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___________________________________Name APWORLDHISTORYSUMMERASSIGNMENT 2016.2017 WelcometoAPWorldHistory(AKAWHAP,)Ilookforwardtoagreatyearwithyou.These assignmentswillassistinbuildingyourfundamentalknowledgeofWorldHistoryandare intendedtolaythefoundationforthefirstunitandsubsequentmaterialcoveredduringthe courseoftheyear. Tocompletethisassignment,youwillneed ● InternetaccessforPart#1 o GotomyLiveBindersiteunderSummerAssignmentfortheAPRegions map. ▪ SearchLiveBinders ▪ TypeinCaprockHS(notjustCaprock!) ▪ MinehastheCaprocklonghornlogoandBurge. o Youcanalsocomeuptoschoolduringregistrationandworkoncomputers inmyclassroom. ● Coloredpencilsorcrayons—NOMARKERSPLEASE! Tobesuccessful,youwillneedtostayfocusedandworkhard.Youshouldbepreparedto spendanhouraweekoutsideofclassonAPWorldHistory.Ifthisdoesnotseemrealistic foryourschedule,thenyoumaywanttoreconsidertakingthiscourse.Thisisanexciting classthatwillallowustolookatthebigpictureofhistory,traceculturesovertime,and examinehumaninteractions. nd Thissummerassignmentisduethe2 dayofschool –August23,2016andcounts4grades!!!!! YouwillbequizzedontheinformationfromthispacketonTuesday,August23,2016.Itis importantthatyoushowthatyouarecapableofsuccessfullycompletingthisindependent assignmentinthetimeallotted.Thisgivesaveryclearpictureofyourabilitytohandlethe college-levelcourseloadyouwillexperiencethroughouttheyear.Theonlyexceptionwill bethosestudentsthatenrollednewtoourschoolaftertheyearstarts.Anyonethat registeredpriortothatdatewillbeexpectedtohavetheassignmentcompletedbythefirst dayofschool. Ifyouneedhelp: ● [email protected] ● Cometoroom3149:00AM-3:00PM,Tuesday,August2,2016 Goodluckandwe’llseeyouinAugust! Mrs.Burge 1 ___________________________________Name PART#1:APREGIONS ColorcodetheAPRegions(youchoosethecolorsandmakeakey—NOTEusestripes toindicateoverlappingareas.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. NorthAfrica WestAfrica EastAfrica CentralAfrica SouthernAfrica SouthernAfrica 7. 8. 9. 10. MiddleEast(SouthwestAsia) EastAsiaCentralAsia SouthAsia LatinAmerica&theCaribbean 11. 12. 13. 14. NorthAmerica WesternEurope EasternEurope Oceania 2 ___________________________________Name PART#1:APREGIONS 3 ___________________________________Name PART#2:THEWORSTMISTAKEINTHEHISTORYOFTHE HUMANRACE DIRECTIONS: ● Readthearticle. o Payattentiontotheboldedwordsinthetext.Thesearetermsyoumust understandinordertocomprehendthearticle.Theyaredefinedattheend ofthearticle. ● Answerthefollowingquestionsincompletesentences. ● Thelastquestionisaparagraph(or2.)Iwanttoseewhatkindofwriteryouare. Thelinesshouldbefilledup. 15. AccordingtoDiamond,WHYdidhunter-gathererstakeupfarming? 16. Accordingtotheauthor,wasfarmingagoodidea?WhatwashisEVIDENCE? 17. ExplainWHYDiamondthinksagricultureleadtodespotism,deepclassdivision, includingsexualinequality.(Besureyouknowwhatthosewordsmean!) 18. WhatdoesDiamondthinkabouttheideathatagricultureincreasesfoodsecurity whencomparedwithhunter-gatherers?(“Foodsecurity”isknowingwhereyour nextmealiscomingfrom,havingasurplusoffood,etc.) 4 ___________________________________Name 19. WhatdoestheEVIDENCEsuggestabouthealthofhunter-gathererscomparedwith agriculturalists? 20. WHYdoesDiamond’sagreeordisagreewiththeideathathunter-gatherershadto workmorethanagriculturaliststoprovidefortheirfood? 21. Wasagriculture“theworstmistakeinthehistoryofthehumanrace?”Supportyour answerwithEVIDENCEfromthearticleandyourownresearch/knowledge. