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APWORLDHISTORYSUMMERASSIGNMENT
2016.2017
WelcometoAPWorldHistory(AKAWHAP,)Ilookforwardtoagreatyearwithyou.These
assignmentswillassistinbuildingyourfundamentalknowledgeofWorldHistoryandare
intendedtolaythefoundationforthefirstunitandsubsequentmaterialcoveredduringthe
courseoftheyear.
Tocompletethisassignment,youwillneed
● InternetaccessforPart#1
o GotomyLiveBindersiteunderSummerAssignmentfortheAPRegions
map.
▪ SearchLiveBinders
▪ TypeinCaprockHS(notjustCaprock!)
▪ MinehastheCaprocklonghornlogoandBurge.
o Youcanalsocomeuptoschoolduringregistrationandworkoncomputers
inmyclassroom.
● Coloredpencilsorcrayons—NOMARKERSPLEASE!
Tobesuccessful,youwillneedtostayfocusedandworkhard.Youshouldbepreparedto
spendanhouraweekoutsideofclassonAPWorldHistory.Ifthisdoesnotseemrealistic
foryourschedule,thenyoumaywanttoreconsidertakingthiscourse.Thisisanexciting
classthatwillallowustolookatthebigpictureofhistory,traceculturesovertime,and
examinehumaninteractions.
nd
Thissummerassignmentisduethe2 dayofschool
–August23,2016andcounts4grades!!!!!
YouwillbequizzedontheinformationfromthispacketonTuesday,August23,2016.Itis
importantthatyoushowthatyouarecapableofsuccessfullycompletingthisindependent
assignmentinthetimeallotted.Thisgivesaveryclearpictureofyourabilitytohandlethe
college-levelcourseloadyouwillexperiencethroughouttheyear.Theonlyexceptionwill
bethosestudentsthatenrollednewtoourschoolaftertheyearstarts.Anyonethat
registeredpriortothatdatewillbeexpectedtohavetheassignmentcompletedbythefirst
dayofschool.
Ifyouneedhelp:
● [email protected]
● Cometoroom3149:00AM-3:00PM,Tuesday,August2,2016
Goodluckandwe’llseeyouinAugust!
Mrs.Burge
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PART#1:APREGIONS
ColorcodetheAPRegions(youchoosethecolorsandmakeakey—NOTEusestripes
toindicateoverlappingareas.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
NorthAfrica
WestAfrica
EastAfrica
CentralAfrica
SouthernAfrica
SouthernAfrica
7.
8.
9.
10.
MiddleEast(SouthwestAsia)
EastAsiaCentralAsia
SouthAsia
LatinAmerica&theCaribbean
11.
12.
13.
14.
NorthAmerica
WesternEurope
EasternEurope
Oceania
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PART#1:APREGIONS
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PART#2:THEWORSTMISTAKEINTHEHISTORYOFTHE
HUMANRACE
DIRECTIONS:
● Readthearticle.
o Payattentiontotheboldedwordsinthetext.Thesearetermsyoumust
understandinordertocomprehendthearticle.Theyaredefinedattheend
ofthearticle.
● Answerthefollowingquestionsincompletesentences.
● Thelastquestionisaparagraph(or2.)Iwanttoseewhatkindofwriteryouare.
Thelinesshouldbefilledup.
15. AccordingtoDiamond,WHYdidhunter-gathererstakeupfarming?
16. Accordingtotheauthor,wasfarmingagoodidea?WhatwashisEVIDENCE?
17. ExplainWHYDiamondthinksagricultureleadtodespotism,deepclassdivision,
includingsexualinequality.(Besureyouknowwhatthosewordsmean!)
18. WhatdoesDiamondthinkabouttheideathatagricultureincreasesfoodsecurity
whencomparedwithhunter-gatherers?(“Foodsecurity”isknowingwhereyour
nextmealiscomingfrom,havingasurplusoffood,etc.)
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19. WhatdoestheEVIDENCEsuggestabouthealthofhunter-gathererscomparedwith
agriculturalists?
20. WHYdoesDiamond’sagreeordisagreewiththeideathathunter-gatherershadto
workmorethanagriculturaliststoprovidefortheirfood?
21. Wasagriculture“theworstmistakeinthehistoryofthehumanrace?”Supportyour
answerwithEVIDENCEfromthearticleandyourownresearch/knowledge.
