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RFK: The Journey to Justice by Murray Horwitz & Jonathan Estrin Cast: Michael Leydon Campbell as Burke Marshall Philip Casnoff as John F. Kennedy Henry Clarke as Robert F. Kennedy Kyle ColeriderKrugh as Byron White Kevin Daniels as Martin Luther King Jr. Ross Hellwig as Harris Wofford Thomas Vincent Kelly as John Seigenthaler Sheilynn Wactor as Coretta Scott King John Wesley as Louis Martin Directed by: John Rubinstein Executive Producer: Susan Albert Loewenberg Educational Resources by Michael Aspinwall with contributions from Vicki Pearlson and Elizabeth Bennett L.A. THEATRE WORKS IS PART OF THE PROCESS! Unique and innovative use of technology - Bringing theater into the homes of millions - Transforming education in creative ways For over 30 years, L.A. Theatre Works has recorded great plays performed by world class actors. Using state-of-the-art recording production techniques, L.A. Theatre Works transforms outstanding classic and contemporary stage works into intimate, compelling and sound-rich audio plays. Through our local live performance series, national and international touring; terrestrial and satellite broadcasting, online streaming and podcasting; smart phone, tablet apps and ebooks; digital and conventional audio publishing; and educational programming, L.A. Theatre Works ensures that theater remains easily accessible to diverse communities, and viable in the new media landscape. In total, L.A. Theatre Works serves more than nine million people each year. The only non-profit of its kind, L.A. Theatre Works’ curated collection of over 450 titles represents the best dramatic literature of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries: works that illuminate the human experience. Plays are chosen for their artistic significance, as well as for their ability to challenge listeners to examine assumptions about themselves and others. Our Alive and Aloud program brings recordings of plays central to middle and high school curricula to thousands of students across the country. Audio recordings and eBooks of titles such as Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and Shakespeare’s Macbeth are used as dynamic teaching tools which bring theater to life in the classroom while strengthening students’ reading, comprehension and analytical skills. L.A. Theatre Works’ titles are available in over 9,500 public libraries throughout the United States and worldwide, via both physical and digital online check-out. In partnership with Alexander Street Press, L.A. Theatre Works has developed Audio Drama: The L.A. Theatre Works Collection, a deeply indexed, searchable online database of 300 plays for higher education. Unique to the database is its extensive search capabilities giving students, instructors and researchers the ability to search plays by subject, keyword or theme and to use the database’s rich content to illustrate and examine concepts and issues in any academic subject. L.A. Theatre Works is heard in over 100 U.S. public radio markets every week, and daily in China via The Radio Beijing Network. To learn more about L.A. Theatre Works, visit www.latw.org. L.A. Theatre Works 681 Venice Blvd., Venice, CA 90291 (310) 827-0808 (800) 708-8863 www.latw.org L.A. Theatre Works L.A. Theatre Works All Rights Reserved @LATheatreWorks Thematic Overview and Cross-Curricular Opportunities Each of the works at LATW has theatrical as well as literary merit. However, most teachers will not be able to teach the play in its entirety. In this section of the study guide, we want to highlight universal themes in the play, illustrate how the play dramatizes and deals with the themes, and offer ways to associate those themes into various curriculums. Theme “RFK: The Feeling of Justice” is as rich in theme as it is in history. The teacher’s guide highlights some of the themes and events that drive the play. These themes include: The power of persuasive speaking The political process: gaining the Black American vote Civil Rights Historical Time Period and Setting One of the major ways LATW plays can be translated to the classroom is through association of time period. “RFK: The Feeling of Justice” is set in the American 60’s. The dialogue of the play is a direct reflection of the time period and the vernacular of American politicians of that time. The Docudrama Another fascinating element of “RFK: The Feeling of Justice” is its genre. Different from a traditional play, a docudrama brings an actual historic event to life on stage. This form of reenactment literally breathes life into history and is made more powerful by its commitment to the original moment. From a teaching perspective, the docudrama allows students to not only appreciate the live performance, but also to witness a moment in history. Current Connections The issues raised in “RFK: The Feeling of Justice” resonate today for many reasons. It is a fascinating piece of real drama set in the 1960’s when America was changing. A world war had ended, social traditions were being challenged, rock and roll played in the background, and a great wave of revivalism swept the country. Clearly the civil rights movement did not begin or end with Robert Kennedy or Dr. Martin King; in fact, for different groups the struggle for equal rights under the law continues today. Classroom Activities & Lesson Ideas The Power of Persuasive Speaking Objective: After this activity, students will be able to think critically about persuasive oration, identify and label qualities of a speech that appeal to listeners, and write and deliver a persuasive speech to their classmates. Motivation: Introduce or review the Aristotelian principles of persuasion: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos. When students have a grasp of these three terms, pass out copies of one of RFK’s speeches (one of his most famous speeches is included in this teachers’ guide, but others are available online). Ask students the following questions: 1. Can you find examples of ethos in this speech? What about these statements appeals to the moral or ethical standards of the audience? 2. Can you find examples of pathos in this speech? What about these statements appeals to the audience’s emotions? 