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 ___________________________________Name THEWORSTMISTAKEINTHEHISTORYOFTHE HUMANRACE ByJaredDiamond UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngelesMedicalSchool DiscoverMagazine,May1987,pp.64-66. Toscienceweowedramaticchangesinoursmugself-image.Astronomytaughtusthatour earthisn'tthecenteroftheuniversebutmerelyoneofbillionsofheavenlybodies.From biologywelearnedthatweweren'tspeciallycreatedbyGodbutevolvedalongwithmillions ofotherspecies.Nowarchaeologyisdemolishinganothersacredbelief:thathumanhistory overthepastmillionyearshasbeenalongtaleofprogress.Inparticular,recentdiscoveries suggestthattheadoptionofagriculture,supposedlyourmostdecisivesteptowardabetter life,wasinmanywaysacatastrophefromwhichwehaveneverrecovered.Withagriculture camethegrosssocialandsexualinequality,thediseaseanddespotism,thatcurseour existence. Atfirst,theevidenceagainstthisrevisionistinterpretationwillstriketwentiethcentury Americansasirrefutable.We'rebetteroffinalmosteveryrespectthanpeopleofthe MiddleAges,whointurnhaditeasierthancavemen,whointurnwerebetteroffthanapes. Justcountouradvantages.Weenjoythemostabundantandvariedfoods,thebesttoolsand materialgoods,someofthelongestandhealthiestlives,inhistory.Mostofusaresafefrom starvationandpredators.Wegetourenergyfromoilandmachines,notfromoursweat. Whatneo-Ludditeamonguswouldtradehislifeforthatofamedievalpeasant,acaveman, oranape? Formostofourhistorywesupportedourselvesbyhuntingandgathering:wehuntedwild animalsandforagedforwildplants.It'salifethatphilosophershavetraditionallyregarded asnasty,brutish,andshort.Sincenofoodisgrownandlittleisstored,thereis(inthisview) norespitefromthestrugglethatstartsaneweachdaytofindwildfoodsandavoidstarving. Ourescapefromthismiserywasfacilitatedonly10,000yearsago,whenindifferentpartsof theworldpeoplebegantodomesticateplantsandanimals.Theagriculturalrevolution spreaduntiltodayit'snearlyuniversalandfewtribesofhunter-gathererssurvive. FromtheprogressivistperspectiveonwhichIwasbroughtup,toask"Whydidalmostall ourhunter-gathererancestorsadoptagriculture?"issilly.Ofcoursetheyadopteditbecause agricultureisanefficientwaytogetmorefoodforlesswork.Plantedcropsyieldfarmore tonsperacrethanrootsandberries.Justimagineabandofsavages,exhaustedfrom searchingfornutsorchasingwildanimals,suddenlygrazingforthefirsttimeatafruitladenorchardorapasturefullofsheep.Howmanymillisecondsdoyouthinkitwouldtake themtoappreciatetheadvantagesofagriculture? Theprogressivistpartylinesometimesevengoessofarastocreditagriculturewiththe remarkablefloweringofartthathastakenplaceoverthepastfewthousandyears.Since cropscanbestored,andsinceittakeslesstimetopickfoodfromagardenthantofinditin thewild,agriculturegaveusfreetimethathunter-gatherersneverhad.Thusitwas agriculturethatenabledustobuildtheParthenonandcomposetheB-minorMass. 6 ___________________________________Name Whilethecasefortheprogressivistviewseemsoverwhelming,it'shardtoprove.Howdo youshowthatthelivesofpeople10,000yearsagogotbetterwhentheyabandonedhunting andgatheringforfarming?Untilrecently,archaeologistshadtoresorttoindirecttests, whoseresults(surprisingly)failedtosupporttheprogressivistview.Here'soneexampleof anindirecttest:Aretwentiethcenturyhunter-gatherersreallyworseoffthanfarmers? Scatteredthroughouttheworld,severaldozengroupsofso-calledprimitivepeople,likethe Kalaharibushmen,continuetosupportthemselvesthatway.Itturnsoutthatthesepeople haveplentyofleisuretime,sleepagooddeal,andworklesshardthantheirfarming neighbors.Forinstance,theaveragetimedevotedeachweektoobtainingfoodisonly12to 19hoursforonegroupofBushmen,14hoursorlessfortheHadzanomadsofTanzania.One