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kitagatagifusejima.jpg © naoyafujii, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/naoyafujii/2396438988/in/pool-sanaa|naoyafujii 417 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © naoyafujii, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/naoyafujii/2396438988/in/pool-sanaa|naoyafujii © naoyafujii, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/naoyafujii/2396438988/in/pool-sanaa|naoyafujii 418 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © naoyafujii, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/naoyafujii/2396438988/in/pool-sanaa|naoyafujii 419 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Kazuyo Sejima és Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. 420 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Kazuyo Sejima és Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. © Kazuyo Sejima és Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. 421 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Kazuyo Sejima és Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. © Kazuyo Sejima és Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 218. o. Carlo Baumschlager - Dietmar Eberle, Hötting-West Development, Innsbruck, Austria, 2000 Containing six apartment buildings, this development was built in the first construction phase of the Hötting-West development project with communal participation. Free-standing buildings have proven to offer the best responses, to have continuous green spaces and varied orientation despite the intensive, high-density development. Just like several other buildings by the same duo of architects, this apartment house features an unrelieved mass combined with an accentuated exterior wall, building shell and circulation core. This building of 5 to 7 storeys contains 298 apartments, partly for rent, partly used by their owners. The consistent structure and expression of mass, as well as the lightweight structural components in the interiors and on the façade allowed them to optimise building costs; yet, the goal of economising did not exclude the use of the finest building materials. Maintenance costs are reduced by solar collectors, thermal regain systems and the utilization of rainwater. The different types of housing blocks in various sizes are created by developing a courtyard on four sides. The staircase has a pleasant atmosphere combined with high-standard design: a balanced harmony of light, forms and details. The wet areas and services are found near the vertical circulation, the inner core. Living areas along the exterior allow for flexible rearrangement, creating variations with one, two or three rooms. © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 422 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 423 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 © ismeretlen, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 424 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Carlo Baumschlager - Dietmar Eberle, source: Liesbeth Waechter-Böhm: Über-Wohnbau, Springer, Wien, 2000 Eduardo Souto de Moura, Maia Apartments, Maia, Portugal, 2001 The rectangular block of this apartment building contains flats strung along a three- and four-tier staircase. The scheme reflects the deliberate choice of the residential building’s repetitive typological features freed from redundancy. The strictness of the module system in the external aluminium shades is only softened by the movement of the shutters, creating playful dynamics on the facade. The floor plan configuration reflects clear, logical order, just like the façade design. The stairwells are contained in the central core of the building strung with the service rooms arranged along it. The wet areas inside and the coordinated sequence of living areas wrapping around them allowed for a consistent architectural treatment of the façade, whereas -– more often than not – it also created windowless internal circulations and bathrooms. © Duccio Malagamba, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 425 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Duccio Malagamba, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Duccio Malagamba, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 426 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Duccio Malagamba, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Duccio Malagamba, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 427 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Eduardo Soto de Moura, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 428 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Eduardo Soto de Moura, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 429 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects Cino Zucchi, D/Residential Building on La Giudecca, Venice, Italy, 2002 Building D is an integral part of the redevelopment project of a district of Venice on the premises of the former Junghans watch factory. Replacing an old industrial structure, it is located at the intersection of two canals. The primary concern of design work was to facilitate the relationship between tradition and contemporary architecture. The colour of the rendering on the façade and the varied window formats (including sizes and frames) are all contemporary reinterpretations of Venetian dwelling houses. The building is accessible from the direction of an intimate internal courtyard, from which a well-lit fourtier staircase connects the flats throughout the four levels. The living spaces of the one- and two-room dwellings are designed with an open plan to economize space, and the living-rooms open directly from the staircase. © Niczki Tamás, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 430 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Piero Savorelli, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Piero Savorelli, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 431 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Niczki Tamás, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Niczki Tamás, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Niczki Tamás, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 432 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Cino Zucchi, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Cino Zucchi, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. Ercilla - Campo Arquitectura, 168 FLATS Public Housing, Lakua, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, 2002 As the site of was newly subdivided, the primary concern of the scheme was to maximise natural light and ventillation. Each building is made up of four volumes along a north-south axis, grouped in twos and orchestrated with a landscaped garden between them. To enhance the impression of openness, the rectangular blocks were pierced at various points, having two- or three-storey gaps. Designers especially accentuated the innovative circulation system and the ideal design of the dwelling units. Circulation within the whole building is focussed in an atrium-like, five-level space with single-flight stairs connecting them, opening upon four flats on each floor. The dwellings feature identical designs, except for their width. Ancillary rooms overlook the atrium, while the other rooms face outward. The units are flexibly adjustable, consisting of one, two, three or four rooms. 433 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © César San Millán, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008 © César San Millán, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008 434 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © César San Millán, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008 © César San Millán, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008 435 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © César San Millán, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008 © Ercilla - Campo Arquitectura, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Ercilla - Campo Arquitectura, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 436 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ercilla - Campo Arquitectura, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. Alfonso Reyes - Dellekamp Arquitectos, 58 Apartments, Mexico City, Mexico, 2003 The scheme responds to the different characters of the sides bordering the lot. Because of the noisy southern part, the northern inner one was designed to contain an atrium, along which the staircase and the service areas are located. In most cases, the interiors are protected from the noise of the highspeed avenue by closed walls which are only pierced by ribbon windows beneath the ceilings. The dwelling units are clustered to one another as independent modules embracing terraces and internal gardens. The building is composed like a three-dimensional puzzle made up of units, some of which are multi-storey, projected onto the façade by the aluminium cladding that features a variety of finishes and colours. The open-plan apartments and the variations in floor plan configurations express the designers’ ambition to create individual homes here, each being different. © Oscar Necoechea, Lara Becerra, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 437 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Oscar Necoechea, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Oscar Necoechea, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 438 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Oscar Necoechea, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Oscar Necoechea, Lara Becerra, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © ismeretlen, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 439 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Dellekamp Arquitectos, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 440 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Dellekamp Arquitectos, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 441 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Dellekamp Arquitectos, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 442 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Dellekamp Arquitectos, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 443 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Dellekamp Arquitectos, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 444 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Dellekamp Arquitectos, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Dellekamp Arquitectos, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. MVRDV, Silodam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2003 Located at the end of a pile dam in Amsterdam, this enormous apartment building evokes the design of a container cargo ship. Designers meant to avoid the traditional horizontal nature of residential buildings; thus, they created a three-dimensional, mixed-use urban envelope instead. The dwellings were divided into 15 groups according to typology with units in closer contact obviously displayed 445 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects along the outer façade to reflect the variety of their materials and colours. The public spaces of the building are scattered all throughout. The port is housed at the bottom, while the restaurant and the terrace are higher up, and the roof features a look-out terrace. The designs of the apartments differ vastly in size, organization and price, which responds to the desire for individuality and the demands of the housing market at the time of construction. Dwelling units vary from throughout – including single-faced, single-level apartments, as well as duplexes and triplexes in terms of height. © Rob t'Hart, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 202. o. © ismeretlen, source: http://tallerarquitectura3b.blogspot.hu/2010/06/silodam-por-mvrdv.html 446 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © pongpong, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/chih/3523928513/in/photostream/ © pongpong, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/chih/3523928513/in/photostream/ 447 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © pongpong, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/chih/3523928513/in/photostream/ © pongpong, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/chih/3523928513/in/photostream/ 448 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © MVRDV, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 202. o. 449 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © MVRDV, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 202. o. 450 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © MVRDV, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 202. o. 451 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © MVRDV, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 202. o. © MVRDV, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 202. o. 452 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © MVRDV, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 202. o. © MVRDV, source: Hilary French: Key Urban Housing of the Twentieth Century, Lawrence King Publishing, London, 2008, 202. o. 453 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects Alvaro Siza Vieira, Terraços de Bragança, Lisbon, Portugal, 2004 This is collective housing that responds to the location, featuring sensitive historic layers and topography. The longish site is flanked by streets on two sides with large shifts in level, as much as several storeys, to which the development responds by featuring parallel buildings of two or three blocks. The 14th-century city walls found all over the site were mitigated by designers using stretchedout blocks, and by raising the residential buildings on plinths. Plans for the future include a public museum area open to visitors here. The lower levels, above the shared cellar that contains car parks, house businesses and offices, while apartments are housed higher up. The cladding of the façade reflects the functions contained within. The lower levels are stone-faced, while residences are covered in tiles. © Jose Rodrigues, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 454 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Jose Rodrigues, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Jose Rodrigues, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Jose Rodrigues, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 455 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Jose Rodrigues, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Jose Rodrigues, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 456 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Jose Rodrigues, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Jose Rodrigues, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Alvaro Siza, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Alvaro Siza, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 457 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Alvaro Siza, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Alvaro Siza, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Alvaro Siza, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 Claus en Kaan Architecten, Ter Huivra, Joure, Netherlands, 2004 This low-rise terrace and apartment building features a soft, irregular, amoeba-like shape which makes optimal use of views of the adjacent Ter Huivra Park, as well as the exposure of dwellings to natural light. The project has contributed to the traditional development of this streetscape along the edge of the park with its more organic and free form. The curved façades reduce the visual impact, since the building cannot be seen as a whole from any visual angle. The prominent projecting terraces wrapping around the outer façade enhance the visual lightness of the structure. Transitional apartments are open from both their own terraces and the shared one; thus, they have intense communication with their outer context. 