3. Can you find examples of logos in this speech? What about these statements appeals to the audience’s logic? Activity: Divide students into groups of four. Each group of students will receive a picture of a basic food (i.e.: apples, oranges, etc). Students should keep their food a secret from the other groups. The facilitator then tells students that each group has a different picture and their job is to write a 30-second speech in which they convince the rest of the class that their food is the best choice. The only catch is they cannot at any point disclose what food they have to the class. In other words, they cannot describe, name or give any specific information about their food. Instead, they have to use other principles of persuasion to convince their audience to buy their food. Evaluation: Students deliver their speeches to the class. After hearing all of the speeches, audience members will have to choose which group’s food they would like to buy. Individuals can only choose one food and they cannot choose their own food. Once the class has voted (either by a show of hands or secret ballot), the facilitator should tally the votes and discover which group received the most votes. After announcing the winner, the facilitator can conduct a whole class discussion about the elements of the speeches given and why they were effective. Students can disclose their food items and talk about their writing process. Materials / Time: • 1 – 2 class periods (depending on length of discussion or work time allotted). • Pictures of Food The Political Process: Winning a Minority Vote Objective: Students will be able to participate in a mock election inside the classroom, identify and understand the power of a minority group’s vote, and have a more clear understanding of political positioning with regard to minority groups and the election process. Motivation: Review with students the conversation that takes place at the beginning of “RFK: The Feeling of Justice” between John and Robert Kennedy. Ask students the following questions: 1. Why is JFK upset about not having his picture taken with Jackie Robinson? 2. What does he want? 3. Do you think politicians think about votes in this way often? 4. How does that make you feel about them? 5. If you were to run for president, would you do the same thing? Activity: Ask the class to elect two students who will run against each other for class president. Explain to them that the class president will be able to make new classroom rules for one week. Once two students are chosen, bring the students up in front of the class, and explain to them that they will have to earn votes from their classmates to be elected class president. The candidates will be sent out of the room, then one at a time they will be asked to come into the room and approach one student, introduce themselves, and spend 30 seconds trying to talk with this one individual student to earn their vote. After 30 seconds, the candidate will leave the room again, and the other candidate will come in and repeat the process. Before the first round for the candidates, the facilitator will give each student stickers, which represent their votes. Whenever a candidate approaches a student, the student can chose to endorse the candidate. If a student decides to endorse a candidate, they can put their sticker(s) on the board next to that candidate’s name. Some of the students will receive one sticker representing one vote. Other students will receive several stickers; these students will represent minority groups. After one round of candidates approaching students, the facilitator should then disclose to both candidates that some students have one vote and other students have several votes. Before the third round, candidates have the opportunity to elect a running mate. This means that each candidate may select one student from the class who can advise them on who they should talk to, and what they should say. Students should play between three and five rounds. Evaluation: Tally the results of the election. Discuss with students how and why the election turned out the way it did. Discuss with candidates what challenges they faced, and how effective it was to have running mate. Materials / Time: • 1 class period (depending on length of discussion). • Stickers for individual students Civil Rights Objective: After this activity, students will have personal experience of civil rights issues on a small scale. They will be able to define and discuss civil rights as they pertain to different groups throughout history and as they pertain to contemporary issues. Motivation: As students walk into class, the facilitator should have a portion of the classroom desks turned to face the back of the room. As students file into class, the facilitator should instruct students with a certain characteristic to occupy only the desks facing away from the front of the class. For example, all students who wear glasses or have blue eyes will sit in the reversed desks. Activity: Once students have been segregated, the facilitator should announce a pop quiz on a current topic the class is covering. The facilitator should administer the questions orally and intentionally mistreat the students who are facing away from the front of the room. The facilitator might put the answers to the quiz questions on the board so that only the students in the front can see them, or give a piece of candy to each student who gets an answer correct, but refuse to give candy to students who are facing the back of the room. Over the course of the unjust behavior, students facing the back of the room will begin to react to their situation. The facilitator should continue the unjust treatment to elicit this response. Evaluation: After a period of time, students should reset the classroom and discuss the following questions: How did you feel during that quiz? Did you think it was fair? What made it unfair? Did it make you more or less likely to pay attention and participate? Do you feel like you learned something? What are civil rights? Divide the class into small groups and have each group brainstorm a list of what they feel their civil rights are. Then ask them to brainstorm a list of what they feel are their civil rights. Share out their ideas about their civil rights with the entire class. With the entire class, start a discussion about different groups that have been or are currently being denied these civil rights. Materials / Time: • 1 class period (depending on length of discussion or work time allotted). Program Notes Following Robert F. Kennedy’s Path to Justice In the spring of 1963, U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, concerned about rising racial tensions in the North and South, and looking for fresh ideas on how to cope with civil rights problems, convened two meetings with African-American writer James Baldwin. Baldwin had been sharply critical of President John F. Kennedy for not being more forceful about the civil rights struggle gripping the United States. At the conclusion of the first meeting (held at Kennedy’s home in Virginia), Kennedy asked Baldwin to put together some of his “best people in New York” to “talk this whole thing over.” The group that met with Kennedy at his New York City apartment included Baldwin and his actor brother David, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Lorraine Hansberry, singers Harry Belafonte and Lena Horne, psychologist Dr. Kenneth B. Clark, consul to the Ghandi Society Clarence B. Jones, and Freedom Rider Jerome Smith. The result was unexpected for both sides. Kennedy – publicly tight-lipped about the meeting – expressed privately his shock that his brother’s administration wasn’t lauded by blacks for its efforts, who told him that if this is the best he could do, then the best was not enough. Kennedy was humiliated by the group’s desperate laughter and surprised by so much anger. “We were a little shocked by the extent of his naïveté,” James Baldwin explained afterwards. Baldwin noted that he and his friends left the meeting convinced that Kennedy