Bushman,whenaskedwhyhehadn'temulatedneighboringtribesbyadoptingagriculture, replied,"Whyshouldwe,whentherearesomanymongongonutsintheworld?" Whilefarmersconcentrateonhigh-carbohydratecropslikericeandpotatoes,themixof wildplantsandanimalsinthedietsofsurvivinghunter-gatherersprovidesmoreprotein andabetterbalanceofothernutrients.Inonestudy,theBushmen'saveragedailyfood intake(duringamonthwhenfoodwasplentiful)was2,140caloriesand93gramsof protein,considerablygreaterthantherecommendeddailyallowanceforpeopleoftheir size.It'salmostinconceivablethatBushmen,whoeat75orsowildplants,coulddieof starvationthewayhundredsofthousandsofIrishfarmersandtheirfamiliesdidduringthe potatofamineofthe1840s. Sothelivesofatleastthesurvivinghunter-gatherersaren'tnastyandbrutish,eventhough farmershavepushedthemintosomeoftheworld'sworstrealestate.Butmodernhuntergatherersocietiesthathaverubbedshoulderswithfarmingsocietiesforthousandsofyears don'ttellusaboutconditionsbeforetheagriculturalrevolution.Theprogressivistviewis reallymakingaclaimaboutthedistantpast:thatthelivesofprimitivepeopleimproved whentheyswitchedfromgatheringtofarming.Archaeologistscandatethatswitchby distinguishingremainsofwildplantsandanimalsfromthoseofdomesticatedonesin prehistoricgarbagedumps. Howcanonededucethehealthoftheprehistoricgarbagemakers,andtherebydirectlytest theprogressivistview?Thatquestionhasbecomeanswerableonlyinrecentyears,inpart throughthenewlyemergingtechniquesofpaleopathology,thestudyofsignsofdiseasein theremainsofancientpeoples. Insomeluckysituations,thepaleopathologisthasalmostasmuchmaterialtostudyasa pathologisttoday.Forexample,archaeologistsintheChileandesertsfoundwellpreserved mummieswhosemedicalconditionsattimeofdeathcouldbedeterminedbyautopsy (Discover,October).Andfecesoflong-deadIndianswholivedindrycavesinNevadaremain sufficientlywellpreservedtobeexaminedforhookwormandotherparasites. Usuallytheonlyhumanremainsavailableforstudyareskeletons,buttheypermita surprisingnumberofdeductions.Tobeginwith,askeletonrevealsitsowner'ssex,weight, andapproximateage.Inthefewcaseswheretherearemanyskeletons,onecanconstruct mortalitytablesliketheoneslifeinsurancecompaniesusetocalculateexpectedlifespan 7 ___________________________________Name andriskofdeathatanygivenage.Paleopathologistscanalsocalculategrowthratesby measuringbonesofpeopleofdifferentages,examineteethforenameldefects(signsof childhoodmalnutrition),andrecognizescarsleftonbonesbyanemia,tuberculosis,leprosy, andotherdiseases. Onestraightforwardexampleofwhatpaleopathologistshavelearnedfromskeletons concernshistoricalchangesinheight.SkeletonsfromGreeceandTurkeyshowthatthe averageheightofhunger-gathererstowardtheendoftheiceageswasagenerous5'9''for men,5'5''forwomen.Withtheadoptionofagriculture,heightcrashed,andby3000B.C. hadreachedalowofonly5'3''formen,5'forwomen.Byclassicaltimesheightswerevery slowlyontheriseagain,butmodernGreeksandTurkshavestillnotregainedtheaverage heightoftheirdistantancestors. AnotherexampleofpaleopathologyatworkisthestudyofIndianskeletonsfromburial moundsintheIllinoisandOhiorivervalleys.AtDicksonMounds,locatednearthe confluenceoftheSpoonandIllinoisrivers,archaeologistshaveexcavatedsome800 skeletonsthatpaintapictureofthehealthchangesthatoccurredwhenahunter-gatherer culturegavewaytointensivemaizefarmingaroundA.D.1150.StudiesbyGeorge ArmelagosandhiscolleaguesthenattheUniversityofMassachusettsshowtheseearly farmerspaidapricefortheirnew-foundlivelihood.Comparedtothehunter-gathererswho precededthem,thefarmershadanearly50percentincreaseinenameldefectsindicativeof