458 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Christian Richters. Luuk Kramer, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 © Luuk Kramer, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Luuk Kramer, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 459 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Christian Richters. Luuk Kramer, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 © Christian Richters. Luuk Kramer, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 460 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Christian Richters. Luuk Kramer, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 © Christian Richters. Luuk Kramer, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 461 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Claus en Kaan Architecten, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 462 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Claus en Kaan Architecten, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Claus en Kaan Architecten, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Claus en Kaan Architecten, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 Edouard François, Flower Tower, Paris, France, 2004 Cantilevered terraces wrapping around this free-standing residential tower, referred to locals as Maison Vegetale, are vertical continuations of the adjacent park, since they feature plants (bamboo) grown in 463 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects giant concrete pots on the perimeter balconies. The foliage moves one step forward with the transitional space behind it, compared to green façades treated simply as surfaces. The spectacle, the rustle and shading effects of the vegetation all contribute to a pleasant environment meant to satisfy citydwellers’ desire for nature. Beyond the ingenious transitional spaces, the exterior and interior is blurred by omitting the ground-floor foyer and the lift opening directly outdoors. All apartments are exposed to face the park and open from the direction of the inner circulation core, illuminated by the glass-walled elevator shaft. As the interiors are freed from all load-bearing walls, apartments are arrangeable on demand. © Paul Raftery/VIEW, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © linkef, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/linkef/3491637892/ 464 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://www.archdaily.com/245014/tower-flower-edouard-francois/fran-ft-0010/ 465 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Paul Raftery/VIEW, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © ismeretlen, source: http://www.urbanarchnow.com/2012/03/flower-tower-paris.html © Paul Raftery/VIEW, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 466 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Edouard Francois, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. Miller & Maranta, Schwarzpark Residences, Basel, Switzerland, 2004 Located at the southern end of Schwarzpark, this building, according to its scheme, strives to be a tree-like object. The slender, raw grid of concrete beams on the façade, the large windows and the greyish-brownish palette mimic tree branches, while the louvers on windows mimic foliage in motion. Sitting at the meeting point of nature and the city, the generously-sized windows offer tenants the unique experience of framed views of the neighbouring park. The overall lightness of the building is somewhat compromised by functional drawbacks resulting from the large span. The apartments strung along the two-tier stairwell are windowless and feature relatively small rooms and living rooms in terms of their floor space. © Ruedi Walti Fotografie, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 467 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ruedi Walti Fotografie, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 © Ruedi Walti Fotografie, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 468 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ruedi Walti Fotografie, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 469 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ruedi Walti Fotografie, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 © Ruedi Walti Fotografie, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 © Ruedi Walti Fotografie, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 470 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ruedi Walti Fotografie, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2009 © Miller & Maranta, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2009 471 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Miller & Maranta, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2009 472 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Miller & Maranta, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2009 © Miller & Maranta, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2009 473 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects Alexis López Acosta - Xavier Iván Díaz Martín, Edificio Inakasa, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, 2005 The building occupies a site along two streets with different height levels, where development in unbroken rows is ripped up by a small plaza wedged between them. The block featuring façades on three sides is open at one of its corners, allowing its patio direct contact with the public domain, transforming it into a semi-public plaza. The building resembles a huge, roughly-carved rock, the outer layer of which is only compromised by the random pattern of slits in the balconies. Its vertical circulation is accessible from the direction of the courtyard, on the side lacking a facade. Apartments open from the inner-side gallery overlooked by the service areas. Daytime and intimate zones are separated by inner semi-atriums facing the façade. Covered and open spaces cut into the block, integrating harmoniously with the interiors of the dwellings. © Aitor Ortiz, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Aitor Ortiz, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 474 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Aitor Ortiz, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Aitor Ortiz, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 475 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Aitor Ortiz, source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Alexis Lopet Acosta - Xavier ivan Diaz Martin , source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 476 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Alexis Lopet Acosta - Xavier ivan Diaz Martin , source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Alexis Lopet Acosta - Xavier ivan Diaz Martin , source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 477 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Alexis Lopet Acosta - Xavier ivan Diaz Martin , source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 © Alexis Lopet Acosta - Xavier ivan Diaz Martin , source: 4/Collective Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2006 David Chipperfield - EMV Social Housing, Villaverde, Madrid, Spain, 2005 Located on the outskirts of Madrid in an abandoned industrial zone, this “U" shaped development had to meet strict regulations with regard to its silhouette, 15-metre width, eight-storey height and halfsaddle roof design. This is also the reason why designers opted for a pent-roof and a façade tilted inward, which at the same time gave them more scope for architectural formation. To guarantee highstandard housing, several vertical circulations were contained. The stairwells are four-tiered on the corners. Elsewhere, as a rule, only two apartments open from them. The majority of the dwellings are trasitional apartments with their daytime and nighttime zones facing opposite sides. The highly sculptural and vibrant qualities of the façade are the result of deep-seated windows conferring depth, combined with a GRC surface treated in three different tones. © javier1949, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/javier1949/2575437424/in/photostream/ 478 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Roland Halbe, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Roland Halbe, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 479 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Roland Halbe, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Roland Halbe, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 480 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © javier1949, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/javier1949/2575437424/in/photostream/ © javier1949, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/javier1949/2575437424/in/photostream/ 481 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © David Chipperfield, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © David Chipperfield, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 MVRDV - Blanca Lleó Asciados, Mirador Apartment Building, Madrid, Spain, 2005 The essence of the designers’ concept was to create an imposing reference point for the 5-8-storey social tenement houses with internal courtyards in this zone to boost the identity of the population. With the 22-level El Mirador de Sanchinarro, they broke the monotony of the neighbouring structures. They raised the traditional communal plaza to the height of the 12th storey to house a lookout (or mirador). The designers’ aim was to create a “vertical city” here. The 165 apartments contained in the building were grouped in 9 blocks based on their compact housing types, and they are connected by a surrounding “street-system” that winds in the manner of a snake, in an unbroken line. The nine blocks and the circulation system are manifest in the façade, projected upon it in various colours and materials. When designing the single-story and duplex apartments (of 2.5, 3 or 4 rooms), the designers intended to maximise the living areas, while providing optimal light, comfort and views. Dwellings of various designs and dimensions within the same building were meant for tenants with different social status and lifestyles. The variety of apartment types seem endless, as their flexible floor plans offer even more variations, which is a response to the heterogenity and search for identity so characteristic of contemporary society. © Rob't Hart, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 482 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Rob't Hart, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Rob't Hart, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 483 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Rob't Hart, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Rob't Hart, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 484 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Rob't Hart, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Rob't Hart, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 485 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © MVRDV, Blanca Lleo Asociados, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © MVRDV, Blanca Lleo Asociados, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © MVRDV, Blanca Lleo Asociados, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 486 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects PLOT (BIG+JDS), VM House, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2005 Shaped like a “V" and an “M" when viewed from above, these volumes were pimarily intended to provide both optimal daylight and views to all apartments, thereby visually communicating with the landscape. As building “V" is seated on plinths, the park located south of it could creep underneath and blend in with the courtyard wedged between the two volumes. The apartments in building “V" open from the galleries on the northern side, while units in the “M" building open from the central corridors. The latter structure has a zigzagging ground plan which makes its façade pierced throughout and allows it to enjoy natural light. The designs of the apartments offer endless variations, the designers’ response to the contemporary desire for individuality. This building is based on associations among three various types of housing units, much like the blocks in the game of Tetris, with alternating duplexes (two versions) and triplexes. Because of the glass façades, next-door neighbours can see each other all the time, which is a contemporary experiment meant to create a new type of residential community. © PLOT, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © PLOT, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 487 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © seier+seier, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/seier/2373712197/ © seier+seier, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/seier/2373712197/ 488 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © seier+seier, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/seier/2373712197/ © Doctor Casino, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorcasino/3494970684/in/photostream/ © Doctor Casino, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorcasino/3494970684/in/photostream/ 489 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © PLOT (BIG+JDS), source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © PLOT (BIG+JDS), source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 Rafael Moneo - Martinez Lapena, Apartment