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THEWORSTMISTAKEINTHEHISTORYOFTHE
HUMANRACE
ByJaredDiamond UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngelesMedicalSchool
DiscoverMagazine,May1987,pp.64-66.
Toscienceweowedramaticchangesinoursmugself-image.Astronomytaughtusthatour
earthisn'tthecenteroftheuniversebutmerelyoneofbillionsofheavenlybodies.From
biologywelearnedthatweweren'tspeciallycreatedbyGodbutevolvedalongwithmillions
ofotherspecies.Nowarchaeologyisdemolishinganothersacredbelief:thathumanhistory
overthepastmillionyearshasbeenalongtaleofprogress.Inparticular,recentdiscoveries
suggestthattheadoptionofagriculture,supposedlyourmostdecisivesteptowardabetter
life,wasinmanywaysacatastrophefromwhichwehaveneverrecovered.Withagriculture
camethegrosssocialandsexualinequality,thediseaseanddespotism,thatcurseour
existence.
Atfirst,theevidenceagainstthisrevisionistinterpretationwillstriketwentiethcentury
Americansasirrefutable.We'rebetteroffinalmosteveryrespectthanpeopleofthe
MiddleAges,whointurnhaditeasierthancavemen,whointurnwerebetteroffthanapes.
Justcountouradvantages.Weenjoythemostabundantandvariedfoods,thebesttoolsand
materialgoods,someofthelongestandhealthiestlives,inhistory.Mostofusaresafefrom
starvationandpredators.Wegetourenergyfromoilandmachines,notfromoursweat.
Whatneo-Ludditeamonguswouldtradehislifeforthatofamedievalpeasant,acaveman,
oranape?
Formostofourhistorywesupportedourselvesbyhuntingandgathering:wehuntedwild
animalsandforagedforwildplants.It'salifethatphilosophershavetraditionallyregarded
asnasty,brutish,andshort.Sincenofoodisgrownandlittleisstored,thereis(inthisview)
norespitefromthestrugglethatstartsaneweachdaytofindwildfoodsandavoidstarving.
Ourescapefromthismiserywasfacilitatedonly10,000yearsago,whenindifferentpartsof
theworldpeoplebegantodomesticateplantsandanimals.Theagriculturalrevolution
spreaduntiltodayit'snearlyuniversalandfewtribesofhunter-gathererssurvive.
FromtheprogressivistperspectiveonwhichIwasbroughtup,toask"Whydidalmostall
ourhunter-gathererancestorsadoptagriculture?"issilly.Ofcoursetheyadopteditbecause
agricultureisanefficientwaytogetmorefoodforlesswork.Plantedcropsyieldfarmore
tonsperacrethanrootsandberries.Justimagineabandofsavages,exhaustedfrom
searchingfornutsorchasingwildanimals,suddenlygrazingforthefirsttimeatafruitladenorchardorapasturefullofsheep.Howmanymillisecondsdoyouthinkitwouldtake
themtoappreciatetheadvantagesofagriculture?
Theprogressivistpartylinesometimesevengoessofarastocreditagriculturewiththe
remarkablefloweringofartthathastakenplaceoverthepastfewthousandyears.Since
cropscanbestored,andsinceittakeslesstimetopickfoodfromagardenthantofinditin
thewild,agriculturegaveusfreetimethathunter-gatherersneverhad.Thusitwas
agriculturethatenabledustobuildtheParthenonandcomposetheB-minorMass.
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Whilethecasefortheprogressivistviewseemsoverwhelming,it'shardtoprove.Howdo
youshowthatthelivesofpeople10,000yearsagogotbetterwhentheyabandonedhunting
andgatheringforfarming?Untilrecently,archaeologistshadtoresorttoindirecttests,
whoseresults(surprisingly)failedtosupporttheprogressivistview.Here'soneexampleof
anindirecttest:Aretwentiethcenturyhunter-gatherersreallyworseoffthanfarmers?
Scatteredthroughouttheworld,severaldozengroupsofso-calledprimitivepeople,likethe
Kalaharibushmen,continuetosupportthemselvesthatway.Itturnsoutthatthesepeople
haveplentyofleisuretime,sleepagooddeal,andworklesshardthantheirfarming
neighbors.Forinstance,theaveragetimedevotedeachweektoobtainingfoodisonly12to
19hoursforonegroupofBushmen,14hoursorlessfortheHadzanomadsofTanzania.One
Bushman,whenaskedwhyhehadn'temulatedneighboringtribesbyadoptingagriculture,
replied,"Whyshouldwe,whentherearesomanymongongonutsintheworld?"