malnutrition,afourfoldincreaseiniron-deficiencyanemia(evidencedbyabonecondition calledporotichyperostosis),atheefoldriseinbonelesionsreflectinginfectiousdiseasein general,andanincreaseindegenerativeconditionsofthespine,probablyreflectingalotof hardphysicallabor."Lifeexpectancyatbirthinthepre-agriculturalcommunitywasbout twenty-sixyears,"saysArmelagos,"butinthepost-agriculturalcommunityitwasnineteen years.Sotheseepisodesofnutritionalstressandinfectiousdiseasewereseriouslyaffecting theirabilitytosurvive." TheevidencesuggeststhattheIndiansatDicksonMounds,likemanyotherprimitive peoples,tookupfarmingnotbychoicebutfromnecessityinordertofeedtheirconstantly growingnumbers."Idon'tthinkmosthunger-gatherersfarmeduntiltheyhadto,andwhen theyswitchedtofarmingtheytradedqualityforquantity,"saysMarkCohenoftheState UniversityofNewYorkatPlattsburgh,co-editorwithArmelagos,ofoneoftheseminal booksinthefield,PaleopathologyattheOriginsofAgriculture."WhenIfirststartedmaking thatargumenttenyearsago,notmanypeopleagreedwithme.Nowit'sbecomea respectable,albeitcontroversial,sideofthedebate." Thereareatleastthreesetsofreasonstoexplainthefindingsthatagriculturewasbadfor health.First,hunter-gatherersenjoyedavarieddiet,whileearlyfannersobtainedmostof theirfoodfromoneorafewstarchycrops.Thefarmersgainedcheapcaloriesatthecostof poornutrition,(todayjustthreehigh-carbohydrateplants--wheat,rice,andcorn--provide thebulkofthecaloriesconsumedbythehumanspecies,yeteachoneisdeficientincertain vitaminsoraminoacidsessentialtolife.)Second,becauseofdependenceonalimited numberofcrops,farmersrantheriskofstarvationifonecropfailed.Finally,themerefact thatagricultureencouragedpeopletoclumptogetherincrowdedsocieties,manyofwhich thencarriedontradewithothercrowdedsocieties,ledtothespreadofparasitesand 8 ___________________________________Name infectiousdisease.(Somearchaeologiststhinkitwasthecrowding,ratherthanagriculture, thatpromoteddisease,butthisisachicken-and-eggargument,becausecrowding encouragesagricultureandviceversa.)Epidemicscouldn'ttakeholdwhenpopulations werescatteredinsmallbandsthatconstantlyshiftedcamp.Tuberculosisanddiarrheal diseasehadtoawaittheriseoffarming,measlesandbubonicplaguetheappearanceof largecities. Besidesmalnutrition,starvation,andepidemicdiseases,farminghelpedbringanothercurse uponhumanity:deepclassdivisions.Hunter-gatherershavelittleornostoredfood,andno concentratedfoodsources,likeanorchardoraherdofcows:theyliveoffthewildplants andanimalstheyobtaineachday.Therefore,therecanbenokings,noclassofsocial parasiteswhogrowfatonfoodseizedfromothers.Onlyinafarmingpopulationcoulda healthy,non-producingelitesetitselfabovethedisease-riddenmasses.Skeletonsfrom GreektombsatMycenaec.1500B.C.suggestthatroyalsenjoyedabetterdietthan commoners,sincetheroyalskeletonsweretwoorthreeinchestallerandhadbetterteeth (ontheaverage,oneinsteadofsixcavitiesormissingteeth).AmongChileanmummiesfrom c.A.D.1000,theeliteweredistinguishednotonlybyornamentsandgoldhairclipsbutalso byafourfoldlowerrateofbonelesionscausedbydisease. Similarcontrastsinnutritionandhealthpersistonaglobalscaletoday.Topeopleinrich countriesliketheU.S.,itsoundsridiculoustoextolthevirtuesofhuntingandgathering.But Americansareanelite,dependentonoilandmineralsthatmustoftenbeimportedfrom countrieswithpoorerhealthandnutrition.Ifonecouldchoosebetweenbeingapeasant farmerinEthiopiaorabushmangathererintheKalahari,whichdoyouthinkwouldbethe betterchoice? Farmingmayhaveencouragedinequalitybetweenthesexes,aswell.Freedfromtheneedto transporttheirbabiesduringanomadicexistence,andunderpressuretoproducemore handstotillthefields,farmingwomentendedtohavemorefrequentpregnanciesthantheir