House, Barcelona, Spain, 2005 The hall, referred to as Samper, stood on the irregular site as a memento of industrial activities in the area back in the early 1900s. On the northern side of the apartment house, there is a masonry wall precisely following the site boundaries, while on the side overlooking the courtyard it features a façade with soft organic tracery. The two sides also feature different design paradigms. The former is based on a geometrical order counterbalanced by the playfulness of chiaroscuro effects created by the the windows piercing the façade and variations of the masonry patterns, whereas the curved inner side shows dynamic versatility with its wooden shading system. The design of the apartments opening from the two-tier stairwells shows the same kind of duality. The intimate blocks with a central floor plan are housed on the more regular northern side, while the daylight zones containing groups of rooms with more free spatial formation are found on the inner southern side. © Duccio Malagamba, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 490 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Duccio Malagamba, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Duccio Malagamba, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 491 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Duccio Malagamba, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Duccio Malagamba, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Duccio Malagamba, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 492 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Duccio Malagamba, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Rafael Moneo és Martinez Lapena, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 © Rafael Moneo és Martinez Lapena, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 493 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Rafael Moneo és Martinez Lapena, source: Materia vol. 47, Federico Motta Editore, Milano 2005 Riano Arquitectos, 22-Flat Housing, Madrid, Spain, 2005 When developing this corner vacant lot, designers strove to redefine “corrola”, the vernacular residential design with a patio typical of Madrid and adjust it to the elevations of the neighbouring buildings. The two wings connected by a stairwell core embrace an internal courtyard significantly larger than traditional patios. Simultaneously, it also responds to the sensitive one-storey difference in level with the neighbouring buildings. One of the wings is lower and features a 7-metre-wide span. The taller and deeper wing contains a smaller internal air shaft overlooked by the service areas. Pierced by French balconies, the expanses of the closed façades are only disrupted by the stairwell atrium. The façades are clad in durable low-maintenance granite slabs, each as tall as a storey, which are integrated into the grid of windows, equipped with a mobile shading system. © Miguel de Guzmán, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 494 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Miguel de Guzmán, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 495 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Miguel de Guzmán, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 496 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Miguel de Guzmán, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 497 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Miguel de Guzmán, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 498 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Miguel de Guzmán, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 © Riano Arquitectos, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 499 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Riano Arquitectos, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 © Riano Arquitectos, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 500 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Riano Arquitectos, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l., Valencia 2008 Ryue Nishizawa (SANAA), Moriyama House, Tokyo, Japan, 2005 Scattered across the site as more than ten tiny volumes, this apartment house attempts to respond sensitively to the two- and three-storey buildings in a traditional part of Tokyo. Designers argued that a house broken up into a cluster of room units would more organically adjust to the environment than a large consistent mass. The only connection among the units is via the series of connected semiprivate gardens, where the borders of communal and private areas are blurred. Besides the client’s own apartment, five other units were realised here. The tenants have built up their small residential community by now. The owner is free to choose any of these dwellings as his residence or as rental rooms, and he can switch move among them to his liking, instead of remaining in fixed place of residence on a particular spot. © Ryue Nishizawa, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 501 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ryue Nishizawa, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Ryue Nishizawa, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © ismeretlen, source: http://progettazioneurbanistica.wordpress.com/2011/05/02/moriyama-house-2/ 502 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://purple.fr/magazine/f-w-2008-issue-10/gallery/156 © Ryue Nishizawa, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 503 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ryue Nishizawa (SANAA), source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Ryue Nishizawa (SANAA), source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Ryue Nishizawa (SANAA), source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 504 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects S-M.A.O., Social Housing, Carabanchel, Madrid, Spain, 2005 This apartment building was realised as part of the large-scale social housing project in Madrid’s Carabanchel district. The triangular site is wedged between the boundaries of the old city quarter and the newly subdivided area bordering an extensive park to the south. The development contains an east-west wing, functioning as the spatial wall of the park, and building masses perpendicular to it, featuring apartments of a rational design. The two wings of different design contain two types of dwellings. The block bordering the park features single-storey transitional units with daytime areas on the southern side and bedrooms on the northern one. Closed to the north, the duplex apartments within the perpendicular masses are open on their east-facing side. © Hisao Suzuki, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Hisao Suzuki, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 505 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Hisao Suzuki, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © S-M.A.O., source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 506 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © S-M.A.O., source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © S-M.A.O., source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 Amann - Canovas - Maruri, 61-Apartment Social Tenement House, Coslada Puerto, Madrid, Spain, 2006 Containing 61 apartments altogether, this building features a structure largely defined by its social function. The designer’s goal was to use a floor plan system and spatial configuration that lend the circulation spaces a collective character beyond their functional role. The system of the building is defined by three circulation cores providing direct access to either three or four apartments. As the wide open-plan corridors joining the vertical cores are centrally positioned within the wings, there are no areas inside the house that are excluded from the circulation system. The delicate facets of the building not only lend the structure a variety of forms, but also effect the illumination of the whole internal courtyard and the exciting apertures between the wings. © Ángel Baltanás, Estudio Amann-Cánovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 507 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ángel Baltanás, Estudio Amann-Cánovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 © Ángel Baltanás, Estudio Amann-Cánovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 508 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ángel Baltanás, Estudio Amann-Cánovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 509 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Ángel Baltanás, Estudio Amann-Cánovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 © Ángel Baltanás, Estudio Amann-Cánovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 © Ángel Baltanás, Estudio Amann-Cánovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 © Ángel Baltanás, Estudio Amann-Cánovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 510 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Amann-Canovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 © Amann-Canovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 © Amann-Canovas-Maruri, source: 8/Multi-Family Housing, Editorial Pencil s.l. 2008 C.F. Møller Architects, Østerbrogade 105, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2006 Located in an historic district, this apartment building communicates with the surrounding building as their equals. With its reddish-brownish masonry, it redefines the past by creating a characteristic street-front. The modern, sculptural façade design illustrates a change. As if they were eyes bulging out of the wall plane, the copper and glass boxes offer exciting spaces – that is, apartments bathed in natural light. With economical means and sophisticated details, the functionalist building creates exciting effects. More exposed to sunshine, the southern courtyard features balconies, while the lightfilled glass boxes of the darker northern façade offer views of the busy street. 511 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Torben Eskerod, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Torben Eskerod, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 512 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Torben Eskerod, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Torben Eskerod, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 513 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © C. F. Moller Architects, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © C. F. Moller Architects, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © C. F. Moller Architects, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 Edouard François, La Closeraie, Louviers, France, 2006 This scheme was targeted to realise the development of a site in an orchard adjacent to the historic centre of town, without having to cut down any trees. The apartments and the two staircases of the building were organised into pavilion-like groups by the designers. Resulting from the design, the units enjoy intimacy and independence, not unlike detached houses. The dwellings are accessible via three bridges per level from the open, porch-like staircases. Featuring façades on three sides, the apartments are closely connected with their natural environment. Designed with an ambition for structural simplicity, the façade features traditional local materials used in a contemporary manner. Hanging in front of the bare walls, a screen of rough-hewn chestnut palings protects against the rain, wind and sun. 514 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Paul Raferty, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Paul Raferty, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Paul Raferty, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 515 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Edouard Francois, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Edouard Francois, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 © Edouard Francois, source: a+t Density series, D Book, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Sp. 2007 Emiliano López - Monica Rivera, 27-Apartment Social Tenement House for Young People, Barcelona, Spain, 2007 The building contains 5 apartments with a floor area of 44 m², meant for 1-2 occupants, and 1 apartment of 51 m² for 2-3 tenants per level. The small-sized units are connectable or separable on demand. Designers accentuated the transitional spaces that can be used as extra rooms thanks to the climate of the city. Properliy ventilated, the apartments feature glazed balconies on the southern street-facing side, similar to traditional Barcelona houses, but they can be adapted to harness solar power. From the 516 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects direction of the internal courtyard, the dwellings are exposed to open corridors, which are wider than usual. Divided by steel grills, the drying and laundry rooms are housed here, just like the widening entrance areas outside the apartments. The latter can be used either as a reception area or as an extension of the kitchen, being also suited to function as a socialising venue. As a durable and cheap material, concrete combined with metal-claddings was selected, reflecting both the project’s low budget and the tenement house function. © Hisao Suzuki, source: El croquis 148, Madrid, 2009/V., 176-177. old. © Hisao Suzuki, source: El croquis 148, Madrid, 2009/V., 180. old. 517 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Hisao Suzuki, source: El croquis 148, Madrid, 2009/V., 181. old. 518 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Hisao Suzuki, source: El croquis 148, Madrid, 2009/V., 176. old. 519 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Hisao Suzuki, source: El croquis 148, Madrid, 2009/V., 176. old. © Hisao Suzuki, source: El croquis 148, Madrid, 2009/V., 176. old. © Hisao Suzuki, source: El croquis 148,Madrid, 2009/V., 185. old. © Emiliano López / Monica Rivera, source: El croquis 148,Madrid, 2009/V., 185. old. 520 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Emiliano López / Monica Rivera, source: El croquis 148,Madrid, 2009/V., 185. old. 521 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Emiliano López / Monica Rivera, source: El croquis 148,Madrid, 2009/V., 185. old. Xiaodu Liu & Yan Meng (Urbanus Architecture & Design Inc.), Tolou Collective Housing, Nanhai District, Guandong Province, China, 2008 Built in Guangzhou (Canton), the third largest city in China, this collective house is a contemporary reinterpretation of the traditional tulou house and also the first attempt to introduce this vernacular typology in an urban environment. In line with the traditional design, its mass is made up of two buildings: an outer circular ring and an inner rectangular box connected by a courtyard and bridges. The complex contains 245 apartments altogether, as well as a library, a gym hall and other communal spaces. The tenants at present are typically migrant, lower-income workers. Each dwelling unit has a floor-area of approx. 