didn’t understand the full extent of the growing racial struggles in the North. From this footnote to history comes the play that you will watch tonight. L.A. Theatre Works Producing Director Susan Loewenberg remembers hearing about the Baldwin-Kennedy meeting, whose cast of characters sounded like it could have been dreamed up by a Hollywood producer posing a “what if” scenario. Loewenberg wondered about what happened within the walls of the Kennedy apartment. She also wondered about the dramatic possibilities to be found in the story of “Bobby” Kennedy, the scrawny seventh child of Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, who grew up to be a fierce football end, staunch protector of his adored older brother John, and a combative criminal justice prosecutor, Attorney General, New York State Senator, and presidential candidate. The possibility of exploring the co-existing dualities of RFK’s persona – the Attorney General who ordered the wire-tapping of Martin Luther King Jr.’s phones alongside the grim-faced, much-moved visitor who talked to children on visits to homes of the Appalachian poor– was too good to pass up. The role of hero of the civil rights movement is not one that Robert Kennedy intended to take on. His initial ambivalence -- he and his brother courted black voters in 1960 as a way of helping to shore up JFK’s presidential election bid – has been largely forgotten over time and in light of his later achievements. But the ensuing eight years -- chronicled in our play -- contained a series of incidents, growing relationships, and social changes that put RFK at the forefront of the fight for civil rights. He was a man with a strong sense of right and wrong, both morally and legally. Deeply moved by the injustices he saw through the multiple arrests of Martin Luther King on trumped-up charges, the humiliations suffered by black students trying to get an education, and the lack of employment and business opportunities for blacks, RFK’s strides towards achieving equality began with legislative measures, eventually expanding his concerns beyond Black-White issues to fundamental issues such as worker’s rights and poverty – issues that went beyond race. It’s strangely appropriate that Loewenberg located writers for the RFK play as the 40th anniversary of RFK’s shocking assassination approached, through a chance meeting at a screening of “RFK Remembered,” the film commissioned by the Kennedy family after RFK’s death and shown at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Loewenberg connected with an old friend, actor/writer/ director Murray Horwitz and they discussed the project. Horwitz – who had been a supporter of Eugene McCarthy in the 1968 campaign – recalls the continuing devotion and excitement expressed by anyone who worked with RFK. In short time, Horwitz and writing partner/TV producer and writer Jonathan Estrin were engulfed in reading RFK’s eloquent speeches, numerous Kennedy biographies, period newspaper articles and editorials, and transcripts of Senate hearings. In the RFK files at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston copies of telegrams, drafts of campaign flyers and speeches, hate mail letters, and itineraries from RFK’s many fact-finding tours were found. Robert Drew’s 1963 documentary “Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment,” which follows RFK and Governor George Wallace through the days leading up to the integration of the University of Alabama, depicts the atmosphere of the Attorney General’s office, the tension of the time and situation, and gave the writers a first-hand view of how the Kennedy brothers interacted with each other. Perhaps more valuable than the historical records are the personal accounts of RFK’s humour, hard work, and faith in justice. A number of RFK’s confidantes and staff gave interviews to Horwitz and Estrin – interviews that provided enormously helpful character details and went beyond the historical record of the personal journey of RFK. Journalist John Seigenthaler – RFK’s administrative aide whose Southern drawl and humour comes across in news clips and accounts of the era – first met Kennedy in 1957 and remained close with him to the end – despite having tried to convince his friend not to run for president. Seigenthaler’s insight into the solitary, internal changes undergone by RFK after the President’s assassination helped guide the writers as they explored RFK’s emergence from his brother’s shadow. Frank Mankiewicz – who worked as RFK’s press secretary during his years in the Senate and later went on to become CEO of NPR – told the writers exactly what happened on a horrible night in April 1968 when RFK faced an urban crowd in Indianapolis that had not yet heard that Martin Luther King Jr. had been shot and killed. Also on board to provide comments and relevant historical material was presidential biographer and columnist Richard Reeves. These and many other firsthand, eyewitness accounts helped Horwitz and Estrin dramatize the complexity of RFK’s personality and his struggle for civil rights and other causes. The play you’ll see tonight is the result of the extensive research and exploration described above. But this is not a time piece depicting frozen moments. Kennedy’s achievements – at the time so controversial and ground-breaking – have become part of the fabric of American life. But had Kennedy not taken a gutsy, hard-nosed view towards legislative innovations, and later a heartfelt approach to the construction of social and economic development programs, many Americans wouldn’t have enjoyed the rights and prosperity of the last 40 years. As we enter the age of Barack Obama, it’s well worth looking back at the complexities of one of the men who indirectly made it possible for Obama to sit where he does now. And to contemplate the possibilities of what else might have been, had RFK been President himself. ~ Elizabeth Bennett, Dramaturg and Researcher Character Breakdown John F. Kennedy: Served as Congressman from Massachusetts 1947-53; Senator from Massachusetts 1953-60; President of the United States 1960-63; assassinated in 1963. Robert F. Kennedy: John F. Kennedy’s younger brother and campaign manager during JFK’s 1960 Presidential campaign. Served the United States government as United States Attorney General 1961-64; United States Senator from New York 1965-68; assassinated in June, 1968. Eleanor Roosevelt: Former First Lady; former delegate to the United Nations; newspaper columnist; early civil rights advocate. Harry Belafonte: Singer and actor. Board member of Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Harris Wofford: Served from 1954-58 as an attorney for the United States Commission on Civil Rights, an experience that led him to become an early supporter of the civil rights movement and a friend of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Served as Civil rights advisor to 1960 Kennedy presidential campaign; Special Assistant to the President for Civil Rights, 1961-62; associate director of the Peace Corps, 1962-65; U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania, 1991-95; introduced Presidential candidate