hunter-gatherercounterparts--withconsequentdrainsontheirhealth.AmongtheChilean mummiesforexample,morewomenthanmenhadbonelesionsfrominfectiousdisease. Womeninagriculturalsocietiesweresometimesmadebeastsofburden.InNewGuinea farmingcommunitiestodayIoftenseewomenstaggeringunderloadsofvegetablesand firewoodwhilethemenwalkempty-handed.Oncewhileonafieldtriptherestudyingbirds, Iofferedtopaysomevillagerstocarrysuppliesfromanairstriptomymountaincamp.The heaviestitemwasa110-poundbagofrice,whichIlashedtoapoleandassignedtoateam offourmentoshouldertogether.WhenIeventuallycaughtupwiththevillagers,themen werecarryinglightloads,whileonesmallwomanweighinglessthanthebagofricewas bentunderit,supportingitsweightbyacordacrosshertemples. Asfortheclaimthatagricultureencouragedthefloweringofartbyprovidinguswith leisuretime,modernhunter-gatherershaveatleastasmuchfreetimeasdofarmers.The wholeemphasisonleisuretimeasacriticalfactorseemstomemisguided.Gorillashavehad amplefreetimetobuildtheirownParthenon,hadtheywantedto.Whilepost-agricultural technologicaladvancesdidmakenewartformspossibleandpreservationofarteasier, greatpaintingsandsculptureswerealreadybeingproducedbyhunter-gatherers15,000 9 ___________________________________Name yearsago,andwerestillbeingproducedasrecentlyasthelastcenturybysuchhuntergatherersassomeEskimosandtheIndiansofthePacificNorthwest. Thuswiththeadventofagricultureandelitebecamebetteroff,butmostpeoplebecame worseoff.Insteadofswallowingtheprogressivistpartylinethatwechoseagriculture becauseitwasgoodforus,wemustaskhowwegottrappedbyitdespiteitspitfalls. Oneanswerboilsdowntotheadage"Mightmakesright."Farmingcouldsupportmany morepeoplethanhunting,albeitwithapoorerqualityoflife.(Populationdensitiesof hunter-gatherersarerarelyoveronpersonpertensquaremiles,whilefarmersaverage100 timesthat.)Partly,thisisbecauseafieldplantedentirelyinediblecropsletsonefeedfar moremouthsthanaforestwithscatterededibleplants.Partly,too,it'sbecausenomadic hunter-gatherershavetokeeptheirchildrenspacedatfour-yearintervalsbyinfanticide andothermeans,sinceamothermustcarryhertoddleruntilit'soldenoughtokeepup withtheadults.Becausefarmwomendon'thavethatburden,theycanandoftendobeara childeverytwoyears. Aspopulationdensitiesofhunter-gatherersslowlyroseattheendoftheiceages,bandshad tochoosebetweenfeedingmoremouthsbytakingthefirststepstowardagriculture,orelse findingwaystolimitgrowth.Somebandschosetheformersolution,unabletoanticipate theevilsoffarming,andseducedbythetransientabundancetheyenjoyeduntilpopulation growthcaughtupwithincreasedfoodproduction.Suchbandsoutbredandthendroveoffor killedthebandsthatchosetoremainhunter-gatherers,becauseahundredmalnourished farmerscanstilloutfightonehealthyhunter.It'snotthathunter-gatherersabandonedtheir lifestyle,butthatthosesensibleenoughnottoabandonitwereforcedoutofallareas excepttheonesfarmersdidn'twant. Atthispointit'sinstructivetorecallthecommoncomplaintthatarchaeologyisaluxury, concernedwiththeremotepast,andofferingnolessonsforthepresent.Archaeologists studyingtheriseoffarminghavereconstructedacrucialstageatwhichwemadetheworst mistakeinhumanhistory.Forcedtochoosebetweenlimitingpopulationortryingto increasefoodproduction,wechosethelatterandendedupwithstarvation,warfare,and tyranny. Hunter-gathererspracticedthemostsuccessfulandlongest-lastinglifestyleinhuman history.Incontrast,we'restillstrugglingwiththemessintowhichagriculturehastumbled us,andit'sunclearwhetherwecansolveit.Supposethatanarchaeologistwhohadvisited fromouterspaceweretryingtoexplainhumanhistorytohisfellowspacelings.Hemight