33 m², extended by a balcony as a secondary living space. The position of the structure optimises ventillation and light conditions for the apartments, while the internal courtyard functions as a social venue. 522 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Aga Khan Award for Architecture / SHEN Xiaoming, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/ project.asp?id=3860 © Aga Khan Award for Architecture / SHEN Xiaoming, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/ project.asp?id=3860 © Aga Khan Award for Architecture / SHEN Xiaoming, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/ project.asp?id=3860 523 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Aga Khan Award for Architecture / SHEN Xiaoming, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/ project.asp?id=3860 © Aga Khan Award for Architecture / SHEN Xiaoming, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/ project.asp?id=3860 © Aga Khan Award for Architecture / SHEN Xiaoming, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/ project.asp?id=3860 524 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Aga Khan Award for Architecture / SHEN Xiaoming, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/ project.asp?id=3860 © Aga Khan Award for Architecture / SHEN Xiaoming, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/ project.asp?id=3860 525 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Urbanus / Xiaodu Liu - Yan Meng, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=3860 526 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Urbanus / Xiaodu Liu - Yan Meng, source: http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=3860 ZIGZAG Arquitectura, VIVAZZ Social Housing, Mieres, Spain, 2011 Heavy industry is a legacy still affecting life in Mieres, an alpine town in the river valley of a fascinating landscape. The green field investment was realised in a major downtown redevelopment zone. The starting point of the scheme was the traditional generic courtyard development, which was given more dynamism with clefts and shifts in volume, creating ever-changing, unexpectedly-framed views opening onto the surrounding alpine landscape. The courtyard block (an urban enclave) contains a total of 131 apartments of varying sizes, featuring one and four rooms. The living areas have views of the adjacent streets, while the living rooms overlook the quiet inner courtyard. Designers strove to preserve the dual character of the site, which is marked by the natural environment conjured into the urban-style development and by the contrast between the metal-cladding of the outer skin and the timber lattice in the interior. 527 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Roland Halbe, source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/164880-VIVAZZ-131-ViviendasProtegidas © Roland Halbe, source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/164880-VIVAZZ-131-ViviendasProtegidas © Roland Halbe, source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/164880-VIVAZZ-131-ViviendasProtegidas 528 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © Roland Halbe, source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/164880-VIVAZZ-131-ViviendasProtegidas © Alejandro García González, source: http://rcarpet.wordpress.com/2011/07/ 529 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ismeretlen, source: http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php? fuseaction=wanappln.showprojectbigimages&img=3&pro_id=19044 © ZIGZAG Arquitectura, Viviendas-Protegidas source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/164880-VIVAZZ-131- 530 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ZIGZAG Arquitectura, Viviendas-Protegidas source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/164880-VIVAZZ-131- © ZIGZAG Arquitectura, Viviendas-Protegidas source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/164880-VIVAZZ-131- 531 Contemporary Apartment Buildings – International Projects © ZIGZAG Arquitectura, Viviendas-Protegidas source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/164880-VIVAZZ-131- 532 Chapter 6. Contemporary MultiApartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects Tamás Tomay, Three-Flat Apartment House, Kavics Street No. 8/D, Budapest, District II, 1996 The architect’s task was to both continue and revise the original free-standing Modernist mansion by Lajos Kozma. Formerly a house containing two apartments, one on each level, it featured a corner cantilever in the living room with a characteristic sliding corner window. After a series of irreparable remodellings made to the house, Tomay was commissioned to add a storey and to reconstruct. The owner-occupied block was face-lifted with a flat roof and widely-projecting cornice. The accentuated cornice combined with the horizontal rows of windows and the relatively closed cube of the building created a prominent façade design. The spatial contact between the exterior and interior is facilitated by the imposing corner terrace. Upgraded windows wrapping around the façade and the terrace intensify communication between the rooms and the outer world. Divided into intimate and daytime zones, the rooms of the apartments are clearly separated. The architect created a follow-up of the house designed by Lajos Kozma by establishing the contact and co-existence of the original and the new. © Szathmáry Zoltán, source: Új Magyar Építőművészet, 1998/3, 28. o. © Szathmáry Zoltán, source: Új Magyar Építőművészet, 1998/3, 28. o. 533 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Szathmáry Zoltán, source: Új Magyar Építőművészet, 1998/3, 28. o. © Budai Enikő, source: Új Magyar Építőművészet, 1998/3, 28. o. © Budai Enikő, source: Új Magyar Építőművészet, 1998/3, 28. o. 534 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Budai Enikő, source: Új Magyar Építőművészet, 1998/3, 28. o. © Tomay Tamás, source: Új Magyar Építőművészet, 1998/3, 28. o. © Tomay Tamás, source: Új Magyar Építőművészet, 1998/3, 28. o. 535 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Tomay Tamás, source: Új Magyar Építőművészet, 1998/3, 28. o. György Vadász - László Váncza, Residential Community, Beregszászi Road, Budapest, District XI, 1999 Built in 1999 as a multi-apartment “New Bauhaus residential quarter”, both popular and a novelty then, its architectural design and mass formation defined the atmosphere of its environment. Floating in green like a high-rise block, the development features a residents’ garden, and the external appearance of the buildings are characteristic of residential communities designed at the same time. Block-like apartment houses are defined by snow-white masonry, openings, expanses of glass and balconies evoking the atmosphere of the Bauhaus. Containing 100 apartments in 6 buildings, this green-belt ensemble houses communal areas on the ground floor and contemporary modern apartments on three storeys. The central internal stairwell is only exposed on the top floor. Its curved recessed cube is connected to communal areas and a panoramic roof terrace. Each general level contains 4 three-room apartments with a floor space of 107 m2 and individual balcony that is floatingly elongated, thus fostering an intense relationship with the environment and nature. The compact service areas of the dwelling units are found in the central core, while the adjoining living areas are placed along the two façade sides. © Vadász és Társai Építőművész Kft., pageid=menu1-1&mainid=42&subid=93 536 source: http://www.vadaszstudio.hu//index.php? Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Vadász és Társai Építőművész Kft., pageid=menu1-1&mainid=42&subid=93 source: http://www.vadaszstudio.hu//index.php? © Vadász és Társai Építőművész Kft., pageid=menu1-1&mainid=42&subid=93 source: http://www.vadaszstudio.hu//index.php? 537 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Vadász és Társai Építőművész Kft., pageid=menu1-1&mainid=42&subid=93 source: http://www.vadaszstudio.hu//index.php? © Vadász György - Váncza László, pageid=menu1-1&mainid=42&subid=93 source: http://www.vadaszstudio.hu//index.php? 538 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Vadász György - Váncza László, pageid=menu1-1&mainid=42&subid=93 source: http://www.vadaszstudio.hu//index.php? © Vadász György - Váncza László, pageid=menu1-1&mainid=42&subid=93 source: http://www.vadaszstudio.hu//index.php? Sándor Pálfy - Ferenc Keller, Residential Community, Csejtei Street Nos. 15–19, Budapest, District II, 1998 The attractive, breezy landscaped scenery had the potential to host a total of eight mansion-like owneroccupied blocks, each containing seven apartments. The high-standard buildings of this residential community echo the stylistic features of Bauhaus, typical of their surroundings. Following a carefully conceived floor plan configuration, the houses slightly differ from one another. The almost 20° slope of the terrain allowed for the construction of apartments with shifted levels. Each house contains garages on the basement level, three apartments on the ground level, then two and finally one apartment on the following two storeys. There is also a large roof terrace attached to the topmost units. With its exterior forms, homogeneous white walls, prominent façades, and sophisticated dynamic of volumes, cantilevers, and balconies, this ensemble ranks amongst the more significant residential communities of its time. © Haider Andrea, source: Alaprajz 1999/3 április 539 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Haider Andrea, source: Alaprajz 1999/3 április © Haider Andrea, source: Alaprajz 1999/3 április © Haider Andrea, source: Alaprajz 1999/3 április 540 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Haider Andrea, source: Alaprajz 1999/3 április 541 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Haider Andrea, source: Alaprajz 1999/3 április © Haider Andrea, source: Alaprajz 1999/3 április 542 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Keller Ferenc - Pálfy Sándor, source: Alaprajz 1999/3 április 543 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Keller Ferenc - Pálfy Sándor, source: Alaprajz 1999/3 április Péter Reimholz, Hapimag Apartments, Fortuna Street, Budapest, District I, 2000 An expert of the Castle District, Reimholz is renowned for numerous realised buildings. Milestones in architectural history, the residential houses in the Castle District by Jánossy and Farkasdy reflect the same approach as those by Péter Reimholz and Zsófia Csomay in the same district. One of their most significant works, Hapimag House, is a prominent building, adjusting to both the historical past of the Castle District and the contemporary situation. It was deservedly awarded the Budapest standard prize in the year 2000. Its integration into an environment of historic buildings is an exemplary architectural response. When developing the centrally positioned corner site, aspects of geology, archaeology and historical heritage had to be considered simultaneously. Key issues of design work were the cave cellars, ruins, archaeologic findings from the time of the Turkish occupation, as well as Baroque stylistic features. Characteristic of the building is a masterly fabric integrating the historic vault, brick masonry, stone and new materials (limestone, wood and glass) that accentuate old-time values. Highstandard and quality materials combined with refined details enrich both the external appearance and the interior. As for functions, the new cellar wing of the house contains communal areas, while the upper floors feature a total of 30 apartments and vacation units surrounding the internal courtyard. 544 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2000/7 © Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2000/7 545 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2000/7 © Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2000/7 © Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2000/7 546 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2000/7 © Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2000/7 Zsófia Csomay - Péter Reimholz, Raul Wallenberg Guesthouse, Toldy Ferenc Street Nos. 8-10 and Szabó Ilonka Street No. 7, Budapest, District I, 2000 A house of reserved elegance, it goes far beyond its time with its simplicity, fine proportions and carefully designed details. Despite challenges involved in the task – such as the nearby castle walls, the 10 m difference in level between the streets, and the adjacent building masses – a guesthouse with an individual tone was born here. Creating a corner mass, the new building responds sensitively to the existing houses of both the lower and upper street. The ashlar plinth, the exposed brick-clad façade and the details integrate contemporary architectural forms into an historical fabric. Internal spatial organisation and floor plan configuration, featuring outside corridors, reflect the designer’s ambition to redefine the typology. The house contains a clear circulation system with an open and closed vertical core placed at a pivot point. The guesthouse contains 27 apartments in various sizes, as well as ancillary functions, communal areas and a caretaker’s apartment. The top floor is occupied by a type of duplex apartment. 