Whilefarmersconcentrateonhigh-carbohydratecropslikericeandpotatoes,themixof
wildplantsandanimalsinthedietsofsurvivinghunter-gatherersprovidesmoreprotein
andabetterbalanceofothernutrients.Inonestudy,theBushmen'saveragedailyfood
intake(duringamonthwhenfoodwasplentiful)was2,140caloriesand93gramsof
protein,considerablygreaterthantherecommendeddailyallowanceforpeopleoftheir
size.It'salmostinconceivablethatBushmen,whoeat75orsowildplants,coulddieof
starvationthewayhundredsofthousandsofIrishfarmersandtheirfamiliesdidduringthe
potatofamineofthe1840s.
Sothelivesofatleastthesurvivinghunter-gatherersaren'tnastyandbrutish,eventhough
farmershavepushedthemintosomeoftheworld'sworstrealestate.Butmodernhuntergatherersocietiesthathaverubbedshoulderswithfarmingsocietiesforthousandsofyears
don'ttellusaboutconditionsbeforetheagriculturalrevolution.Theprogressivistviewis
reallymakingaclaimaboutthedistantpast:thatthelivesofprimitivepeopleimproved
whentheyswitchedfromgatheringtofarming.Archaeologistscandatethatswitchby
distinguishingremainsofwildplantsandanimalsfromthoseofdomesticatedonesin
prehistoricgarbagedumps.
Howcanonededucethehealthoftheprehistoricgarbagemakers,andtherebydirectlytest
theprogressivistview?Thatquestionhasbecomeanswerableonlyinrecentyears,inpart
throughthenewlyemergingtechniquesofpaleopathology,thestudyofsignsofdiseasein
theremainsofancientpeoples.
Insomeluckysituations,thepaleopathologisthasalmostasmuchmaterialtostudyasa
pathologisttoday.Forexample,archaeologistsintheChileandesertsfoundwellpreserved
mummieswhosemedicalconditionsattimeofdeathcouldbedeterminedbyautopsy
(Discover,October).Andfecesoflong-deadIndianswholivedindrycavesinNevadaremain
sufficientlywellpreservedtobeexaminedforhookwormandotherparasites.
Usuallytheonlyhumanremainsavailableforstudyareskeletons,buttheypermita
surprisingnumberofdeductions.Tobeginwith,askeletonrevealsitsowner'ssex,weight,
andapproximateage.Inthefewcaseswheretherearemanyskeletons,onecanconstruct
mortalitytablesliketheoneslifeinsurancecompaniesusetocalculateexpectedlifespan
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andriskofdeathatanygivenage.Paleopathologistscanalsocalculategrowthratesby
measuringbonesofpeopleofdifferentages,examineteethforenameldefects(signsof
childhoodmalnutrition),andrecognizescarsleftonbonesbyanemia,tuberculosis,leprosy,
andotherdiseases.
Onestraightforwardexampleofwhatpaleopathologistshavelearnedfromskeletons
concernshistoricalchangesinheight.SkeletonsfromGreeceandTurkeyshowthatthe
averageheightofhunger-gathererstowardtheendoftheiceageswasagenerous5'9''for
men,5'5''forwomen.Withtheadoptionofagriculture,heightcrashed,andby3000B.C.
hadreachedalowofonly5'3''formen,5'forwomen.Byclassicaltimesheightswerevery
slowlyontheriseagain,butmodernGreeksandTurkshavestillnotregainedtheaverage
heightoftheirdistantancestors.
AnotherexampleofpaleopathologyatworkisthestudyofIndianskeletonsfromburial
moundsintheIllinoisandOhiorivervalleys.AtDicksonMounds,locatednearthe
confluenceoftheSpoonandIllinoisrivers,archaeologistshaveexcavatedsome800
skeletonsthatpaintapictureofthehealthchangesthatoccurredwhenahunter-gatherer
culturegavewaytointensivemaizefarmingaroundA.D.1150.StudiesbyGeorge
ArmelagosandhiscolleaguesthenattheUniversityofMassachusettsshowtheseearly
farmerspaidapricefortheirnew-foundlivelihood.Comparedtothehunter-gathererswho
precededthem,thefarmershadanearly50percentincreaseinenameldefectsindicativeof
malnutrition,afourfoldincreaseiniron-deficiencyanemia(evidencedbyabonecondition
calledporotichyperostosis),atheefoldriseinbonelesionsreflectinginfectiousdiseasein
general,andanincreaseindegenerativeconditionsofthespine,probablyreflectingalotof
hardphysicallabor."Lifeexpectancyatbirthinthepre-agriculturalcommunitywasbout
twenty-sixyears,"saysArmelagos,"butinthepost-agriculturalcommunityitwasnineteen
years.Sotheseepisodesofnutritionalstressandinfectiousdiseasewereseriouslyaffecting
theirabilitytosurvive."