Barack Obama when he gave his famous “A More Perfect Union” speech on race in 2008. Martin Luther King, Jr: Baptist minister and civil rights activist; President, Southern Christian Leadership Conference; Nobel Peace Prize laureate, 1964; assassinated in April, 1968. Byron “Whizzer” White: Served as Deputy U.S. Attorney General 1961-62; appointed to U.S. Supreme Court 1962 and remained on the bench until 1993. Louis Martin: Mid-Western journalist and newspaper owner. Member of JFK’s 1960 campaign staff; advisor to Kennedys through his post with the Democratic National Committee, and later to President Lyndon Johnson; special assistant to President Jimmy Carter. Coretta King: Wife of Martin Luther King Jr. Singer; early civil rights activist; maintained her own activism and her husband’s legacy, founding the King Center in Atlanta and supporting women’s and gay rights. S. Ernest Vandiver (Governor Vandiver): Democratic Governor of Georgia 1959-1963, segregationist but early Kennedy supporter. Sergeant Shriver: Married to Kennedy sister Eunice, he campaigned for JFK during the 1960 presidential campaign and then became the First Director of the Peace Corps 1961-64. Vice presidential candidate on the McGovern ticket in 1972. John Seigenthaler: Journalist; Administrative Assistant to RFK while Attorney General; RFK campaign aide and confidant; founding editorial director of USA Today 1982-91; mentor to Al Gore; continues to speak and write as founder of the First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University. Martin Luther King, Sr. (Daddy King): Baptist minister and early civil rights leader; pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta 1948-75. Douglas Edwards: First CBS television evening news anchor (1948-62) and was succeeded by Walter Cronkite; CBS radio correspondent and anchor 1942-88. Senator Kenneth Keating: Republican Senator from New York 1959-65, defeated by Robert F. Kennedy; U.S. Senator James O. Eastland: Democratic Senator from Mississippi 1943-79. Powerful Senate leader who supported the Kennedy brothers but was resistant to change; best known for his support of White Supremacy and for his opposition of the civil rights movement. Burke Marshall: Lawyer; Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division 1961-64 who was driven to increase African-American voter registration; Vice President & General Counsel, IBM Corporation 1965-69. Governor John M. Patterson: Democratic Governor of Alabama 1959-63. Despite being an active supporter of JFK’s presidential candidacy, Patterson was a segregationist who banned the NAACP from operating in Alabama and enjoyed support from the Ku Klux Klan. Diane Nash: Activist and leader of the Nashville sit-ins. A founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); a leader of the Freedom Rides; major participant in SCLC, splitting from it in 1965. Wyatt Walker: A pastor and activist who served as chief of staff for Martin Luther King, Jr. Board member of SCLC; one of the founders and executive director of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); continued his activism as Senior Pastor of the Canaan Baptist Church in Harlem from 1967 until his retirement in 2004. Charles Sherrod: An activist and one of the founders of SNCC. Director of the Southwest Georgia Project for Community Education, 1961-87. Earl Long: Three-time Democratic governor of Louisiana who called for full voter participation from African Americans in his state. J. Edgar Hoover: Notorious Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who, for nearly 50 years, launched campaigns against suspected subversives via means such as spying and harassment. Governor Ross Barnett: Trial lawyer and Democratic Governor of Mississippi 1960-64. A staunch Segregationist who fought against racial integration. Nicholas Katzenbach: Assistant U.S. Attorney General in Office of Legal Counsel at Department of Justice from 1961 to 1962 who then served as Deputy U.S. Attorney General 1962-64. An active participant against Governor Wallace at University of Alabama and an architect of the Warren Commission. Jerome Smith: CORE activist who participated in the Freedom Rides. Invited by James Baldwin to speak with RFK as part of coalition of African-American activists. George Wallace: Three-time Governor of Alabama (1962-66, 1970-78, 1982-86) who claimed various party affiliations. Well-known for a line from his 1963 inauguration speech in which he called for “segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.” James Farmer: Civil rights activist and leader who initiated the 1961 Freedom Ride that eventually led to desegregation of interstate busing; a founder and director of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ): Former Representative and Senator from Texas; Vice President of the U.S. 1961- 63 who became President upon the assassination of JFK in 1963 and won election in 1964. Oversaw the designing of the “Great Society” legislation focusing on civil rights, public broadcasting, health care, education reforms, environmental protection, and poverty; also responsible for escalating American troop involvement in the Vietnam War. Charles Evers: Civil rights activist and older brother of Medgar Evers who became the leader of the Mississippi branch of the NAACP after his brother’s death. First African-American mayor of a racially mixed southern city (Fayette, MS). Edward M. (Teddy) Kennedy: Democratic Senator from Massachusetts from 1963 until his death in 2009. Known for his oratory skills and his tireless campaigns for economic and social justice, emphasizing immigration reform, health care coverage and scientific research, civil and rights. Nelson Rockefeller: Republican Governor of New York 1959-73 where his primary concerns were education, environmental protection, transportation, housing, welfare, medical aid, civil rights, and the arts; Vice-President of the United States 1974-77 under Gerald Ford. General Dwight D. Eisenhower: Five-star General in the U.S. Army. As President of the United States 1953-61, he declared racial discrimination a national security issue. Peter Edelman: Lawyer and policy maker who was the Legislative Assistant to Sen. Robert Kennedy 1964-68 and who accompanied RFK on his fact-finding missions. Currently serves as Associate Dean at the Georgetown University Law Center. Married to Marian Wright Edelman, president and founder of the Children’s Defense Fund. Senator George Murphy: Former movie actor; Republican Senator from California 1965-71. Satirized for racist remarks about Mexican farm workers. Grace G. Olivarez: Activist focused on poverty and labor issues associated with Mexican Americans, and who worked for the U.S. Civil Rights Commission doing field surveys of the problems of Mexican Americans. Dolores Huerta: activist and organizer; co-founder of the United Farm Workers. Cesar Chavez: Activist and civil rights leader who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which became the United Farm Workers. In 1965, Chavez led the historic march of grape pickers to the California state capitol as an action in the move to seek higher wages. Dr. Robert Coles: Child