547 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Anita, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 28. old. © Häider Anita, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 29. old. 548 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Anita, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 29. old. 549 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Anita, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 30. old. 550 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Anita, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 30. old. 551 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Anita, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 31. old. 552 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Anita, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 31. old. © Häider Anita, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 31. old. © Häider Anita, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 31. old. 553 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Csomay Zsófia - Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 31. old. © Csomay Zsófia - Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 31. old. © Csomay Zsófia - Reimholz Péter, source: Alaprajz, 2001/8, 31. old. 554 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects János Dobai, Passage House, Mária and Horánszky Streets, Budapest, District VIII, 2001 The Magház2 (Core-House2) project preceded the one for “Passage House” built on two integrated transitional sites. In line with the deployment scheme, street-facing masses of a traditional in-fill development, a courtyard wing screening the partition wall and the central volume surround two internal courtyards in the depth of the development. János Dobai set simplicity and transparent organisation as the priorities of his design work. Another important concern for him was to optimise light and breeziness throughout the house. The generous design of the passage created a plaza with a friendly atmosphere. The entrance to the house with three pivot points is accessible from the direction of the passage which is connected to a vertical circulation core unit by unit. The complex contains 98 apartments altogether with typologies offering a variety of floor area, ranging from 30 and 45 to 101 m². The large top-floor apartments enjoy supreme views, as well as a roof terrace. © Hajdú József, source: MÉ 2006/4 © Hajdú József, source: MÉ 2006/4 555 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hajdú József, source: MÉ 2006/4 556 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hajdú József, source: MÉ 2006/4 557 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hajdú József, source: MÉ 2006/4 558 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hajdú József, source: MÉ 2006/4 © Hajdú József, source: MÉ 2006/4 559 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Dobai János, source: MÉ 2006/4 © Dobai János, source: MÉ 2006/4 © Dobai János, source: MÉ 2006/4 © Dobai János, source: MÉ 2006/4 560 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects Dévényi Tamás, Magház (“Core-House”), Rottenbiller Street, Budapest, VII, 2002 This house reflects the ambition to revise the usual models of in-fill development and to reinterpret the urban fabric context. It is a contemporary redefinition of the tenement house typical of Budapest and an experiment to open up the typical residential block. Occupying a corner site, this house contains two masses enclosing the courtyard, strung along a system of outside galleries separated with glass partition. The façade structure, transparency and openings are not only architectural concerns in this case, but also the symbols of a new lifestyle. The housing program facilitates small, high-standard dwelling units for young urban intellectuals. The majority of the 72 apartments have a floor space of approx. 35 m², while the larger units are 35-56 m². Shared amenities include a roof-top sun deck and a car garage at the bottom level. Communal facilities – such as reception service, laundromat, café, food store, gym and office – connect with the atmospheric ground-floor courtyard used as an open urban plaza. © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 16. old. © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 17. old. 561 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 18. old. © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 19. old. 562 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 20. old. 563 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 20. old. 564 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 21. old. 565 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Dévényi Tamás, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 566 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Dévényi Tamás, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Dévényi Tamás, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 Tamás Tomay, Apartment House, Gül Baba Street, Budapest, District II, 2002 This building, located on the atmospheric and picturesque Gül Baba Street, stands right at the border of the urban fabric and the green-belt of Buda (the west half of Budapest). The designer responded to 567 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects the faculties of the site by retracting the mass at the third storey with regard to the characteristically different heights of the neighbouring buildings, the corner structure (library) and the residential house. The special position and unusually small size of this 98 m² site did not allow for a stereotypical house. The bottom three floors contain offices, while the upper levels house five apartments. As the partition wall was designed as a façade, that of the apartment house screening the aisle wall actually seems like a rotated streetscape. The building also features original and unique visual components such as the curved wall in the stairwell, the two-level galleried space of the windbreak and the glass wall in the masonry of the airshaft. The 36 m² flats with their more than 40 m² terraces on each level, the transparent surfaces and the sliding-mobile wooden louvers are essential components of this residential building. © Becker Márton, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 22. old. 568 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Becker Márton, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 23. old. 569 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Becker Márton, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 23. old. © Becker Márton, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 24. old. 570 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Becker Márton, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 24. old. © Becker Márton, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 25. old. 571 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Tomay Tamás, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 25. old. 572 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Tomay Tamás, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 25. old. 573 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Tomay Tamás, source: Alaprajz, 2002/05, 25. old. 574 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects Ferenc Cságoly - Ferenc Keller, Barbican House, Pécs, 2001 The site is located beside the castle wall of Pécs, on the ourskirts of the city. Without upsetting the existing overall harmony, the design responds to a heterogeneous atmospheric environment with a multitude of impressions. The method of development reflects a duality. On the one hand, it evokes the atmosphere of a small town; on the other hand, it creates an urban character with its spatial forms of mass, proportions and roof design. Due to the situation of the houses, the complex encloses a courtyard and an alley. The primary concern of design work was to create order in this context. The development blends the location by uniting two sites with a complex program (offices, residential house and hotel) into a consistent composition. The harmonious unity of three characters and materials (stone, recycled brick and plaster-work) define the exterior appearance. The maturity of concept is manifest in the articulation of the apertures on the façade, as well as in the alternation of symmetry and asymmetry. Brick-clad components used as minimal tools create a favourable effect with the casual order of apertures on the façade suiting the forms of the complex. This residential block contains a total of 13 apartments in various sizes. © Polgár Attila, Batár Zsolt, source: Somogyi Krisztina: Cságoly, Kijárat kiadó, Budapest, 2004 © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 575 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 576 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 577 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 578 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Cságoly Ferenc - Keller Ferenc, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Cságoly Ferenc - Keller Ferenc, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 579 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Cságoly Ferenc - Keller Ferenc, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Cságoly Ferenc - Keller Ferenc, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Cságoly Ferenc - Keller Ferenc, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 Margit Pelényi, Social Tenement House, Pécs, 2002 Winning an open architectural design contest in 2001, Margit Pelényi was commissioned to design this social tenement block. The site is in a southern region of Pécs, on the peripehry of a prefab housing estate. The four-storey resdiential building stands out in this heterogeneous environment as a characteristic composition of simple cubes. Regarding contact with the environment, a sense of openness seemed important, achieved through corridors and passages, as well as the occasional setting on plinths. The bright red cylinder containing the stairwell strings along three sensitively-removed, open-volume units with outside galleries and flat roofs. The regular configuration of apertures is softened by the rhythm of wooden screens. Containing 120 social apartments, this tenement house realised dwelling types with floor areas of 30 and 40 m2. 580 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Pesti András, source: a tervező © Pesti András, source: a tervező © Pesti András, source: a tervező 581 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Pesti András, source: a tervező © Pesti András, source: a tervező 582 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Pesti András, source: a tervező © Pesti András, source: a tervező 583 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Pelényi Margit, source: a tervező Gábor Turányi, Owner-Occupied Apartment House in Mecset Street, Budapest, District II, 2003 The environment of Mecset House contains modern buildings by famous Hungarian architects such as Tamás Tomay, Mihály Balázs and Katalin Somogy S. Meanwhile, its immediate neighbourhood features Gül Baba’s octagonal tomb from the time of the Turkish occupation. The owner-occupied apartment house designed by Turányi matches its neighbours in external appearance, and it sensitively responds to its environment with characteristic volume cut-outs, finely configured apertures and simple brick architecture. Design concept here reflects compact development, comprehensive structuring and maximal utilization of space with its floor plan layout. Two smaller courtyards were integrated towards the park, as well as a larger one opening in the direction of the neighbouring development. The designer treated apertures and issues related to the adjacent terraces generously. Opening from the two vertical cores as hubs is a four-tier stairwell. The majority of apartments here are transitional types. © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2004/5, 34. old. 584 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2004/5, 35. old. © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2004/5, 35. old. 585 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2004/5, 36. old. 586 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2004/5, 36. old. © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 2004/5, 37. old. 587 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Turányi Gábor , source: Alaprajz, 2004/5, 37. old. © Turányi Gábor , source: Alaprajz, 2004/5, 37. old. © Turányi Gábor , source: Alaprajz, 2004/5, 37. old. Gábor Csernyánszky, Municipal Tenements, Rákóczy F. Street Nos. 97–105, Budapest, District XXI, 2004 This tenement complex in Csepel is an exemplary project of estate-like development. The basic concept of the scheme was to embed two longish gabled masses parallel with the thoroughfare and facing each other, while surrounding a sunken car-parking zone. Complemented by transversal wings of various lengths, the block encloses semi-open courtyards and atmospheric parks, which in turn higlight the softened enclosure-type development and the estate-like organisation. Because of low investment costs, the simplest technical solutions were chosen, but the tenement complex realised here is of high-standard, featuring functional arrangement, finely composed apertures on the façade, 588 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects characteristic mass formation and a unique shade of red. The ensemble contains 7 shops and 116 apartments in total. About 50% of the apartments have 2-2.5 rooms, one-third of them 1-1.5, while the rest are more spacious, boasting 3-3.5 rooms. Each home was designed with a kitchen and a pantry, with floor areas ranging from 38 to 87 m². © Bujdosó Győző, Csernyánszky Gábor, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Bujdosó Győző, Csernyánszky Gábor, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Bujdosó Győző, Csernyánszky Gábor, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 589 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Bujdosó Győző, Csernyánszky Gábor, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Bujdosó Győző, Csernyánszky Gábor, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 590 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Bujdosó Győző, Csernyánszky Gábor, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Csernyánszky Gábor, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 591 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Csernyánszky Gábor, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Csernyánszky Gábor, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 László Kalmár - Zsolt Zsuffa, 4-Flat Apartment Block, Vágás Street No. 22, Budapest, District XIV, 2004 The design and positioning of this development containing 4 apartments was predominantly influenced by the narrow site and its orientation. The simple mass of the house features a saddle roof reflecting to the inclination of the terrain, which transforms into a gable on the street front. The ingenuouslydesigned shared foyer and the driveway are placed along the northwest longitudinal wall, while the living areas of the apartments open towards the more advantageously oriented garden. Exemplary is the adjustment of the building to the terrain, allowing the majority of apartments to have direct garden access. The articulated, lively architectural spectacle is integrated by well-designed openings on the façade. At the bottom, the exposed plinth-like masonry is laid edgewise, with the homogeneous, reddish palette of rendered surfaces above. From the transitional arrival area, three apartments are directly accessible. The variety of dwelling units includes single- and two-level ones, all characterized by generous spatial organisation, versatility and strict floor plan configuration. © Kalmár László, Zsuffa Zsolt, source: a tervező 592 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Kalmár László, Zsuffa Zsolt, source: a tervező © Kalmár László, Zsuffa Zsolt, source: a