illustratetheresultsofhisdigsbya24-hourclockonwhichonehourrepresents100,000 yearsofrealpasttime.Ifthehistoryofthehumanracebeganatmidnight,thenwewould nowbealmostattheendofourfirstday.Welivedashunter-gatherersfornearlythewhole ofthatday,frommidnightthroughdawn,noon,andsunset.Finally,at11:54p.m.we adoptedagriculture.Asoursecondmidnightapproaches,willtheplightoffamine-stricken peasantsgraduallyspreadtoengulfusall?Orwillwesomehowachievethoseseductive blessingsthatweimaginebehindagriculture'sglitteringfacade,andthathavesofareluded us? 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ___________________________________Name despotism:exercisingabsolutepower,especiallyinacruelorharshway irrefutable:impossibletodenyordisprove domesticate:totameplants(forcultivationoragriculture)oranimals(forfarmuse) progressivist:opentonewideasorwaysofthinking emulate:imitate,copy infanticide:killingchildren transient:temporary,notlasting 11 ___________________________________Name PART#3:WHAPERAS SincewecoverSOMUCH(10,000years,6continents,)webreakourlearninginto eras.Accordingtothosewho’vegonebeforeyou,youMUSTknowtheerasandtheir correspondingdates.So,memorizethem!PLEASENOTE:Datearecirca,meaning theybreakat“about”thatyear. ERA 1 2 NICKNAME ClassicalFoundations Post-Classical DATES 8000BCE - 600CE - 3 EarlyModern 1450CE - 4 Modern 1750CE - 5 Contemporary 1900CE - 600CE 1450 CE 1750 CE 1900 CE present 12 ___________________________________Name PART#4:WHAPERAS&MAJOREVENTS Nowthatyou’vebeenintroducedtotheeras,we’regoingtousethemtomakeavery generaltimeline.Usingtheabovedates,writethefollowingMAJORWORLDEVENTS inthecorrecteraonthechart(nextpage.)Thenumbersareforconvenience; WRITETHEEVENT,NOTTHENUMBER!Pleasepayattentiontospellingand capitalization!Rememberdatesareapproximateinmostcases,notabsolute.Ifan eventbreaksacrossera,writeitinboth. 22. agriculture 23. civilizations 24. ColdWar 25. Enlightenment 26. fallofcommunism 27. globalization 28. Hinduism 29. IndianOceanTraderoutes 30. ironmetallurgy 31. Judaism 32. politicalrevolutions 33. Renaisssance 34. SilkRoads 35. worldwars 36. Christianity 37. classicalempires 38. Confucianism 39. exploration 40. feudalism 41. GreatDepression 42. imperialism 43. IndustrialRevolution 44. riseofIslam 45. Mongols 46. ProtestantReformation 47. ScientificRevolution 48. Tang&SongDynasties 49. writing 8000BCE 3500BCE 1947CE–1991CE 1650CE–1800CE 1989CE–1991CE Late1900sCEtopresent 200BCE 600sCE–1600sCE 3000BCE 3800BCE 1776CE–1830CE 1300CE–1700CE 100BCE–1450CE 1914CE–1945CE 33CE 600BCE–600CE 200BCE 1400sCE–1700’sCE 800sCE–1350CE 1929CE–1939CE 1815CE–1945CE 1760–CE1830CE 610CE 1206CE–1368CE 1517CE 1543CE–1800CE 618CE–1279CE 3000BCE 13 ___________________________________Name PART#4:WHAPERAS&MAJOREVENTS ERA 1 EVENTS 2 3 4 5 14 ___________________________________Name PART#5:THEBLITZ Nothingtodobutreadover! Thiscoursesurveysapproximately10,000yearsofworldhistory,focusingprimarilyonthe last1000yearsandtheevolutionofglobalprocessesandinteractionsbetweenandwithin differenthumansocieties.Thecourseistrulyaglobalhistoryratherthanonefocused primarilyonWesterncivilizationswithbitsandpiecesofothersreceivingonlypassing mentionatbest.Whiletheacquisitionofrelevantfactualknowledgeispartofthecourse, themainfocusistodevelopcriticalandevaluativethinkingskillsandtheabilitytoanalyze andinterprethistoricaldocumentsinsupportofaplausibleargument. ERA1:8000BCE-600CE(ClassicalFoundations) OfallthetimeperiodscoveredintheAPWorldHistorycurriculum,Foundationsspansthe largestnumberofyears. ● ItbeginswithanimportantMarkerEvent--theNeolithic/Agricultural