psychiatrist, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning series of books The Children of Crisis. Dr. Raymond Wheeler: North Carolina physician; expert on nutrition and health problems of poor people in the South. Frank Mankiewicz: Lawyer and journalist; press secretary to Sen. Robert Kennedy. Earl Graves: Publisher; founder of Black Enterprise magazine; administrative assistant to Sen. Robert Kennedy. Cast Biographies MICHAEL LEYDON CAMPBELL (Burke Marshall, others) A native of Boston, Michael’s New York theatre credits include: Liz Tuccillo’s Fair Fight and Joe Fearless. Television credits include: “House,” “Law & Order,” “NYPD Blue” and “The West Wing.” Film credits include: Bob Funk, This Is Not A Film, Knots, Ash Wednesday and Sidewalks of New York. Michael currently resides in both Los Angeles and New York. PHILIP CASNOFF (JFK, others) On Broadway Phil played ‘Billy Flynn’ opposite Bebe Neuwirth. He also starred as ‘Blackthorn’ in the musical version of SHOGUN, played ‘Freddy’ in CHESS (Theater World Award, Drama Desk Nom) and he also starred opposite his wife, ( Roxanne Hart ) in Shaw’s DEVIL’S DISCIPLE (Circle in the Square). At the NYSF he played the lead in Todd Rundgren’s UP AGAINST IT (drama desk nom), and was in residence with the Dodgers theater company at BAM and the NYSF. He has performed leading roles in classical and contemporary plays and musicals at Yale, Longwharf, & Arena Stage and ACT. On television he was a regular cast member on “Strong Medicine” where he also directed several episodes, as well as two episodes of “Monk.” He was ‘Stanislavsky’ on HBO’s “Oz,” ‘Vitelli’ in “Under Suspicion,” and has played leading roles in several miniseries including “North and South,” and the title role in “Sinatra” (Golden Globe nom). Most recently he could be seen as ‘Clive Ambrose’ on the Joss Whedon series “Dollhouse.” HENRY CLARKE (RFK)– Stage credits include No Man’s Land (A.R.T.), Macbeth, Henry V, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Richard III, Summer, Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare & Co.), Hamlet (Icarus NYC), The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told (SpeakEasy Stage), The Heidi Chronicles (New Century Theater), House of Gold (PlayPenn), Bach at Leipzig (Odyssey Theatre). On TV, Henry has appeared in “Chuck” and “Brush Up Your Shakespeare; an Evening at Pops”. He has been in several feature films, including Senses of Place and Undertakings (in production). He holds an MFA in playwriting from Smith College, and an MFA in acting from the ART institute at Harvard/MXAT. KYLE COLERIDER-KRUGH (Byron White, others) is smiling because he’s back on the road with LATW. His previous work for the company includes THE GREAT TENNESEE MONKEY TRIAL, BROADWAY BOUND and WAR OF THE WORLDS/THE LOST WORLD as well as numerous collaborations with producer Susan Loewenberg and Chicago Theatres on the Air. He’s a company member of the critically acclaimed Theatre Tribe in Los Angeles where audiences have enjoyed him in The Violet Hour, Book Of DAYS and Recent Tragic Events. Born and raised in Ohio where he graduated from Kent State with his BA in acting and directing, he worked in Cleveland at Great Lakes Theatre Festival, Seaworld Ohio, Cain Park, The Cleveland Playhouse, and five seasons with the Fairmount Theatre of the Deaf. Kyle and his wife, Tracy, moved to Chicago where their daughter Glenna was born and he appeared in Richard II, Sin (World Premiere) and Arcadia, (Goodman Theatre), Othello, Cloud Nine, The Triumph of Love, The Mystery Cycle: Creation & Passion, (Court Theatre), Anyone Can Whistle, (Pegasus Players), Shear Madness, (Blackstone Theatre), Othello, (Shakespeare Repertory) As You Like It, (Oak Park Festival), and two and half years of touring with THE BEST OF SECOND CITY. Additionally, he performed in Below The Belt (Alliance Theatre, Atlanta), Open Window (Pasadena Playhouse), and Take Me Out (Geffen Playhouse) and ART (Laguna Beach Playhouse) His film and television credits include: Primal Fear, Secretary, ”Numb3rs,” “Without A Trace,” “ER,” “Sister Sister,” “The Pretender,” “Grace Under Fire,” “Third Rock From the Sun,” “Early Edition,” “Seinfeld” and “Medium.” KEVIN DANIELS (MLK) was last seen at L.A. Theatre Works in the recording of Betrayed, directed by Pippin Parker. Other LATW credits include roles in BECKET, ON THE WATERFRONT, and THE LION IN WINTER. Most recently Kevin played the role of ‘Milton’ in Michael Sargent’s dark comedy BLACK LEATHER, directed by Chris Covics. Other favorite projects include 9 CIRCLES, by Bill Cain (South Coast Rep) FLAG DAY, by Lee Blessing (Ojai Playwrights Conference) COMPROMISE, by Israel Horovitz (Gloucester Stage Company) and TWELFTH NIGHT directed by Nicholas Hytner (Lincoln Center) Film and Television credits include: “Law and Order,” “Brothers and Sisters,” “Frasier,” “Smallville,” “Buffy the Vampire Slayer,” “JAG,” “Charmed,” “Third Watch,” “Deadline,” “100 Questions for Charlotte Payne,” And Then Came Love, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hollywood Homicide, The Island, and Ladder 49. Kevin is a graduate of The Juilliard Drama Division. ROSS HELLWIG (Harris Wofford, others) Los Angeles Theatre: All’s Well That Ends Well and Macbeth (Kingsmen Shakespeare Company), Photograph 51 (The Fountain Theatre), The Rainmaker (A Noise Within), The Rover and Troilus & Cressida (The Antaeus Company). Regional: Vincent in Brixton, Macbeth, Don Juan, Antony & Cleopatra, The Comedy of Errors, The Winter’s Tale, and As You Like It (The Old Globe Theatre), Spinning into Butter (Pittsburgh Public Theatre), Private Lives (Pittsburgh Irish and Classical Theatre), Romeo & Juliet (Pennsylvania Shakespeare Festival), And Then They Came For Me (Mill Mountain Theatre), Romeo & Juliet (Theatreworks/USA), Henry V (Westport Shakespeare in the Park), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Shakespeare Under the Stars). Television: “Numb3rs,” “Law & Order: SVU,” “Guiding Light.” THOMAS VINCENT KELLY (John Seigenthaler, others) is pleased to join L.A. Theatre Works’ Production of RFK: The Journey to Justice. Los Angeles stage credits include: Death of a Salesman at Interact; The Wind Cries Mary at East/West Players; Mr. Kolpert at the Odyssey Theatre and Only Say the Word for Ensemble Studio Theatre. He has performed with theatres throughout the country including San Jose Rep., Goodman, Steppenwolf, Chicago Shakespeare, Writers’ Theatre, Seanachai Theatre (where he is a founding member), American Players, Connecticut Rep. and Shakespearean Festivals in Utah, Florida, Illinois and Idaho. Television credits include: “Saving Grace,” “The Closer,” “24,” “Without a Trace,” and numerous other guest appearances. LYNN WACTOR (Coretta Scott King, others) After graduating from the Baltimore School for the Arts as a theater major, Lynn continued her theater training at the University of Maryland at College Park, before moving on to further her studies in New York. She quickly joined the New York and touring companies of the hit off-Broadway production STOMP. After doing some serious globe trotting, the Baltimore native ventured to Los Angeles and rounded