tervező 593 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Kalmár László, Zsuffa Zsolt, source: a tervező 594 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Kalmár László, Zsuffa Zsolt, source: a tervező 595 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Kalmár László, Zsuffa Zsolt, source: a tervező © Kalmár László - Zsuffa Zsolt, source: a tervező © Kalmár László - Zsuffa Zsolt, source: a tervező 596 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Kalmár László - Zsuffa Zsolt, source: a tervező Boros Pál, Owner-Occupied 9-Flat Apartment Block, Kecskemét, 2005 This residential building containing 9 apartments altogether is an exemplary development because of its adjustment to the existing urban fabric. Clad in brick, the reserved, formula-like owner-occupied apartment block creates an enclosed development in unbroken rows joined by the neighbouring office block and eclectic residential building. Exposed brickwork and an abundancy of details lend the building a high-standard, yet restrained streetscape appearance. Well-proportioned and adequately scaled, this house is not a verbose one. It needed only a few architectural means to create the desired effects. A prominent feature of both the façade and the streetscape is the accentuated cornice, capable of rendering order, combined with a row of windows above it. Made up of two wings and two masses, this three-storey residential building features a simple floor plan layout, containing businesses on the ground floor and 48 m2 apartments above. © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 597 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 598 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects 599 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 600 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 601 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 602 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 603 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Boros Pál, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 Gunther Zsolt - Csillag Katalin, Owner-Occupied Apartment Block in Futó Street, Budapest, District VIII, 2005 This owner-occupied apartment block by 3H Architects was built near Corvin Promenade Program as a result of a rehabilitation trend in District VIII of the capital. In line with the clients’ concept for investment, three teams of architects made development plans for the area integrating three neighbouring sites. A longitudinal development was to be realised here to surround a free space interrupted by an open passage. The view of the internal courtyard and the adjacent buildings is provided via a roofed, open passage connecting the courtyard and the street wings. A colourful screenstyle passage pergola joins the 7-storey main volume and the smaller 5-storey one in the garden as an exciting component of spatial separation. The internal spatial system of the building is extended by wide airshafts and accesses towards the garden. Retracted from the streetline, the façade creates a pleasant plaza outside the entrance to the building. The apartments’ service and wet areas are placed along the internal side, while living spaces are sequenced towards the street and the courtyard. Bedsitters are strung along the two-tier stairwell of the garden wing. © Máté Gábor, source: MÉ 2006/4 604 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Máté Gábor, source: MÉ 2006/4 © Máté Gábor, source: MÉ 2006/4 605 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Máté Gábor, source: MÉ 2006/4 © Máté Gábor, source: MÉ 2006/4 606 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Gunther Zsolt - Csillag Katalin, source: MÉ 2006/4 © Gunther Zsolt - Csillag Katalin, source: MÉ 2006/4 Zsolt Hajnal, Residential Complex, Kapás Street No. 26–44, Budapest, District II, 2005 Multi-apartment buildings are prominent works in the oeuvre of Zsolt Hajnal. With this development in Kapás Street, he had to face the challenges of the longish, narrow site, compromised orientation and the proper exposure to sunshine on account of the neighbouring houses. As a response, designs contained masses perpendicular to the streetline, enclosed internal courtyards, and a single-storey wing stringing on all of them in the direction of the public plaza, much like a chain-house. An important architectural idea was the metamorphosis of the existing partition walls, which are prominent features of cityscape. The coherent integrity of the old and new residential buildings united them as an ensemble. The four taller blocks divides the area into three courtyards wedged between them. On the street side, in the unbroken low-rise row set back from the two-storey columns, entrances and garages were placed along with service businesses. All the 81 apartments with a floor area of 30-170 m² are suitably exposed to sunshine. 607 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 12. évfolyam, 2005., március-április, 36. old. 608 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 12. évfolyam, 2005., március-április, 37. old. © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 12. évfolyam, 2005., március-április, 38. old. 609 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 12. évfolyam, 2005., március-április, 39. old. © Häider Andrea, source: Alaprajz, 12. évfolyam, 2005., március-április, 39. old. 610 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hajnal Zsolt, source: Alaprajz, 12. évfolyam, 2005., március-április, 39. old. © Hajnal Zsolt, source: Alaprajz, 12. évfolyam, 2005., március-április, 39. old. © Hajnal Zsolt, source: Alaprajz, 12. évfolyam, 2005., március-április, 39. old. László Vincze, Azúr Apartmant House, Siófok, 2005 The proximity of Lake Balaton and Azúr Hotel must have strongly influenced the architectural character of this apartment house. Axially organised, this owner-occupied block corresponds to a simple formula: small apartments are strung along a central corridor removed at a sensitive angle from the line of the two glazed stairwells. The four-storey volume contains a variety of apartments in various sizes totalling 66. Neighbouring units were designed as adjoining ones and thus feature a variable floor plan configuration. With regard to its mass formation and façade design as well, it is a restrained, yet generous building reflecting openness as a friendly and cheerful house with materials used ingenuously on the façade. Each apartment features a balcony along the two longitudinal sides, in front of which there are colourful sunshades stretched with ropes between mobile steel frames, evoking the image of a sail. The top floor contains larger and more valuable units with their own roof terraces shaded by generous cantilevered R-C plates. 611 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Vincze László, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Vincze László, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Vincze László, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 612 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Vincze László, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Vincze László, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 613 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Vincze László, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Vincze László, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 Hajnal Zsolt, Apartments in Futó Street, Budapest, District VIII, 2006 A residential building on the rehabilitated area in Futó Street, this is a novelty piece of contemporary work with exciting forms. Its characteristic street appearance is defined by the five white vertical bands cutting into the ground-floor unit, the slightly recessed colourful balconies between them, and the huge frame uniting it all. The generous treatment of forms permeates the building. Transparent formal order, basic geometrical solids, white walls and sporadically placed colour accents prevail. The floor plan configuration is carefully conceived and consistent. Surrounded by the street and the courtyard wings, the internal courtyard features outside galleries on each level. Accessible via the roofed and open stairwell, the general residential level contains light, sunlit apartments with bedsitters between them. On each level there are apartments with one room, two half rooms, and two rooms. 614 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 615 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 616 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Polgár Attila, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Hajnal Zsolt, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Hajnal Zsolt, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 617 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hajnal Zsolt, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 György Hild, Owner-Occupied 12-Flat Apartment Block, Virág árok Street No. 17, Budapest, District XII, 2006 Situated on one of the best-located sloping corner sites in Budapest, this owner-occupied block containing 12 apartments was conceived as an extension of the mansion designed by Béla Málnai in 1936, which ranks as a unique example of Hungarian Bauhaus. Design work aimed to create a new composition, while highlighting the masses and proportions of the original house, as well as transforming it in a characteristic way. Extended with a single-level superstucture, the consistent, white-rendered period building is surrounded by a corner edifice of brick architecture. Plasterwork and brickwork both separate and intertwine the volumes of the original and the new building. Tuned to each other in a refined way, the original original house and the extension are apparently integrated. With its enlarged dimensions, the house blends in with the mansion buildings of its environment as a contemporary building. The floor plan configuration of the building is simple and consistent. The original entrance was preserved, and the general levels are accessible via the generous foyer and stairwell. On alternating levels, it contains 4 and 2 apartments (on the ground floor and the second storey, and the first and the third storey, respectively). © Hild György, source: tervező 618 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hild György, source: tervező © Hild György, source: tervező © Hild György, source: tervező 619 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hild György, source: tervező © Hild György, source: tervező 620 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hild György, source: tervező © Hild György, source: tervező 621 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hild György, source: tervező Kis Péter - Valkai Csaba, Municipal Apartments, Práter Street Nos. 30-32, Budapest, District VIII, 2007 Developing the rehabilitated zone in Práter Street, this municipal tenement house is a unique work of contemporary architecture with individual tones. It deservedly earned international recognition and was shortlisted for the Mies van der Rohe Prize. The essence of the development concept was to finish the partition walls, reinterpret the existing volumes by forms of contemporary architecture, and to design a well-proportioned building responding to the existing faculties of the neighbouring residential houses. The façade structure successfully incorporates unique tones that are in harmony with the existing environment, as are the scale and the order of openings. The prominent, dark façade surface, the rhythm of balconies and windows that seem incidental, and the corridor-bridge connecting volumes are the most characteristic external features. Internal spatial organisation is defiend by a clear rational floor plan system. The block contains 48 economical and well-functioning apartments with one or two rooms on a floor area of 40-62 m2. © Németh Dániel, source: Alaprajz, 15. évfolyam, 2008., július-augusztus, 32. old. 622 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Németh Dániel, source: Alaprajz, 15. évfolyam, 2008., július-augusztus, 32. old. © Németh Dániel, source: Alaprajz, 15. évfolyam, 2008., július-augusztus, 33. old. 623 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Németh Dániel, source: Alaprajz, 15. évfolyam, 2008., július-augusztus, 34. old. © Németh Dániel, source: Alaprajz, 15. évfolyam, 2008., július-augusztus, 34. old. 624 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects 625 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Németh Dániel, source: Alaprajz, 15. évfolyam, 2008., július-augusztus, 35. old. © Kis Péter - Valkai Csaba, source: Alaprajz, 15. évfolyam, 2008., július-augusztus, 35. old. 626 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Kis Péter - Valkai Csaba, source: Alaprajz, 15. évfolyam, 2008., július-augusztus, 35. old. Brigitta Mayer - László Szentgyögyi, Owner-Occupied Apartments in Nevegy Street, Budapest, District XI, 2007 The environment of this development in Nevegy Street comprises owner-occupied apartment houses built in the 1980s as developments in unbroken rows. This building stands out among its neighbours with its characteristic white cube, which is finely articulated by cut-outs of various sizes. Only one independent apartment is contained on each level of three storeys. Floor plans are generous designs, 627 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects including recesses embracing terraces and balconies, making the mass playful. Brightly white towards the street and the drive-way, the apperance of the enclosed façade is defined by the rhythm of the stone facing and the openings articulating its surface, which sensitively responds its busier and more tranquil environment. © Oravecz István, source: Alaprajz, 14. évfolyam, 2007., július-augusztus, 36. old. © Oravecz István, source: Alaprajz, 14. évfolyam, 2007., július-augusztus, 37, old. 628 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Oravecz István, source: Alaprajz, 14. évfolyam, 2007., július-augusztus, 38. old. © Oravecz István, source: Alaprajz, 14. évfolyam, 2007., július-augusztus, 38. old. © Oravecz István, source: Alaprajz, 14. évfolyam, 2007., július-augusztus, 39. old. 629 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Oravecz István, source: Alaprajz, 14. évfolyam, 2007., július-augusztus, 39. old. © Mayer Brigitta - Szentgyögyi László, source: Alaprajz, 14. évfolyam, 2007., július-augusztus, 39. old. © Mayer Brigitta - Szentgyögyi László, source: Alaprajz, 14. évfolyam, 2007., július-augusztus, 39. old. 630 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects Péter Reimholz, Corvinus Palace, Szalag Street, Budapest, District I, 2008 Corvinus Palace is one of the most significant works in Péter Reimholz’s oeuvre realised in the Castle District. The site allocated for this refined and reserved residential complex is defined by the Castle District and Viziváros (“Water Town”). It is a significant example of integrating new contemporary architectural forms within the protected historic environment of the Castle District in Buda. An exemplary design solution of this development is the connection of Szalag and Donáti Streets. The scheme enriched the urban structure with the street plaza designed here. Featuring new modern mass formation and organised as an entity of four units, this residential complex sensitively accommodates to its environment by leaving the existing urban fabric unaffected. The external form, the brickwork on the façade, the plasterwork and surfaces clad in stone lend a harmonious appearance to these houses. © Hajdú József, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. 