TheevidencesuggeststhattheIndiansatDicksonMounds,likemanyotherprimitive
peoples,tookupfarmingnotbychoicebutfromnecessityinordertofeedtheirconstantly
growingnumbers."Idon'tthinkmosthunger-gatherersfarmeduntiltheyhadto,andwhen
theyswitchedtofarmingtheytradedqualityforquantity,"saysMarkCohenoftheState
UniversityofNewYorkatPlattsburgh,co-editorwithArmelagos,ofoneoftheseminal
booksinthefield,PaleopathologyattheOriginsofAgriculture."WhenIfirststartedmaking
thatargumenttenyearsago,notmanypeopleagreedwithme.Nowit'sbecomea
respectable,albeitcontroversial,sideofthedebate."
Thereareatleastthreesetsofreasonstoexplainthefindingsthatagriculturewasbadfor
health.First,hunter-gatherersenjoyedavarieddiet,whileearlyfannersobtainedmostof
theirfoodfromoneorafewstarchycrops.Thefarmersgainedcheapcaloriesatthecostof
poornutrition,(todayjustthreehigh-carbohydrateplants--wheat,rice,andcorn--provide
thebulkofthecaloriesconsumedbythehumanspecies,yeteachoneisdeficientincertain
vitaminsoraminoacidsessentialtolife.)Second,becauseofdependenceonalimited
numberofcrops,farmersrantheriskofstarvationifonecropfailed.Finally,themerefact
thatagricultureencouragedpeopletoclumptogetherincrowdedsocieties,manyofwhich
thencarriedontradewithothercrowdedsocieties,ledtothespreadofparasitesand
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infectiousdisease.(Somearchaeologiststhinkitwasthecrowding,ratherthanagriculture,
thatpromoteddisease,butthisisachicken-and-eggargument,becausecrowding
encouragesagricultureandviceversa.)Epidemicscouldn'ttakeholdwhenpopulations
werescatteredinsmallbandsthatconstantlyshiftedcamp.Tuberculosisanddiarrheal
diseasehadtoawaittheriseoffarming,measlesandbubonicplaguetheappearanceof
largecities.
Besidesmalnutrition,starvation,andepidemicdiseases,farminghelpedbringanothercurse
uponhumanity:deepclassdivisions.Hunter-gatherershavelittleornostoredfood,andno
concentratedfoodsources,likeanorchardoraherdofcows:theyliveoffthewildplants
andanimalstheyobtaineachday.Therefore,therecanbenokings,noclassofsocial
parasiteswhogrowfatonfoodseizedfromothers.Onlyinafarmingpopulationcoulda
healthy,non-producingelitesetitselfabovethedisease-riddenmasses.Skeletonsfrom
GreektombsatMycenaec.1500B.C.suggestthatroyalsenjoyedabetterdietthan
commoners,sincetheroyalskeletonsweretwoorthreeinchestallerandhadbetterteeth
(ontheaverage,oneinsteadofsixcavitiesormissingteeth).AmongChileanmummiesfrom
c.A.D.1000,theeliteweredistinguishednotonlybyornamentsandgoldhairclipsbutalso
byafourfoldlowerrateofbonelesionscausedbydisease.
Similarcontrastsinnutritionandhealthpersistonaglobalscaletoday.Topeopleinrich
countriesliketheU.S.,itsoundsridiculoustoextolthevirtuesofhuntingandgathering.But
Americansareanelite,dependentonoilandmineralsthatmustoftenbeimportedfrom
countrieswithpoorerhealthandnutrition.Ifonecouldchoosebetweenbeingapeasant
farmerinEthiopiaorabushmangathererintheKalahari,whichdoyouthinkwouldbethe
betterchoice?
