Download Masjid Tangguh, Handling Disasters and People

Responsible Development in a Polycentric World
Inequality, Citizenship and the Middle Classes
14th EADI General Conference
23-26 June 2014, Bonn
www.gc2014.org
Masjid Tangguh, Handling
Disasters and People Development
in One Harmony
Author:
Darma Eka Saputra, Raizal Fahmi,
Rifa Khaerunnisa, Satria Bijaksana &
Septian Firmansyah
Institution:
YPM Salman ITB, Indonesia
Address:
Gedung Kayu
Ganesha Street No.7, Bandung, Indonesia
Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
Indonesia is a rich-in-cultural and natural-diversity-heritage country which has been recognized
worldwide. However, behind this beauty, Indonesia possesses huge threat. Since it is located at
the meeting of two earth plates, Indonesia becomes vulnerable to natural disasters. To name a
few, there are volcano eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and so on. Meanwhile, many people do
not have enough knowledge and awareness about this, when understanding and being aware of
this is a must for the people. To solve that problem, we would like to propose a concept called
‘Masjid Tangguh’. This concept makes masjid (also known in English as mosque) as the centres of
information and education with its agents who have Tangguh characteristic, which is strong and
hard to defeat of their awareness and knowledge of disaster. This concept is proposed with
consideration of the fact that masjid is one of Indonesian local wisdoms. Since most of the people
in Indonesia are Muslims, the number of masjid all over the country is almost uncountable.
According to the report of the Ministry of Religious Affair in 2011, there are 468.132 masjids
existing in every corner of West Java only. This number could still increase every year. With that
big number and the relations made among the masjids, good network is already built and
spreading information through it gets easier. Furthermore, masjid usually becomes the centres of
community in a region where various communal activities held there. The masjid leader is usually
considered as one of the community's leaders so that he can have a strong influence on the
people. Masjid is even often used as an evacuation camp in an emergency or disaster response.
These are all the reasons why we would like to start organizing the agents from here, from
masjid.
Masjid Tangguh concept is created based on the volunteerism spirit and orientation. Therefore,
Masjid Tangguh’s agents will spread that spirit to the environment and the people live nearby the
masjid. From the agents to the people, from a masjid in one neighbourhood to another, and so it
keeps going. This will make the process of disaster preparedness being conducted much faster.
We could see these as advantages to start handling disasters and people development in one
harmony.
Keywords
Indonesia, People Development, Disaster, Prone Area, Masjid
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a rich-in-cultural and natural-diversity-heritage country which has been recognized
worldwide. However, behind this beauty, Indonesia possesses huge threat. Since it is located at the
meeting of two earth plates, Indonesia becomes vulnerable to natural disasters. To name a few,
there are volcano eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and so on. Meanwhile, many people do not
have enough knowledge and awareness about this, when understanding and being aware of this is a
must for the people.
www.30-days.net mentioned that Indonesia is the largest Muslim (Islam people) country in
the world, 88% of the population is Muslim. Masjid (also known in English mosque) as place of
worship for Muslim is also quite a lots. According to the report of the Ministry of Religious Affair in
2011, there are 468.132 Masjids existing in every corner of West Java only, this number could still
increase every year. The number of Masjid all over the country is almost uncountable. Because of
the reason above, we choose West Java as role model for the research.
Salman ITB Volunteer Corps for Humanity (Korps Relawan Salman ITB, Korsa) as a part of
Indonesia take roles as practitioner on Disaster Management. Korsa have experiences on handling
and managing disasters since 2004. Most of Korsa activities use Masjid as the center of base
information and activities, to name a view, emergency response program for Aceh earthquaketsunami (2004); Yogyakarta Earthquake (2005); Bengkulu Earthquake (2007); Pengalengan,
Earthquake (2009); Sinabung Mount. eruption (2010); Pariaman Earthquake (2010); Mentawai
earthquake-tsunami (2010); Merapi Mount. eruption Jogja (2010); Indramayu and Banten flood
(2013). Based on the experiences we would like to propose a concept called ‘Masjid Tangguh’. This
concept makes Masjid as the center of information and education with its agents who have Tangguh
characteristic, which is strong and hard to defeat of their awareness and knowledge of disaster. This
concept is proposed with consideration of the fact that Masjid is one of Indonesian local wisdoms
and related into community development to develop knowledge and awareness for disaster risk
reduction.
This research is aimed to know Masjid potential as a center of community center on
mitigation and prevention, as a considerable study and development on mitigation and prevention
field, and to know Masjid as West Java’s local wisdom potential in disaster mitigation and prevention
steps. The research scope are to analyze the role of Masjid in society; the role of community
development program to handle disaster and; the role of local wisdom in society especially west
Java on disaster mitigation and prevention.
BACKGROUND LITERATURE
Indonesia and its Local Wisdom
Indonesia is a rich-in-cultural-heritage country in the world. To name a few, we have cultural rituals,
songs, dances, games, and traditional buildings. We have Maulid Hijau ritual and Larung Laut from
Lamongan, which remind us to take care of nature where we life. We also have songs to remind us
about disaster education and awareness, like Smong or Nandong from Aceh. There is also Panggung
house from West Java, one kind of traditional house that could endure the earthquake.