631 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hajdú József, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. 632 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hajdú József, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. © Hajdú József, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. 633 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Hajdú József, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. © Hajdú József, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. 634 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Reimholz Péter, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. © Reimholz Péter, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. © Reimholz Péter, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. 635 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Reimholz Péter, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/6, 3. old. Gábor Zoboki - Nóra Demeter, Dorottya Palace, Dorottya Street, Budapest, District V, 2008 With its high-quality materials and elaborate details, this elegant building represents lasting values, while its revived parts reflect contemporary features. The reconstruction plans made by the duo of architects observed and protected the valuable architectural strengths of the original Classiciststyle bank hall by Pollack and its Neo-Baroque features by Hauszmann. The character of Dorottya Palace is served by a variety of functions (business, office and residential). The ground floor contains commercial functions (restaurant, businesses), while the first storey features spacious office units. The new courtyard wings were conceived in today’s contemporary spirit. By restoring the former system of four stairwells, partly two- and partly single-level apartments were integrated. The atmosphere of the apartments featuring versatile configuration along the internal courtyard reflect Le Corbusier’s influence. 636 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/5, 37. old. © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/5, 37. old. 637 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/5, 37. old. © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/5, 37. old. © Zoboki - Demeter, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/5, 37. old. 638 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Zoboki - Demeter, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/5, 37. old. © Zoboki - Demeter, source: Régi-Új Magyar Építőművészet, 2009/5, 37. old. Lukács István - Vikár András, Simplon Court Apartments B, Váli Street, Budapest, District XI, 2009 Facing Váli Street, the building named Simplon Court Apartments was designed by Lukács and Vikár Architects to contain 28 apartments. Having to respond to challenges (the long and narrow part of the site with a partition wall touching upon the Allé Building, the northern street front), designers managed to make the best of the site’s adverse circumstances. Actually, architects conjured more light and sunshine into the apartments from both the east and west, as well as exciting views facilitated by the chessboard-like glass boxes projecting from the elevation plane of the compact building. The forms of this owner-occupied block were largely influenced by the appearance of the surrounding Modernist tenement houses of the 1930s. (See the the balcony designs and the stone-cladding in a light palette.) The ground-floor-plus-four-storey residential building contains predominantly small, 47 m2 apartments 639 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 640 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 641 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Bujnovszky Tamás, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 642 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects 643 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Lukács István, Vikár András, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 644 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects 645 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Lukács István, Vikár András, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Lukács István, Vikár András, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 János Bitó - Gyula Fülöp - Tamás Perényi, Reconstruction and Extension of an Historic Residential Building, Nándor Street No. 9, Budapest, District I, 2009 This building is a fine example of blending a contemporary vocabulary of forms with the Castle District in Buda. The greatest challenges of design work were the preservation of the historic building, the screening effects caused by the large partition wall in the neighbourhood, and the potentials of the site’s vacant segment with a width of approx. 7 metres. This house does not strive to impress us as though it were an independent vacant development. The new mass adjusts itself to the existing conditions with the proportions, scales and order of the façade and windows. The external form, the sandy palette of the brickwork in the façade, communicates with the rendered surfaces of the protected historic building. The floor plan system of the new residential wing is clear and logical. The ground floor 646 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects contains offices, and the upper storeys feature high-quality residential spaces. Meanwhile, in the old wing, the original, more than 150-year-old internal spatial correlations were preserved, complemented with a loft-apartment in the attic. © cerbenkoc, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-bovites-erzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budaivarban © cerbenkoc, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-bovites-erzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budaivarban 647 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © cerbenkoc, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-bovites-erzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budaivarban © cerbenkoc, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-bovites-erzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budaivarban 648 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © cerbenkoc, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-bovites-erzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budaivarban © cerbenkoc, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-bovites-erzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budaivarban 649 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © cerbenkoc, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-bovites-erzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budaivarban © Perényi Tamás - Bitó János - Fülöp Gyula, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-boviteserzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budai-varban 650 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Perényi Tamás - Bitó János - Fülöp Gyula, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-boviteserzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budai-varban © Perényi Tamás - Bitó János - Fülöp Gyula, source: http://epiteszforum.hu/felujitas-boviteserzekenyen-tapintatosan-a-budai-varban Gábor Turányi - Bence Turányi, Simplon Court, Bercsényi Steet, Budapest, District XI, 2010 Its language of forms was probably inspired by Modernist tenement houses in the neighbouring area, built in the 1930s and 1960s. Standing on the corner of Váli and Bercsényi Streets, this residential building came into the focus of attention, owing to its colourful façade, rounded-off corner designs, internal courtyard and lateral passages. By setting the southern block on plinths, the internal courtyard was opened to integrate the mass into the circulation of the city. The high-standard glass façade and a characertistic palette contributed to the salient external design. Each apartment in the building features colourful loggias, aluminium finishes, lamellas, terraces and transitional areas, which results in an ever-changing, dynamic image of the residential building. In line with the floor plan arrangement, the U-shaped residential building echoes traditional tenement houses with a circular gallery, its façade front oriented in three directions and volumes surrounding an open central courtyard. The bottom floor contains businesses. The majority of the dwelling units, with floor areas of 36–170 m2, can be naturally ventilated throughout thanks to the design including outside galleries. Of the apartment types contained here, the majority are two-room units with a terrace, bedsitter and elegant penthouse apartments on the top floor. 651 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Batár Zsolt, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Batár Zsolt, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 652 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Batár Zsolt, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Batár Zsolt, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 653 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Batár Zsolt, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Batár Zsolt, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Turányi Gábor - Turányi Bence, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 654 Contemporary Multi-Apartment Buildings – Hungarian Projects © Turányi Gábor - Turányi Bence, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Turányi Gábor - Turányi Bence, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 © Turányi Gábor - Turányi Bence, source: Lévai-Kanyó Judit:Többlakásos házak, Terc Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Kft., Budapest, 2012 655 Chapter 7. Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings BKK-2, Sargfabrik, Vienna, Austria, 1996 Completed in 1996, the Sargfabrik residential complex was built on the site of a former coffin factory by retaining its development structure. It was originally commissioned by a circle of friends, the would-be residential community, as a form of collective housing including not only apartments, but communal functions as well. As a result, a semi-closed and semi-open building was constructed with characteristic architectural forms symbolising communal co-existence and lifestyle, which deservedly attracted attention with the exciting spatial configuration of the apartments, the slanting planes and the interior’s shifts in level. Besides the dwellings, the building also contains a restaurant, lecture halls, a Turkish bath, a swimming pool and a kindergarten, the majority of which are open public spaces. Based on a co-housing structure, the residential complex offers a variety of amenities such as a car sharing system and laundromat. Constructed on a limited budget, Sargfabrik includes 3 spare flats and 74 apartments of different types. Contact between the large glass walls of the living rooms and the internal courtyard is a key issue here, as it boosts the sense of community. © Paolo Mazzo, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/paolomazzoleni/6085212784/ 656 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Paolo Mazzo, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/paolomazzoleni/6085212784/ © Paolo Mazzo, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/paolomazzoleni/6085212784/ 657 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Paolo Mazzo, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/paolomazzoleni/6085212784/ 658 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Paolo Mazzo, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/paolomazzoleni/6085212784/ 659 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Paolo Mazzo, source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/paolomazzoleni/6085212784/ © Miriam Kittel, source: http://tarsas2010.blog.hu/2010/03/31/sargfabrik_ket_ujabb_cikk 660 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © BKK-2, source: Housing in Vienna: Innovative, Social and Ecological © BKK-2, source: Housing in Vienna: Innovative, Social and Ecological Hentrich - Petschnigg & Partner (HPP), Dwellings for Young People, Leipzig, Germany, 2000 HPP architects won the competition to design a building containing starter homes for young people because of the rational, energy-conscious and flexible designs of interiors, proposed in their brief. The novelty of this development lies in the fact that instead of a continuous façade, it contains six identical blocks arranged in pairs along the boundaries of the site, while maintaing access between them directly into the courtyard. As it mimics a row of detached houses, the development appears more loosened up towards the internal garden, which is a venue of communal life. As a result, the apartments of the individual units can be open in three directions. There are no trusses inside the 7metre-wide apartments, which permits the free positioning of interior partitions, with the exception of the wet areas. 661 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Punctum Hans-Christian Schink, Leipzig, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Punctum Hans-Christian Schink, Leipzig, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 662 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Punctum Hans-Christian Schink, Leipzig, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © Punctum Hans-Christian Schink, Leipzig, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. 