Farmingmayhaveencouragedinequalitybetweenthesexes,aswell.Freedfromtheneedto
transporttheirbabiesduringanomadicexistence,andunderpressuretoproducemore
handstotillthefields,farmingwomentendedtohavemorefrequentpregnanciesthantheir
hunter-gatherercounterparts--withconsequentdrainsontheirhealth.AmongtheChilean
mummiesforexample,morewomenthanmenhadbonelesionsfrominfectiousdisease.
Womeninagriculturalsocietiesweresometimesmadebeastsofburden.InNewGuinea
farmingcommunitiestodayIoftenseewomenstaggeringunderloadsofvegetablesand
firewoodwhilethemenwalkempty-handed.Oncewhileonafieldtriptherestudyingbirds,
Iofferedtopaysomevillagerstocarrysuppliesfromanairstriptomymountaincamp.The
heaviestitemwasa110-poundbagofrice,whichIlashedtoapoleandassignedtoateam
offourmentoshouldertogether.WhenIeventuallycaughtupwiththevillagers,themen
werecarryinglightloads,whileonesmallwomanweighinglessthanthebagofricewas
bentunderit,supportingitsweightbyacordacrosshertemples.
Asfortheclaimthatagricultureencouragedthefloweringofartbyprovidinguswith
leisuretime,modernhunter-gatherershaveatleastasmuchfreetimeasdofarmers.The
wholeemphasisonleisuretimeasacriticalfactorseemstomemisguided.Gorillashavehad
amplefreetimetobuildtheirownParthenon,hadtheywantedto.Whilepost-agricultural
technologicaladvancesdidmakenewartformspossibleandpreservationofarteasier,
greatpaintingsandsculptureswerealreadybeingproducedbyhunter-gatherers15,000
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yearsago,andwerestillbeingproducedasrecentlyasthelastcenturybysuchhuntergatherersassomeEskimosandtheIndiansofthePacificNorthwest.
Thuswiththeadventofagricultureandelitebecamebetteroff,butmostpeoplebecame
worseoff.Insteadofswallowingtheprogressivistpartylinethatwechoseagriculture
becauseitwasgoodforus,wemustaskhowwegottrappedbyitdespiteitspitfalls.
Oneanswerboilsdowntotheadage"Mightmakesright."Farmingcouldsupportmany
morepeoplethanhunting,albeitwithapoorerqualityoflife.(Populationdensitiesof
hunter-gatherersarerarelyoveronpersonpertensquaremiles,whilefarmersaverage100
timesthat.)Partly,thisisbecauseafieldplantedentirelyinediblecropsletsonefeedfar
moremouthsthanaforestwithscatterededibleplants.Partly,too,it'sbecausenomadic
hunter-gatherershavetokeeptheirchildrenspacedatfour-yearintervalsbyinfanticide
andothermeans,sinceamothermustcarryhertoddleruntilit'soldenoughtokeepup
withtheadults.Becausefarmwomendon'thavethatburden,theycanandoftendobeara
childeverytwoyears.
Aspopulationdensitiesofhunter-gatherersslowlyroseattheendoftheiceages,bandshad
tochoosebetweenfeedingmoremouthsbytakingthefirststepstowardagriculture,orelse
findingwaystolimitgrowth.Somebandschosetheformersolution,unabletoanticipate
theevilsoffarming,andseducedbythetransientabundancetheyenjoyeduntilpopulation
growthcaughtupwithincreasedfoodproduction.Suchbandsoutbredandthendroveoffor
killedthebandsthatchosetoremainhunter-gatherers,becauseahundredmalnourished
farmerscanstilloutfightonehealthyhunter.It'snotthathunter-gatherersabandonedtheir
lifestyle,butthatthosesensibleenoughnottoabandonitwereforcedoutofallareas
excepttheonesfarmersdidn'twant.
Atthispointit'sinstructivetorecallthecommoncomplaintthatarchaeologyisaluxury,
concernedwiththeremotepast,andofferingnolessonsforthepresent.Archaeologists
studyingtheriseoffarminghavereconstructedacrucialstageatwhichwemadetheworst
mistakeinhumanhistory.Forcedtochoosebetweenlimitingpopulationortryingto
increasefoodproduction,wechosethelatterandendedupwithstarvation,warfare,and
tyranny.