Go focus on West Java, one of the most crowded province in Indonesia. West Java local
knowledge regarding to the environment is creatively developed by the community from their
everyday experiences of living with natures, being friends with nature and their experience as
farming communities. The local wisdom of Sundanese (an ethnic in West Java) community, which
contains cultural values of respect and adaptive to the environment, and life based upon traditional
norms. Though often stereotyped as primitive, their living values and practices of life are still the
best instrument to conserve environment in post-modern age.
West Java Geographies
West Java Province (35377.76 km2 wide), according to SIAK report West Java inhabited population of
46,497,175 million people. These populations are spread in 26 cities, 625 districts and 5,899 villages
with 88% of population is Muslim.
West Java region is a part of ring of fire which is extending from the northern top of Sumatra
Island to the northern top of Celebes Island. West Java landscape divided into three type of
topography; there is mountain sheer (above 1.500 meters), high hills (100-1500 meters), and wide
land on the north with 0-10 meters high above the sea. West Java also lies on volcanic line, there are
seven active volcanoes type A, which is active volcanoes and show the tendency to the eruption;
while the southern coastal areas of West Java are a part of a meeting of two continental plates.
West Java is a prone area which anytime could hit by earthquake, volcanoes eruption or even
tsunami.
Masjid
Masjid comes from the word sajada-sujud-masjad (Arabic language). Sujud (prostration) means
obedience and compliance with respect. Masjid means a place for prostration; it also means Masjid
became worships place for prayers, Islamic festivities, and other Muslim activities.
Since the first period of Islam, the Masjid became undivided part of Muslim society and
culture. The Masjid has many functions other than as a worships place, the Masjid serves as
madrasah (schools) or religious learning center; as a place for deliberation and solve conflicts in
society and even be the government office. The Muslim population and Masjid as worships place is
spread through Indonesia, especially in West Java. According to the report of the Ministry of
Religious Affair in 2011, there are 468.132 Masjids existing in every corner of West Java only,
number of Masjid all over the country is almost uncountable, even it spreads to disaster prone area.
This number could still increase every year. With that big number and the relations made among the
Masjids, good network is already built and spreading information through it gets easier.
Furthermore, Masjid usually becomes the centre of community in a region where various communal
activities held there. The Masjid leader is usually considered as one of the community's leaders so
that he can have a strong influence on the people.
Figure 1 Masjid and Its Plaza in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
Masjid is even often used as an evacuation camp in an emergency or disaster response, because
Masjid position near by the plaza and government office as we can see on (figure 1). Islam engraft
kinds of pray rituals as vertically straight to God (Mahdhoh) and horizontally to social (ghoiru
mahdoh), and the ratio show quite more to do pray rituals horizontally, doing social activities.
Disaster Mitigation
Disaster mitigation is a series of efforts to reduce disaster risk, both physically and through the
development of awareness and capacity to face the threat of disaster (section 1, point 6 of
Government Regulation No. 21 of 2008 on the Implementation of Disaster Management). Disaster
itself is an event or series of events that threaten and disrupt the lives and livelihoods caused by
natural factors, non-natural factors, and human factors that lead to the emergence of human
casualties, environmental damage, loss of property, and psychological impact. Disasters can be a
fire, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, tropical storms, and others.
Disaster mitigation activities include:
a. introduction and monitoring of disaster risks;
b. participatory planning of disaster management;
c. development of a culture of disaster;
d. application of physical effort, nonphysical, and disaster management arrangements;
e. identification and recognition of the source of danger or disaster;
f.
monitoring of natural resource management;
g. monitoring of the use of high technology;
h. Supervise the implementation of spatial planning and environmental management.
Community-Based Disaster Mitigation
Community-based disaster mitigation are the efforts by members of community which is organized
to prevent the disaster, during, and after the disaster occurred by using resources as much as
possible to prevent, reduce, avoid, and recover from disasters.
BPLHD West Java Province, mentioned about The Standard of Procedures of Community
Based Disaster Mitigation (2010), that some of the important reasons of community-based disaster
mitigation are:
a. Disaster management is the responsibility of all parties, not just the government.
b. Everyone has the right to obtain the protection of the dignity, safety and security from the
disaster.
c. The community is the first who directly deal with the threats and disasters.
d. The readiness of the community determines the size of the impact of disasters on
communities.
e. Affected people by disasters are the one that have to rebuild their lives.
f.
Affected people by disasters despite having the ability to be used and built to recovery
through active involvement.
g. Communities are important actors to reduce vulnerability by enhancing capabilities in
handling disasters.
h. People who are disaster victims who must be prepared for disaster conditions.
Community Development and Empowerment
Community development is a process of development which the community took the initiative to
start the process of social activities to improve the situation and the conditions themselves. An
attempt was successful only rated as "empowerment" when the community group or societies
participate into a development agency, also known as the subject. Here the subject is the motor, and
not beneficiaries or any object
METHODS
This study is a constructive research, the research aimed to provide solutions for existing problems.