663 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg and Partner, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg and Partner, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. © HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg and Partner, source: Hilary French: New Urban Housing, Laurence King Publishing, 2006. BKK-3, Miss Sargfabrik, Vienna, Austria, 2000 Inspired by the intense attention that the first Sargfabrik received and the success that the project generated, Miss Sargfabrik was built on the neighbouring corner site in 2000. Out of rational 664 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings considerations, the residential community increased the number of existing flats so that the auxiliary amenities would not overburden the tenants financially. As a result, they added new communal spaces – a library, a computer room and other shared spaces – next to the dwellings. Both the floor plan and the structural solutions of Miss Sargfabrik were typically adjusted to meet occupants’ needs. This way, a large number of high-standard, small-size apartments with rational space utilisation could be built for tenants, the majority of whom were single individuals or belonged to one-parent families. This form of collective housing contains primarily 50 m2 studio apartments and 5 larger units with 70 m2 floor space. © Herta Hurnhaus, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Herta Hurnhaus, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 665 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Herta Hurnhaus, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Herta Hurnhaus, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 666 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Herta Hurnhaus, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © BKK-3, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © BKK-3, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 667 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © BKK-3, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 Roos Architekten, Apartment Block, Jona-Kempraten, Switzerland, 2004 Set at right angles to each other, these two residential buildings of identical cubic structures blend harmoniously with the hillside vineyard. Each contains two ground-floor garden flats with covered pergolas and three maisonettes at the top with large roof terraces facing either north-south or eastwest. All ten dwellings have a 180 m2 floor area and a flexible layout that residents can rearrange to meet their individual requirements. The simple, well-defined horizontal lines of the elevation conceal a heterogeneous internal structure. The entire face of the building is wrapped in homogeneous redcedar strips as its outer skin. The residential complex is among the pioneering ones that met Swiss MINERGIE standards (similar to the German passive houses) to reduce energy use and encourage a reliance upon renewable energy sources. © roos architekten, source: Detail, 2005.6 Solares Bauen 668 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © roos architekten, source: Detail, 2005.6 Solares Bauen © roos architekten, source: Detail, 2005.6 Solares Bauen 669 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © roos architekten, source: Detail, 2005.6 Solares Bauen © Roos Architekten, source: Detail, 2005.6 Solares Bauen © Roos Architekten, source: Detail, 2005.6 Solares Bauen 670 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Roos Architekten, source: Detail, 2005.6 Solares Bauen © Roos Architekten, source: Detail, 2005.6 Solares Bauen Johannes and Hermann Kaufmann, AM Mühlweg Housing Complex, Unit A, Vienna, Austria, 2006 One of the co-designers of this apartment block, Hermann Kaufmann, has for a long time been engaged in prefab timber structures, while also studying the traditional and innovative architectural potentials of wood as a natural building material. Since the modification of its construction code dated 2001, Vienna has permitted urban multi-storey wooden homes. As a result, the aforementioned apartment buildings have frames and panellings made of timber and/or wood products, since they create a friendly environment and a high-standard living space. A venue of private and communal space, the interior courtyard is surrounded by three volumes of different designs to make up the whole ensemble, totalling 254 apartments. Logically schemed, the four-storey building includes south- and west-facing homes of various types and dimensions to suit a variety of life situations. The insulated components of the façade shell made of larchwood are combined with colourful sliding shutters to guarantee a homely atmosphere. In addition, the ensemble meets the ever-growing demands of both architecture and efficient energy utilisation (low energy-consumption and reliance upon renewable energy sources). © ismeretlen, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 671 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © ismeretlen, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 672 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © ismeretlen, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © ismeretlen, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 673 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Johannes Kaufmann és Hermann Kaufmann, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 674 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Johannes Kaufmann és Hermann Kaufmann, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Johannes Kaufmann és Hermann Kaufmann, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 sps-architekten, Passive Energy Housing Complex “Samer Mösl", Salzburg, Austria, 2006 This social housing complex contains apartments of various sizes and types. Beneath the central volume, an underground garage connects with the continuous greenery on the surface, which is completed with a playground and bicycle stores. All three buildings are accessible separately from both sides without traffic nuisance. The energy-saving concept worked out for the whole ensemble enables this development to meet the passive house standards and thus permits economical cohousing maintenance. Oriented in two directions, the dwellings provide solar gain all day long. The necessary heat is generated by the solar-energy plant on top of the intermediate volume and the central pellet-heating system. Each apartment in this passive-house estate features a controlled living room ventillation system with an air-to-air heat exchanger that can be controlled individually. 675 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Paul Ott, Graz, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente © Paul Ott, Graz, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente © Paul Ott, Graz, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente 676 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Paul Ott, Graz, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente © Paul Ott, Graz, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente 677 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Paul Ott, Graz, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente © sps-architekten, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente © sps-architekten, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente © sps-architekten, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente 678 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © sps-architekten, source: Detail, 2007.6 Energieeffiziente Aldric Beckmann - Françoise N’Thépé, Lot M3B3, Paris, France, 2007 This residentail block was realised in line with the development plans of Masséna, the 13th district of Paris. According to the program, this project covered 48 social housing units, business offices, communal spaces and a 52-unit car-park. The structure of the building is defined and shaped by projecting building parts, large cutouts and terraces. The outside balconies with hanging corridors connecting the units that tower in space offer fascinating views of the nearby educational and cultural area. Made of exposed concrete, the exterior shell of the building is unadorned. Its massive, dark volume contrasts with the random patchwork of greenery. The building relies on a solar power system, and the utilization of rainwater has obtained the HQE qualifications, as it meets the French standards of sustainability. © Stephan Lucas, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 679 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Stephan Lucas, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Stephan Lucas, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 680 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Stephan Lucas, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Stephan Lucas, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 681 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Aldric Beckmann, Francoise N'Thépé, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 © Aldric Beckmann, Francoise N'Thépé, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 682 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Aldric Beckmann, Francoise N'Thépé, source: Luisella Gelsomino, Ottorio Marinoni: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 Elenberg Fraser, Huski Apartments, Falls Creek, Australia, 2008 Interpretable as a blend of residential building and apartment hotel, Huski is in operation all year long. Throughout the designing process, architects studied the variations in snow flake formations and combined their complex natural patterns with the architectural appearance of characteristic Australian high-rise buildings. Built on a corner site, the five-level apartment house contains a café and a spa on the ground floor, while the general levels comprise 14 dwellings. With the exception of the studios, the apartments have a kitchen, a terrace and a jacuzzi. Due to their out-of-plane designs, not to mention the loggias, each dwelling along the faceted façade is advantageously oriented with views of the hill and the trees. The most challenging issue to face during the design work for this alpine building was the large expanse of roof, since it had to withstand the substantial snowload. Snow is thus retained on the horizontal surfaces along the building’s façade, which is blended organically with the landscape. 683 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Tony Miller, architecture/ source: http://www.archdaily.com/1930/huski-apartments-elenberg-fraser- © Tony Miller, architecture/ source: http://www.archdaily.com/1930/huski-apartments-elenberg-fraser- 684 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Tony Miller, architecture/ source: http://www.archdaily.com/1930/huski-apartments-elenberg-fraser- © Tony Miller, architecture/ source: http://www.archdaily.com/1930/huski-apartments-elenberg-fraser- 685 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Tony Miller, architecture/ source: http://www.archdaily.com/1930/huski-apartments-elenberg-fraser- © Tony Miller, architecture/ source: http://www.archdaily.com/1930/huski-apartments-elenberg-fraser- © Tony Miller, architecture/ source: http://www.archdaily.com/1930/huski-apartments-elenberg-fraser- © Elenberg Fraser, source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/79668-Huski-Apartments 686 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Elenberg Fraser, source: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/79668-Huski-Apartments Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, One Brighton Apartment Complex, Brighton, Great Britain, 2009 Built in a frequented area of Brighton, this is the flagship of One Planet Living. In line with its initiative and concept, the complex is targeted to meet the criteria of sustainable (actually, zero-carbon) development concerning aspects of construction and operation, as well as related environmental and social issues. Accordingly, the house’s ecological footprint and its heating system’s energy consumption were reduced to near zero, while its infrastructure was designed to encourage residents to choose public transport, biking and the on-site car-sharing system. The roof-garden and the duplex terraces opening towards the highway facilitate communication with the environment and greenery. In addition, the smaller garden plots give tenants the opportunity to grow their own vegetables. Containing 172 apartments, the ensemble features predominantly single-room dwellings built especially for young starters and people commuting between London and Brighton. © Pamela Buxton, source: Detail 2010/2 687 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Pamela Buxton, source: Detail 2010/2 © Pamela Buxton, source: Detail 2010/2 688 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Pamela Buxton, source: Detail 2010/2 © Pamela Buxton, source: Detail 2010/2 © Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, source: Detail 2010/2 © Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, source: Detail 2010/2 Grab Architekten, Kraftwerk B, Bennau, Switzerland, 2009 This 7-apartment building stands next-door to a church, right in the heart of Bennau, a small alpine village. When designing the compact, four-storey residential house, architects prioritized aspects of construction to meet passive house standards, economical realisation and environment awareness as essential concerns. Rooms are concentrated on the south-western façade, while the wet areas on situated on the north-east front. Managing to make the most of regulations concerning the design of the gable roof, designers installed a solar energy plant on this advantageously oriented (south-west facing) expanse. Energy-wise, the building is not only self-suffieicnt, but produces more energy than it can actually utilise. In appreciation of its intelligent solutions, the house was awarded the European Solar Prize in 2009. Then, in 2010, it won the very first Norman Foster Solar Award, too. 689 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Grab Architekten, source: Detail 2010/1 Green © Grab Architekten, source: Detail 2010/1 Green 690 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Grab Architekten, source: Detail 2010/1 Green © Grab Architekten, source: Detail 2010/1 Green 691 Sustainable and EnergyEfficient Apartment Buildings © Grab Architekten, source: Detail 2010/1 Green © Grab Architekten, source: Detail 2010/1 Green © Grab Architekten, source: Detail 2010/1 Green © Grab Architekten, source: Detail 2010/1 Green 692 Chapter 8. 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Norton & Company, London, New York, 2008 • GELSOMINO, Luisella – MARINONI, Ottorino: European Housing Concepts 1990-2010, Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 2009 • HAJNÓCZI, J. Gyula: Az építészet története Ókor II. – Klasszikus kultúrák, Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1991 • LÉVAI-KANYÓ, Judit: Többlakásos házak, Terc Kiadó, Budapest, 2012 • PameR, Nóra: Magyar építészet a két világháború között, TERC Kiadó, Budapest, 2001 • PER FERNANDEZ, Aurora – MOZAS, Javier - ARPA, Javier: DBook. Density, Data, Diagrams, Dwellings, a+t ediciones, Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spanyolország), 2007 • SZENTKIRÁLYI, Zoltán – DÉTSHY, Mihály: Az építészet rövid története, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1986, 1994 693