Hunter-gathererspracticedthemostsuccessfulandlongest-lastinglifestyleinhuman
history.Incontrast,we'restillstrugglingwiththemessintowhichagriculturehastumbled
us,andit'sunclearwhetherwecansolveit.Supposethatanarchaeologistwhohadvisited
fromouterspaceweretryingtoexplainhumanhistorytohisfellowspacelings.Hemight
illustratetheresultsofhisdigsbya24-hourclockonwhichonehourrepresents100,000
yearsofrealpasttime.Ifthehistoryofthehumanracebeganatmidnight,thenwewould
nowbealmostattheendofourfirstday.Welivedashunter-gatherersfornearlythewhole
ofthatday,frommidnightthroughdawn,noon,andsunset.Finally,at11:54p.m.we
adoptedagriculture.Asoursecondmidnightapproaches,willtheplightoffamine-stricken
peasantsgraduallyspreadtoengulfusall?Orwillwesomehowachievethoseseductive
blessingsthatweimaginebehindagriculture'sglitteringfacade,andthathavesofareluded
us?
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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despotism:exercisingabsolutepower,especiallyinacruelorharshway
irrefutable:impossibletodenyordisprove
domesticate:totameplants(forcultivationoragriculture)oranimals(forfarmuse)
progressivist:opentonewideasorwaysofthinking
emulate:imitate,copy
infanticide:killingchildren
transient:temporary,notlasting
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PART#3:WHAPERAS
SincewecoverSOMUCH(10,000years,6continents,)webreakourlearninginto
eras.Accordingtothosewho’vegonebeforeyou,youMUSTknowtheerasandtheir
correspondingdates.So,memorizethem!PLEASENOTE:Datearecirca,meaning
theybreakat“about”thatyear.
ERA
1
2
NICKNAME
ClassicalFoundations
Post-Classical
DATES
8000BCE -
600CE
-
3
EarlyModern
1450CE
-
4
Modern
1750CE
-
5
Contemporary
1900CE
-
600CE
1450
CE
1750
CE
1900
CE
present
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PART#4:WHAPERAS&MAJOREVENTS
Nowthatyou’vebeenintroducedtotheeras,we’regoingtousethemtomakeavery
generaltimeline.Usingtheabovedates,writethefollowingMAJORWORLDEVENTS
inthecorrecteraonthechart(nextpage.)Thenumbersareforconvenience;
WRITETHEEVENT,NOTTHENUMBER!Pleasepayattentiontospellingand
capitalization!Rememberdatesareapproximateinmostcases,notabsolute.Ifan
eventbreaksacrossera,writeitinboth.
22. agriculture
23. civilizations
24. ColdWar
25. Enlightenment
26. fallofcommunism
27. globalization
28. Hinduism
29. IndianOceanTraderoutes
30. ironmetallurgy
31. Judaism
32. politicalrevolutions
33. Renaisssance
34. SilkRoads
35. worldwars
36. Christianity
37. classicalempires
38. Confucianism
39. exploration
40. feudalism
41. GreatDepression
42. imperialism
43. IndustrialRevolution
44. riseofIslam
45. Mongols
46. ProtestantReformation
47. ScientificRevolution
48. Tang&SongDynasties
49. writing
8000BCE
3500BCE
1947CE–1991CE
1650CE–1800CE
1989CE–1991CE
Late1900sCEtopresent
200BCE
600sCE–1600sCE
3000BCE
3800BCE
1776CE–1830CE
1300CE–1700CE
100BCE–1450CE
1914CE–1945CE
33CE
600BCE–600CE
200BCE
1400sCE–1700’sCE
800sCE–1350CE
1929CE–1939CE
1815CE–1945CE
1760–CE1830CE
610CE
1206CE–1368CE
1517CE
1543CE–1800CE
618CE–1279CE
3000BCE
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PART#4:WHAPERAS&MAJOREVENTS
ERA
1
EVENTS
2
3
4
5
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PART#5:THEBLITZ
Nothingtodobutreadover!
Thiscoursesurveysapproximately10,000yearsofworldhistory,focusingprimarilyonthe
last1000yearsandtheevolutionofglobalprocessesandinteractionsbetweenandwithin
differenthumansocieties.Thecourseistrulyaglobalhistoryratherthanonefocused
primarilyonWesterncivilizationswithbitsandpiecesofothersreceivingonlypassing
mentionatbest.Whiletheacquisitionofrelevantfactualknowledgeispartofthecourse,
themainfocusistodevelopcriticalandevaluativethinkingskillsandtheabilitytoanalyze
andinterprethistoricaldocumentsinsupportofaplausibleargument.