out her training at the Groundlings school for improv. She has been ensconced in the world of Independent film and theater; some of her mainstream credits include “Criminal Minds,” “ER,” “The DL Chronicles,” the film Rent, the Santa Monica Playhouse production of UGLy and BUNNI AND CLYDE at the Celebration Theater. She is extremely proud to have been involved in countless table reads in the living rooms of many terribly talented writers. Lynn is thrilled to be a part of this project, and to be working with L.A. Theatre Works. JOHN WESLEY (Louis Martin, others) Theatre Credits: STICK FLY (McCarter Theatre, Matrix Theatre) Seven Guitars, A Streetcar Named Desire, Jitney and Blues for an Alabama Sky (Denver Center for Performing Arts); Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom (GeVa); Richard II, Coriolanus, Twelfth Night, Two Gentlemen of Verona (Oregon Shakespeare Festival); Ionesco’s Macbett and Toys in the Attic (Old Globe Theatre - Atlas Award for the latter); An American Clock, Wild Oats (Mark Taper Forum); OyamO’s I Am A Man (Fountain Theatre Drama -Logue Award for Best Supporting Actor). Over 90 films and television movies including 48 Hours, Missing In Action, Believers, The Twenty, Big Fish, The Wood, 13th Child and Remember the Titans. He was artistic and producing director of the Southern California Black Repertory Company, where his productions of Athol Fugard’s Sizwe Bansi Is Dead and The Island went on to tour for three years. RFK: A Brief Chronology 1925: November 20 in Brookline, MA. Robert Francis Kennedy is the seventh child of Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. 1939-1942: Attends Portsmouth Priority 1942-1944: Attends Milton Academy 1944-46: Serves in the United States Navy Reserve while enrolled at Harvard University 1946: Serves aboard the USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. 1948: Graduates from Harvard University. Visits Cairo, Israel and Lebanon to cover the Arab-Israeli conflict for the Boston Post. Begins law school at University of Virginia. 1950: Marries Ethel Skakel, a college friend of his sister Jean. 1951: Graduates from University of Virginia Law School. Admitted to the Massachusetts bar. Makes a trip to Asia with his brother John and sister Patricia. 1951-52: Acts as Attorney in the Criminal Division at the Department of Justice. 1952: Serves as Campaign Manager in John F. Kennedy’s election to U.S. Senate 1952-1953: Serves as Assistant Counsel, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, headed by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Investigative work repudiates McCarthy’s claim that American foreign policy is being created by subversives. 1953-1954: Serves as Assistant Counsel, Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch. 1954-1957: Returns to Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations as Chief Counsel to the Minority. Condemns Senator McCarthy’s allegations of Communists infiltrating the U.S. Army. 1955: Travels to Soviet Central Asia with Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas 1957-60: Serves as Chief Counsel, Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field. Gains national recognition for his investigations into the Teamsters Union and for his relentless and mocking questioning of Jimmy Hoffa and David Beck. 1959-1960: Serves as Campaign Manager in JFK’s election to the Presidency. (This is where the play begins.) 1960: Publishes The Enemy Within, a book describing corrupt practices of unions, particularly the Teamsters, which he uncovered while working as chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee in 1957–59. • • 1961: • • • • October: JFK calls Coretta Scott King to express concern for the safety of her husband, Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., after he is jailed in Georgia for violating probation on a minor traffic charge after sitting in at a department store lunch counter. Dr. King is released shortly thereafter. November 8: JFK is elected 35th president of the United States. January 20: John F. Kennedy inaugurated as president. RFK’s appointment as U.S. Attorney General is confirmed and he serves as Attorney General from January, 1961 until his resignation on September 3, 1964. May 4: Freedom Rides begin. May 6: In addressing the University of Georgia Law School, RFK makes his first major speech as Attorney General. Expresses the Kennedy administration’s commitment to civil rights. May 20: RFK orders U.S. marshals into Montgomery, Alabama, after the attacks on Freedom Riders. 1962: RFK’s Goodwill Tour around the world. • March 1962: RFK authorizes FBI to begin wiretapping the telephones of Stanley Levison, an advisor to Martin Luther King, Jr. who J. Edgar Hoover believes is a Communist. • September 20: James Meredith seeks admission to University of Mississippi. Because of resistance from the university community and MS Governor Ross Barnett, President John F. Kennedy ordered federal marshals to ensure Meredith’s right to enroll and to protect him as he moved to the campus. Riots break out and JFK orders federal troops to quell riots. • October 1: James Meredith becomes the first black student at the University of Mississippi. • October 14-28: Cuban missile crisis. 1963: • • • • • • • • 1964: • April: Dr. King begins “Project C” in Birmingham, Alabama to protest police tactics used against AfricanAmericans. Mass arrests are made in response to quell the violence. In response to his incarceration, Dr. King writes “Letter from a Birmingham Jail.” May 25: RFK meets in NYC with a group of civil rights activists convened by James Baldwin. The group includes social psychologist Kenneth B. Clark, playwright Lorraine Hansberry, performers Harry Belafonte and Lena Horne, the counsel to the Gandhi Society, the director of the Chicago Urban League, and Freedom Rider Jerome Smith. June 11: Alabama National Guardsmen called in to accompany 2 African-American students as they are admitted to the University of Alabama. Governor George Wallace personally tries to block their entrance. Later that night, President Kennedy gives his famous civil rights address to the nation, calling for a civil rights act. July 23-30: RFK takes part in Senate hearings on civil rights bill. August 28: March on Washington takes place and Dr. King delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech. October 10: RFK authorizes the FBI to begin wiretapping the telephones of the Martin Luther King, Jr. November 22: President and brother John F. Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, TX July 2: Civil Rights Act outlawing racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment, is signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. • • • • September 3: Resigns as U.S. Attorney General in order to run for U.S. State Senator from New York. August 27: At the Democratic National Convention, RFK is met with a 20-minute standing ovation when he appears to make a tribute to his slain brother. November: Elected as a Democrat from New York to U.S. Senate, an office he will hold until his death. 1965: August 6: Voting Rights Act outlawing discriminatory voting practices is signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. 