Revolution/Transition ● Itendsafterthefallofthreemajorclassicalcivilizations--RomeintheMediterranean region,HanChina,andtheGuptaEmpireofIndia. ● BroadtopicsaddressedintheFoundationstimeperiodare: o Environmentalandperiodizationissues o Earlydevelopmentinagricultureandtechnology o Basiccultural,political,andsocialfeaturesofearlycivilizations: Mesopotamia,Egypt, o IndusValley,ShangChina,andMeso/SouthAmerica o Theriseandfallofclassicalcivilizations:ZhouandHanChina,India(Gupta Empire), andMediterraneancivilizations(GreeceandRome) o Majorbeliefsystems,includingpolytheism,Hinduism,Judaism, Confucianism, Daoism,Buddhism,andChristianity ERA2:600–1450(Post-Classical) Withthefallofthethreemajorclassicalcivilizations(Rome,ChineseHan,IndianGupta),the stagewassetfornewtrendsthatdefinedtheseyearsasanotherperiodwithdifferent migrationsandconquests,andmoredevelopedtradepatternsthanbefore.Somemajorevents anddevelopmentsthatcharacterizedthiserawere: ● Olderbeliefsystems,suchasChristianity,Hinduism,Confucianism,andBuddhism, cametobecomemoreimportantthanpoliticalorganizationsindefiningmanyareas oftheworld.Largereligionscoveredhugeareasofland,eventhoughlocalized smallerreligionsremainedinplace. ● Twonomadicgroups-theBedouinsandtheMongols-hadahugeimpactonthe courseofhistoryduringthisera. ● Anewreligion-Islam-beganinthe7thcenturyandspreadrapidlythroughoutthe MiddleEast,NorthernAfrica,Europe,andSoutheastAsia. 15 ___________________________________Name WhereasEuropewasnotamajorcivilizationareabefore600CE,by1450itwas connectedtomajortraderoutes,andsomeofitskingdomswerebeginningtoassert worldpower. ● MajorempiresdevelopedinbothSouthAmerica(theInca)andMesoamerica(the MayaandAztec.) ● ChinagrewtohavehegemonyovermanyotherareasofAsiaandbecameoneofthe largestandmostprosperousempiresofthetime. ● Longdistancetradecontinuedtodevelopalongpreviousroutes,buttheamountand complexityoftradeandcontactincreasedsignificantly. ERA3:1450–1750(EarlyModern) Thiseraincludesonly300years,butsomeprofoundandlong-lastingchangesoccurred. Duringthisperiodthetwohemisphereswerelinkedforthefirsttimeinworldhistoryand long-distancetradebecametrulyworldwide.Characteristicsofthetimeperiodinclude: ● Theglobewasencompassed-Forthefirsttimethewesternhemispherecameinto continuedcontactwiththeeasternhemisphere.Technologicalinnovations, strengthenedpoliticalorganization,andeconomicprosperityallcontributedtothis changethatcompletelyalteredworldtradepatterns. ● Sea-basedtraderoseinproportiontoland-basedtrade–Technological advancementsandwillingnessofpoliticalleaderstoinvestinitmeantthatseabasedtradebecamemuchmoreimportant.Asaresult,oldland-basedempireslost relativepowertothenewsea-basedpowers. ● Europeankingdomsemergedthatgainedworldpower-Therelativepowerand prosperityofEuropeincreaseddramaticallyduringthistimeincomparisonto empiresinthelonger-establishedcivilizationareas.However,Europedidnot entirelyeclipsepowerfulempiresinSouthwestAsia,Africa,andEastAsia. ● Therelativepowerofnomadicgroupsdeclined-Nomadscontinuedtoplayan importantroleintradeandculturaldiffusion,andtheycontinuedtothreatenthe bordersofthelargeland-basedempires.However,theirpowerdwindledastravel andtradebywaterbecamemoreimportant. ● Laborsystemsweretransformed-TheacquisitionofcoloniesinNorthandSouth Americaledtomajorchangesinlaborsystems.AftermanyAmerindiansdiedfrom diseasetransmittedbycontactwithEuropeans,avigorousslavetradefromAfrica beganandcontinuedthroughoutmostoftheera.Slavelaborbecameveryimportant allovertheAmericas.Otherlaborsystems,suchasthemitaandencomiendain