ERA1:8000BCE-600CE(ClassicalFoundations)
OfallthetimeperiodscoveredintheAPWorldHistorycurriculum,Foundationsspansthe
largestnumberofyears.
● ItbeginswithanimportantMarkerEvent--theNeolithic/Agricultural
Revolution/Transition
● Itendsafterthefallofthreemajorclassicalcivilizations--RomeintheMediterranean
region,HanChina,andtheGuptaEmpireofIndia.
● BroadtopicsaddressedintheFoundationstimeperiodare:
o Environmentalandperiodizationissues
o Earlydevelopmentinagricultureandtechnology
o Basiccultural,political,andsocialfeaturesofearlycivilizations:
Mesopotamia,Egypt,
o IndusValley,ShangChina,andMeso/SouthAmerica
o Theriseandfallofclassicalcivilizations:ZhouandHanChina,India(Gupta
Empire),
andMediterraneancivilizations(GreeceandRome)
o Majorbeliefsystems,includingpolytheism,Hinduism,Judaism,
Confucianism,
Daoism,Buddhism,andChristianity
ERA2:600–1450(Post-Classical)
Withthefallofthethreemajorclassicalcivilizations(Rome,ChineseHan,IndianGupta),the
stagewassetfornewtrendsthatdefinedtheseyearsasanotherperiodwithdifferent
migrationsandconquests,andmoredevelopedtradepatternsthanbefore.Somemajorevents
anddevelopmentsthatcharacterizedthiserawere:
● Olderbeliefsystems,suchasChristianity,Hinduism,Confucianism,andBuddhism,
cametobecomemoreimportantthanpoliticalorganizationsindefiningmanyareas
oftheworld.Largereligionscoveredhugeareasofland,eventhoughlocalized
smallerreligionsremainedinplace.
● Twonomadicgroups-theBedouinsandtheMongols-hadahugeimpactonthe
courseofhistoryduringthisera.
● Anewreligion-Islam-beganinthe7thcenturyandspreadrapidlythroughoutthe
MiddleEast,NorthernAfrica,Europe,andSoutheastAsia.
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WhereasEuropewasnotamajorcivilizationareabefore600CE,by1450itwas
connectedtomajortraderoutes,andsomeofitskingdomswerebeginningtoassert
worldpower.
● MajorempiresdevelopedinbothSouthAmerica(theInca)andMesoamerica(the
MayaandAztec.)
● ChinagrewtohavehegemonyovermanyotherareasofAsiaandbecameoneofthe
largestandmostprosperousempiresofthetime.
● Longdistancetradecontinuedtodevelopalongpreviousroutes,buttheamountand
complexityoftradeandcontactincreasedsignificantly.
ERA3:1450–1750(EarlyModern)
Thiseraincludesonly300years,butsomeprofoundandlong-lastingchangesoccurred.
Duringthisperiodthetwohemisphereswerelinkedforthefirsttimeinworldhistoryand
long-distancetradebecametrulyworldwide.Characteristicsofthetimeperiodinclude:
● Theglobewasencompassed-Forthefirsttimethewesternhemispherecameinto
continuedcontactwiththeeasternhemisphere.Technologicalinnovations,
strengthenedpoliticalorganization,andeconomicprosperityallcontributedtothis
changethatcompletelyalteredworldtradepatterns.
● Sea-basedtraderoseinproportiontoland-basedtrade–Technological
advancementsandwillingnessofpoliticalleaderstoinvestinitmeantthatseabasedtradebecamemuchmoreimportant.Asaresult,oldland-basedempireslost
relativepowertothenewsea-basedpowers.
● Europeankingdomsemergedthatgainedworldpower-Therelativepowerand
prosperityofEuropeincreaseddramaticallyduringthistimeincomparisonto
empiresinthelonger-establishedcivilizationareas.However,Europedidnot
entirelyeclipsepowerfulempiresinSouthwestAsia,Africa,andEastAsia.
● Therelativepowerofnomadicgroupsdeclined-Nomadscontinuedtoplayan
importantroleintradeandculturaldiffusion,andtheycontinuedtothreatenthe
bordersofthelargeland-basedempires.However,theirpowerdwindledastravel
andtradebywaterbecamemoreimportant.