1966: January: RFK gives two speeches called “Problems of the Urban Negro.” • February: Kennedy visits the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn -- an area of few unified families, high unemployment, low income, and no federal aid – that had been heavily damaged during race riots in 1964. The area’s need prompts RFK to devise a way to encourage private funders to partner with public officials and community leaders to encourage investment and business opportunities to address economic and social issues. • February: Publicly breaks with the Johnson administration from support of Vietnam War. • March 10: RFK travels to California to show support for striking migrant workers. His meetings with Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta of the National Farm Workers Association led RFK to resolve to work on behalf of the workers, particularly because of their approach to non-violent protest. Kennedy’s public profile brought the farm workers’ cause into the national spotlight. • June 6: Delivers the Day of Affirmation speech at University of Cape Town, South Africa, in which he connects the U.S. civil rights movement with resistance to racial segregation in South Africa. • December 10: RFK’s official public introduction of the Bedford-Stuyvesant Development and Service Corporation. 1967: Publishes To Seek a Newer World, a collection of essays expressing RFK’s viewpoint on a wide range of issues. • • 1968: • • • • • • • • April: Travels as part of the Senate Subcommittee on Poverty traveled to Jackson, Mississippi, to hold hearings on the problems the poor in the South have with a government food program. Late Spring: Meets with child psychologist Dr. Robert Coles and Dr. Raymond Wheeler, a physician from North Carolina. Both men had been studying the impoverished living conditions of the rural poor in the South. The doctors spur RFK’s interest in doing more for hungry children. January: Publicly announces that he won’t seek presidential nomination in 1968 election. February: Makes historic trip through Appalachia on fact-finding mission about poverty and hunger March 18: Announces candidacy for U.S. presidency March 31: LBJ announces that he will not seek re-election to the presidency. April 4: MLK assassinated in Memphis, TN. Arriving in Indianapolis for a campaign rally, RFK breaks the news to a crowd who were unaware of King’s death. His speech that night is largely unscripted, includes a rare public reference to his brother’s death, and asks his supporters to honor King’s message of non-violence. June 5: Mortally wounded by an assassin’s bullet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California, just after winning victory in that state’s crucial Democratic primary. June 6: RFK dies at the age of 42 from the effect of the assassin’s bullet. Is buried at Arlington National Cemetery after a funeral train transports his body from New York City – where his funeral was conducted at St. Patrick’s Cathedral – to Washington, D.C. Highlights of the Civil Rights Movement 1954: The U.S. Supreme Court declares school segregation unconstitutional in Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka ruling. The ruling declares that separate public schools for African-American and white students denies African-American children equal educational opportunities. 1955: Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus as required by city ordinance. The Montgomery bus boycott follows. The Federal Interstate Commerce Commission bans segregation on interstate trains and buses. On December 5, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. – a Baptist minister -- is elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association and he becomes the official spokesman for the boycott. 1957: Arkansas Gov. Orval Rubus uses the National Guard to prevent nine African-American students from attending Little Rock High School. Following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to ensure compliance. Dr. King forms the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to fight segregation and achieve civil rights. 1960: February 1: The first lunch counter sit-in is conducted by four African-American college students at a Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina because African American patrons are refused service. April: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is formed in response to the lunch counter sit-ins. The organization will become a major organizer in the civil rights movement, playing important roles in the Freedom Rides of 1961, the 1963 March on Washington. SNCC’s major contribution was in organizing voter registration drives throughout the South, especially in Georgia and Mississippi. October 19: Dr. King is arrested for sitting in at a lunch counter demonstration. The charge of violating probation on a minor traffic charge does not warrant the sentence he is given. King is released from jail, possibly due to phone calls made to a local judge by Robert F. Kennedy, manager of his brother John’s presidential campaign. 1961: May 4: Freedom Rides begin from Washington, D.C., headed to New Orleans. The first was led by CORE (Congress of Racial Equality); others led by SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee). The riders are primarily student volunteers testing out new laws prohibiting segregation in interstate travel facilities, which does not include bus and railway stations. The Riders are met with violence in Anniston, Birmingham and Montgomery, Alabama. More than 1,000 people will volunteer with the effort. 1962: September: President John F. Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to quell riots so that James Meredith, the school’s first black student, can attend. October: Martin Luther King,, Jr. is arrested and jailed during anti-segregation protests in Birmingham, Alabama. While incarcerated, he writes “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” arguing that people have the moral duty to disobey laws that are unjust. The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities. 1963: June 11: Alabama National Guardsmen called in to accompany 2 African-American students as they are admitted to the University of Alabama. Governor George Wallace personally tries to block their entrance. Later that night, President Kennedy gives his famous civil rights address to the nation, calling for a civil rights act. June 12: The NAACP’s Mississippi field secretary Medgar Evers is murdered outside his home by a sniper’s bullet. August 28: “The March on Washington:” Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech to hundreds of thousands. Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X refers to the March as “the farce on Washington” and denounced the event. September 15: A bomb explodes at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. The church was the site of many civil rights meetings. Four young African American girls attending Sunday School are killed. 