SouthAmerica,wereadaptedfrompreviousnativetraditionsbytheSpanishand Portuguese. ● "GunpowderEmpires"emergedintheMiddleEastandAsia-Empiresinolder civilizationareasgainednewstrengthfromnewtechnologiesinweaponry.Basing theirnewpoweron"gunpowder,"theystillsufferedfromtheoldissuesthathad plaguedland-basedempiresforcenturies:defenseofborders,communication withintheempire,andmaintenanceofanarmyadequatetodefendthelarge territory.Bytheendoftheera,manywerelesspowerfulthanthenewsea-based kingdomsofEurope. ERA4:1750–1914(Modern) Newwaysofthinkingcontinuedtodevelopandunfoldinthiseraasprofoundsocialand ● 16 ___________________________________Name politicalchangespurredrevolutionandthedevelopmentofindustrializedeconomicmight. Veryimportantcharacteristicsthatdistinguish1750-1914frompreviouserasinworldhistory include: ● PatternsofworldtradeandtechnologychangedastheIndustrialRevolution revolutionizedcommunicationsandcommerce. ● HugenumbersofpeoplemigratedtotheAmericasfromEuropeandAsia,sothat populationinthewesternhemispheregrewdramatically,leadingeventuallytothe endoftheslavetradeandforcedmigrationsfromAfricatotheNewWorld. ● Industrializationhadahugeimpactontheenvironment,asdemandsfornewfuels cameaboutandcitiesdominatedthelandscapeinindustrializedcountries.Less industrializedcountriesoftensuppliedthedemandforrawmaterials,altering naturallandscapesfurther. ● Serfandslavesystemsbecamelesscommon,butthegapbetweentherichandpoor grewinindustrializedcountries.Didwomen'sstatusimprove,ordidgender inequalitygrow? ● Revolutionsandindependencemovementstransformedthepoliticalandsocial landscapeofmanypartsofthewordasdirectresultof17thand18thcentury Enlightenmentphilosophiestakinghold,allleadingtoadevelopingsenseof nationalism. ● Thedefinitionof"west"expandedtoincludetheUnitedStatesandAustralia,and westerndominancereachednotonlyeconomicandpoliticalareas,butextendedto social,cultural,andartisticrealmsaswell. ERA5:1914–Present(Contemporary) Warandconflictdefinedthisperiodasfragilealliancesunraveled,givingwaytoindependence movementsacrosstheworldinthecolonialholdingsofformerindustrialpowerhouses,moving theworldtowardanewglobalculture.Majorcharacteristicsthatdistinguishthetimeperiod 1914-presentinclude: ● The20thcenturywasmarkedbyconflictanddiplomacy,witnessingtwoworld wars,andeventuallyachangeinthenatureofwarfarewiththeColdWarbetween theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion,leadingtotheproliferationofinternational organizationstoaddressthechangingbalanceofpowerintheworld. ● Nationalismcontinuedtoshapeinteractionsamongnationsaslargeempiresbroke intosmallerethnicbasedcountries,withwidespreaddecolonizationafterWorld WarIIbothreflectedandpromotedvianationalisminformercolonies. ● TheGreatDepressionaffectedsomecountriesmorethanothers,butithada profoundeconomicimpactonbothindustrializedandnon-industrializedareasas wellasonworldtrade.Newtechnologiespromotedeconomicdevelopmentin PacificRimcountriesandcontributedtotheemergingimportanceofmultinational corporations. ● RevolutionsshookRussia,China,andmanyLatinAmericancountries,leadingto experimentationwithdifferentversionsofcommunism,socialism,andcapitalism, withsometurningtoauthoritarianmethodsandotherstodemocracy. ● Socialreformandrevolutionledtochangesingenderroles,familystructures,the riseoffeminism,peasantprotest,andinternationalMarxism. ● Massivemovementsofpeopletoindustrializedcountriescontinuedtoshapethe worldwhiletheenvironmentwasalteredbycontinuedurbanizationand 17 ___________________________________Name deforestationassignificantgreen/environmentalmovementsemergedtoresistthe changes 18