● Laborsystemsweretransformed-TheacquisitionofcoloniesinNorthandSouth
Americaledtomajorchangesinlaborsystems.AftermanyAmerindiansdiedfrom
diseasetransmittedbycontactwithEuropeans,avigorousslavetradefromAfrica
beganandcontinuedthroughoutmostoftheera.Slavelaborbecameveryimportant
allovertheAmericas.Otherlaborsystems,suchasthemitaandencomiendain
SouthAmerica,wereadaptedfrompreviousnativetraditionsbytheSpanishand
Portuguese.
● "GunpowderEmpires"emergedintheMiddleEastandAsia-Empiresinolder
civilizationareasgainednewstrengthfromnewtechnologiesinweaponry.Basing
theirnewpoweron"gunpowder,"theystillsufferedfromtheoldissuesthathad
plaguedland-basedempiresforcenturies:defenseofborders,communication
withintheempire,andmaintenanceofanarmyadequatetodefendthelarge
territory.Bytheendoftheera,manywerelesspowerfulthanthenewsea-based
kingdomsofEurope.
ERA4:1750–1914(Modern)
Newwaysofthinkingcontinuedtodevelopandunfoldinthiseraasprofoundsocialand
●
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politicalchangespurredrevolutionandthedevelopmentofindustrializedeconomicmight.
Veryimportantcharacteristicsthatdistinguish1750-1914frompreviouserasinworldhistory
include:
● PatternsofworldtradeandtechnologychangedastheIndustrialRevolution
revolutionizedcommunicationsandcommerce.
● HugenumbersofpeoplemigratedtotheAmericasfromEuropeandAsia,sothat
populationinthewesternhemispheregrewdramatically,leadingeventuallytothe
endoftheslavetradeandforcedmigrationsfromAfricatotheNewWorld.
● Industrializationhadahugeimpactontheenvironment,asdemandsfornewfuels
cameaboutandcitiesdominatedthelandscapeinindustrializedcountries.Less
industrializedcountriesoftensuppliedthedemandforrawmaterials,altering
naturallandscapesfurther.
● Serfandslavesystemsbecamelesscommon,butthegapbetweentherichandpoor
grewinindustrializedcountries.Didwomen'sstatusimprove,ordidgender
inequalitygrow?
● Revolutionsandindependencemovementstransformedthepoliticalandsocial
landscapeofmanypartsofthewordasdirectresultof17thand18thcentury
Enlightenmentphilosophiestakinghold,allleadingtoadevelopingsenseof
nationalism.
● Thedefinitionof"west"expandedtoincludetheUnitedStatesandAustralia,and
westerndominancereachednotonlyeconomicandpoliticalareas,butextendedto
social,cultural,andartisticrealmsaswell.
ERA5:1914–Present(Contemporary)
Warandconflictdefinedthisperiodasfragilealliancesunraveled,givingwaytoindependence
movementsacrosstheworldinthecolonialholdingsofformerindustrialpowerhouses,moving
theworldtowardanewglobalculture.Majorcharacteristicsthatdistinguishthetimeperiod
1914-presentinclude:
● The20thcenturywasmarkedbyconflictanddiplomacy,witnessingtwoworld
wars,andeventuallyachangeinthenatureofwarfarewiththeColdWarbetween
theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion,leadingtotheproliferationofinternational
organizationstoaddressthechangingbalanceofpowerintheworld.
● Nationalismcontinuedtoshapeinteractionsamongnationsaslargeempiresbroke
intosmallerethnicbasedcountries,withwidespreaddecolonizationafterWorld
WarIIbothreflectedandpromotedvianationalisminformercolonies.
● TheGreatDepressionaffectedsomecountriesmorethanothers,butithada
profoundeconomicimpactonbothindustrializedandnon-industrializedareasas
wellasonworldtrade.Newtechnologiespromotedeconomicdevelopmentin
PacificRimcountriesandcontributedtotheemergingimportanceofmultinational
corporations.
● RevolutionsshookRussia,China,andmanyLatinAmericancountries,leadingto
experimentationwithdifferentversionsofcommunism,socialism,andcapitalism,
withsometurningtoauthoritarianmethodsandotherstodemocracy.
● Socialreformandrevolutionledtochangesingenderroles,familystructures,the
riseoffeminism,peasantprotest,andinternationalMarxism.
● Massivemovementsofpeopletoindustrializedcountriescontinuedtoshapethe
worldwhiletheenvironmentwasalteredbycontinuedurbanizationand
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deforestationassignificantgreen/environmentalmovementsemergedtoresistthe
changes
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