The method which is used is the method of Juridical Normative and Juridical Empirical, implemented
by means of:
1. Normative Juridical methods conducted through study literature (mainly) that examines the
secondary data, either in the form of scientific papers / academic research results and verbal
reasoning, books, information on websites, and other references.
2. Empirical Juridical methods have done by reviewing the primary data that obtained /
collected directly from the field. The approach used is: observation, discussions (Focused
Group Discussion), interviews, experience, or opinion of experts, as well as expert judgment
Data processing and analysis methods used are Qualitative Methods and Normative, with a content
analysis approach. The form of the resulting paper is a descriptive (describes the condition Masjid
Jami’ (also known in English as mosque for Friday Pray) in West Java, local wisdom of the community
in disaster mitigation and community development process in West Java, Analytical, and Prescriptive
(provide integrated management solution will be between the role of the Masjid, empowerment
community and local knowledge in disaster mitigation). The object of research is the area located
around the disaster-prone areas in the West Java (Sukaratu District at Tasikmalaya, Cisurupan
District at Garut, Tegal Buleud regency at Subang, Cidaun District at Cianjur).
Technical Implementation of Data Collection
The primary and secondary data collection has done with the study of literature, direct observation,
documentation and interviews with experts.
RESULT
West Java as Disaster Prone Area
West Java lies on volcanic line, there are seven active volcanoes type A, which is active volcanoes
and show the tendency to the eruption; while the southern coastal areas of West Java are a part of a
meeting of two continental plates. This causes West Java is a disaster prone area, particularly
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
The Spread of Masjid in West Java
According to the report of the Ministry of Religious Affair in 2011, there are 468.132 Masjids existing
in every corner of West Java only. This number could still increase every year. The number of Masjid
all over the country is almost uncountable. With that big number and the relations made among the
Masjids, good network is already built and spreading information through it gets easier.
Furthermore, Masjid usually becomes the centre of community in a region where various communal
activities held there. The Masjid leader is usually considered as one of the community's leaders so
that he can have a strong influence on the people. Masjid potentially to be a community center.
Korsa Experience and Masjid
Year
Disaster
Location
2004
Earthquake-Tsunami
Aceh
2005
Earthquake
Yogyakarta
2007
Earthquake
Bengkulu
2009
Earthquake
West Java
2009
Earthquake
West Sumatra
2010
Landslide
West Java
2010
Volcanoes Eruption
Sinabung, North Sumatra
2010
Earthquake
Pariaman, West Sumatra
2010
Volcanoes Eruption
Merapi
Mountain,
Yogyakarta
2010
Tsunami
Mentawai, West Sumatra
2011
Volcanoes eruption
Merapi
Mountain,
Yogyakarta
2011
Flood
Garut, West Java
2011
Flood
Soreang, West Java
2011
Flood
Baleendah, West Java
2011
Flood
Rancaekek, West Java
2012
Flood
Banten
2012
Disaster
Mitigation
Area
at
West Java
Galunggung Mountain
Area
2013
Disaster
Mitigation
Area
at
Tegal Sukabumi, West Java
Buleud
2013
Flood
Indramayu, West Java
2013
Flood
Karawang, West Java
2014
Mountain eruption
Kelud, Central Java
From the experiences above (table 1), Korsa always involve local community to handle disaster
emergencies and make masjid as the base for information and other activities, since masjid spread
evenly.
Behind the threat of prone area, Indonesia especially West Java have potential to develop
disaster mitigation concept with use masjid as a central information and community development
methods to develop knowledge and awareness of society for disaster.
Masjid Tangguh as Community-based Disaster Mitigation
Masjid Tangguh is a concept which uses masjid as the center of movement in disaster management.
In which there are supporting components, including cadres/agents of disaster response; facilities;
well as a facilitator to synergize the various stake holders.
Masjid Tangguh divided into two models are adapted to the function: Masjid Tangguh in
campus scope, in this case Korsa, and local Masjid Tangguh which is near by disaster-prone areas.
Masjid in campus area takes a role as a catalyst of movement and education to build awareness of
the disaster. Local masjid functioned as program implementers. Below is a flowchart to build Masjid
Tangguh Local.
Figure 2 Local Masjid Tangguh
As we can see from the flowchart above (figure 2), Masjid Tangguh started from the assessment,
including gather the data about program location, demography, disaster risk topography; masjid as
the location and its infrastructure and the facilities; curriculum arrangement base on the assessment
result; agents recruitment, especially for the youth; training for the agents about disaster risk
reduction and volunteerism spirit; socialization for society by the agents about awareness and
preparedness to disaster. When disaster hit, the agents of Masjid Tangguh involve in emergency
response and collaborate with the government and other stake holders. In recovery phase, the
agents involve in arranging recovery plan.
ENCLOSURE
Masjid potentially to be a central of disaster management; community development methods with
the local wisdom value is can easily to apply and to increase the knowledge and awareness of
community for the disaster preparedness.
This research really possible to apply in Indonesia and the research is amendable further more.
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[http://jabarprov.go.id/]. 11 maret 2014
James A. Christenson & Jerry W. Robinson, Jr Ames , 1989. Community Development In Perspective.
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Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2008. Penyelenggaraan Penanggulangan
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