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16
CHAPTER
161
REVIEW
Anxiety Disorders
Carol almost constantly feels extremely tense and uneasy for no apparent reason. She cannot
concentrate on her studies, and she’s on the verge of failing all her courses. This suggests that
r
-
s~e niay suffer fro~a
may lead
which
• .
______
•,,
~
~iöbLems, ~Zh’âs Ul~s alid high
bLo~od pressure.
disorder,
Because Carol cannot identify the cause of her tension,
•
-
••
Learningtheorists would Link her anxiety with
•‘
•
~ it would-be described by Sigmund
5
while
of fear, and biological psychologists might Link it to an
•
overarousalof 6
areas
involved.in 7
control.
•
Carol’s roommate Shayna complains
of similar feelings but also
are accompanied by physical symptoms such as
experiences unexpected episodes
of intense dread, known as
which
heart 9
shortness of
breath, and choking sensations.
,
8
attacks,
Shayna has experienced several of these frightening
episodes and has begun to avoid situations in which
——~Shayna-is-devejo.pinga1earOf.
she fears 10
Thus,
-•
5leaving her hqme, which may become
11.
iftlie
-~~‘feelings:rntensify~
--
may be difficult.
-
•
-
.
.
Carol and Shayna’s friend Randal doesn’t understand their
inability to identify the source of their anxiety. He says,
•,.-~l j(now exactLywhat ~
jha~eaJ2
which
-+know1s i32v~
but at least I can deal with it by
avoiding fallobuil~ing~rfQr~Xampl~:
-
-
-‘
25%
Percentage
of people
surveyed
20
_I~beLi~ve I .i4
niyJ~arfrom:.
my dad, after watching him fall off our roof and
_never climbing a ladder again”
—•
~
10
~
Being
alone
Fear
88
Stornr,
P
Water
Clore
spaces
Height
—
Aninrals
(Continued on the next page.)
R EVI EW 16.1
: Anxiety Disorders (continued)
4
While Randal is talking with Carol and Shayna, another friend Moira
is making her third trip to the restroom to wash her hands.
M~ira•häs become 15
with the
idea that doorknobs or any dbj~cts handled by others
are full of germs. By jivi jjg? in, to her
..
-
OCb
-~-‘4
.o /~
16
to wash her hands, she
thinks she eLiminates the germs. But this constant
hand-washing is interfering with her everyday Life.
One usefuL explanation foIMóira’s behavior is biological: Brain
scans have shown thatraii~áré~’that monitors our actions and
checks for errors, the 17
.
AlternativeLy,
lea~rning.theorists would say
thatactioiIs?su~chias
frequent
J
•~p
ri~~ .‘c-—
~haq~washingreducea sufferer’s
-
.~
~i8
cortex, is espéciàlly’LikeLy to be
hyperactive in people with Moira’s’disordér.:.
~
:
thil~ reinforcing the hand washing
I
As they talk, the four friends remember Shayna’s brother Shawn, who
is an Army lieutenant serving in Afghanistan. In his many e-maiLs, he
has described to Shayna some horrific situations. Shayna fears that
-‘
when Shawn returns, h~wilL have nightmares and suffer
other constant reminders of the horrors he has seen,
~which wouLd be symptoms of
~
~
•
IS
~
1~)
~
•
•-•
~~
As explained by
20
L
theorists, any reminders of
his war time experiences~wilL bring out feeLings of’
Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet.
89
REVIEW
16.2: Mood Disorders
Dwayne’s parents (Isabel and Max) are worried about him. Dwayne’s
fiancée Arlene recently died in a car accident and since then
Dwa~ne has been Lethargic and has
lost all interest in family and friend~ This behavior
has lasted for rñore than t,oweéks, suggesting
that~he is siiffériiig.ftom’,
is more common in
which
thànih3~
‘
(menlwomen).
~
Isabel and Max think there may be a biological
explanation for Dwayne’s condition. They
.‘
a psychologist with a social-
• f~call~thTt Isabe1’~rnàther ~nd sist&
Were~b~ ia~r~ose~ ~ith psychoLogical
fr~blems,•inakating a
However,
5
7
y
perspective suggests that
Dwayne’s.-6
~
~.
~
beliefs
-
~
and
style may also be contributing to his
inability to get over the loss of his fiancée.
After about a month, Dwayne comes out of his
room, all excited with plans to move to Hawaii
and start a new career in real estate.
Max and IsabeL’s psychologist suggests that
these symptoms may indicate the
presence of 8
disorder,
which is cI~ar~cterized by alternating mood
swings between 9
~nd
Depressed state
(May 27)
Manic state
(May i8)
Depressed state
(May17)
the overexcitedl~t~teióf 10
Researchers have found that during bipolar
episodes of depression, brain levels of
11
12
90
and
are low,
Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet.
one of these neurotransmitters,
and
13
‘~
u:
S
-
.
.
,isoverabundant
.durii~g bipo’ar episodes5of mania.
REVIEW
16.3: Schizophrenia
The Swiss Guards are blocking his way, but Trevor insists
that he be let in: “I am the Pope,” he says.
Trevor is experiencing a I
-
~,
which is a common symptom of ~
1.
,hi~1~
Other symptoms include the following:
The voices Trevor hears that tell him he is Pope
and that he must “say the Mass this morning”
Trevor also laughs hysterically when the Guard
points a gun at him, thus exhibiting
are auditory
Given the presence of odd behaviors, Trevor’s symptoms are considered
5
(positive/negative), and they seem to indicate that he
has 6
Red areas show
tissue loss in
adolescents with
schizophrenia.
schizophrenia.
Trevor has been in and out of
psychiatric hospitals since he
was a teenager, indicating that
he suffers from
or process, schizophrenia
Enlarged
cranial cavity
in person with
schizophrenia.
his chances of recovery are
and that
8
(good/poor).
Researchers have proposed several explanations for schizophrenia.
(
One explanation involves low brain activity in the
An alternative expLanation suggests that a midpregnancy
and a noticeable decLine in the brain waves that reflect
10
neuraL firing.
11
infection impairs brain
development in the fetus.
Schizophrenia is largely influenced by genetic and biochemical factors, but
extreme stress often triggers the disorder, which indicates that
12
also plays a role in its onset.
Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet.
91