1964: July 2: After a 75-day long filibuster in Congress, the Civil Rights Act is passed and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. It prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion or national origin. It also gives the federal government powers to enforce desegregation. Three civil rights workers – James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner -- disappear in Mississippi after being stopped for speeding; they are found buried six weeks later. December 10: MLK receives the Nobel Peace Prize. 1965: February 21: Malcolm X assassinated. March 7: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference attempts to hold a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in order to demand protection for voting rights. Following a meeting with President Johnson, Dr. King initially opposes the march and does not participate. The march is disbanded before completion because of the mob and police violence against the participants. Another attempt to march – this time organized by Dr. King – is blocked. Finally, the march is completed on March 25. August 6: Voting Rights Act outlawing discriminatory voting practices is signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. August 11-16: Race riots break out in the Watts section of Los Angeles, leaving the area burned and looted by the end of the siege. Thirty-four people are killed; 1,032 injured; and 3,952 arrested. 1966: Stokely Carmichael, leader of SNCC, begins the Black Power movement. Carmichael believed that in order to genuinely integrate, Blacks first had to unite in solidarity and become self-reliant. October 15: In finalizing a draft of their 10-point party platform, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale found the Black Panthers, a civil rights activist group that authorizes the use of violence. November: Edward Brooke, a Republican from Massachusetts, is elected the first African-American U.S. Senator in 85 years. 1967: March 4: MLK delivers a speech entitled “Beyond Vietnam,” strongly speaking out against the U.S. government’s role in the war. June 17: Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American to be named to the Supreme Court. July: Race riots in Detroit, Michigan and Newark, New Jersey lead to looting and burning of the city’s downtown areas. November: Carl Stokes (Cleveland) and Richard G. Hatcher (Gary, Indiana) are elected the first AfricanAmerican mayors of major U.S. cities. November 27: MLK and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference begin to plan the Poor People’s Campaign to address issues of economic injustice for poor people of every minority. King calls it the “second phase” of the civil rights struggle. 1968: MLK announces that the Poor People’s Campaign will culminate in a March on Washington, the goal of which is achieving a $12 billion Economic Bill of Rights guaranteeing employment to those who can, incomes to people unable to work, and an end to housing discrimination. March 18: RFK announces his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination. March 28: In support of striking sanitation workers, MLK leads thousands of protesters through Memphis, Tennessee. April 3: MLK delivers his “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” sermon. April 4: Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. His death sets off riots in more than 100 cities across the United States. April 8: NBC broadcasts an episode of singer Petula Clark’s TV show in which Clark smiled and briefly touched the arm of singer Harry Belafonte. National controversy over inter-racial contact ensues when the show’s sponsor tries to have the moment cut from the broadcast. May: Approximately 50,000 people participate in the Poor People’s March on Washington, which had been planned by MLK before his death. June 5: Presidential candidate and former MLK foe Robert Kennedy is assassinated just after winning the California presidential primary. He dies a day later. Dramaturge’s Bibliography --, --. “Kennedy and Baldwin: The Gulf.” Newsweek, June 3, 1963, p. 19. --. --. “Meredith Supports More Civil Rights Legislation.” Atlanta Daily World, May 28, 1963, p. 1+. --, --. “Races: Freedom Now.” Time, May 17, 1963, p. 23. --. --. “Shocked By Naivete: Civil Rights Group Feels Dismay After Talk With Robert Kennedy.” Los Angeles Times, May 26, 1963, p. F1+. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. edited by James Melvin Washington. New York, NY: HarcperSanFrancisco, 1986. Alsop, Joseph. “Matter of Fact…: The Neo-Colonial Problem.” The Washington Post, May 29, 1963. p. A17. Anderson, Jack. “Washington Merry Go-Round.” Los Angeles Times, June 3, 1963, p. A6. Baldwin, James. Collected Essays. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1998. Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988. Boyd, Herb. Baldwin’s Harlem: A Biography of James Baldwin. New York: Atria Books, 2008. Clarke, Thurston. “Bobby Kennedy: The Hope, the Tragedy, And Why He Still Matters.” Vanity Fair, June 2008. pp. 116-127+ Edelman, Peter. Searching for America’s Heart: RFK and the Renewal of Hope. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001. Fusco, Paul and James Stevenson. “R.F.K., R.I.P. Revisited.” The New York Times Magazine, June 1, 2008. pp. 32-37. Gregory, Dick. “Speech at St. John’s Baptist Church, Birmingham, Alabama, May 20, 1963.” From www. american radio works.com Heyman, C. David. RFK: A Candid Biography of Robert Kennedy. New York, Dutton, 1998. Hilty, James W. Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997. Kennedy, John F. “Civil Rights Address.” June 11, 1963. from americanrhetoric.com Kennedy, Robert F. “Law Day Address at the University of Georgia Law School.” May 6, 1961. from americanrhetoric.com Kennedy, Robert F. “On the Death of Martin Luther King,” April 4, 1968. from www. The history place.com Kennedy, Maxwell Taylor, ed. Make Gentle the Life of the World: the vision of Robert F. Kennedy. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998. Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. Robert Kennedy In His Own Words: The Unpublished Recollections of the Kennedy Years. Edwin O. Guthman and Jeffrey Shulman, editors. New York: Bantam Press, 1988. Robinson, Layhmond. “Robert Kennedy Consults Negroes Here About North: James Baldwin, Lorraine Hansberry and Lena Horne Are Among Those Who Warn Him of ‘Explosive Situation.” The New York Times, May 25, 1963, p. 1+ Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. Robert Kennedy and His Times. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Solet, Sue. “Negroes Shocked by Robert Kennedy’s ‘Naivete.’’ The Washington Post, May 26, 1963. p. A6. Talbot, David. Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years. New York: Free Press, 2007. Thomas, Evan. Witcover, Jules. 85 Days: The Last Campaign of Robert Kennedy. New York: Quill, 1969. Wechsler, James A. “RFK & Baldwin.” New York Post, May 28, 1963, p. 30. Wofford, Harris. Of Kennedys & Kings: Making Sense of the Sixties. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1980. Video/DVD: American Experience: RFK. (2004) American Experience: The Kennedys. (1992) Senate Transcripts: “Civil Rights Commission: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate 89th Congress.” July 18-31, 1963