Download CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (M

CHAPTER 8: JOINTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (M.C. FLATH, Ph.D.)
KEY TO OBJECTIVES:
1.
Define the term articulation.
A joint (articulation) is the site where two bones come together.
2.
Distinguish between the structural and functional classification of joints, and relate the
terms that are essentially synonymous.
Structural Classification
Functional Classification
fibrous
synarthoses
cartilaginous
amphiarthroses
synovial
diarthroses
3.
Compare and contrast the terms synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses and identify
the examples of each in the diagrams below.
Functional Classification
Definition
Example
Synarthroses
Immovable joint
Suture (1stdiagram)
Amphiarthroses
Slightly moveable joint
Intervertebral disc (2nd diagram)
Diarthroses
Freely moveable
Elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee (3rd
diagram)
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4.
Name the three types of fibrous joints, give an example of each, and identify each in the
diagrams below.
Type of Fibrous Joint
Example
Sutures
Coronal suture, etc. (1st diagram)
Syndesmoses
Tibiofibular joint (3rd diagram)
Gomphoses
Periodontal ligaments (2nd diagram)
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5.
Identify the two differences between the epiphyseal plate and an intervertebral disc, and
identify each in the diagrams below.
Example of Cartilaginous Difference 1 (hint: Structural Difference 2 (hint: Functional
Joint
classification)
classification
Epiphyseal Plate (top right Synchrondrosis
Synarthrosis
arrow of bottom diagram
below)
Intervertebral Disc (blue pad Symphysis
Amphiarthrosis
of fibrocartilage in b of first
diagram)
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6. Label all structures associated with the typical synovial joint below, and provide the
function of each of the labeled structures.
Structure Associated with Synovial Joint
Articular cartilage
Joint (articular) capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Reinfocring ligaments
Function
Resists wear and minimizes friction
Attaches bone to bone; stabilizes joint
Lines joint cavity and reabsorbs fluid
following injury or infection
Reduces friction between bones; weeping
lubrication
Reinforce joint capsule; join bone to bone;
stabilize/prevent excessive movement by joint
7.
Name the components and functions of synovial fluid.
Synovial Fluid Component
Function(s) of Synovial Fluid
Water
Lubrication and moisturizes cartilage
Phagocytes
Phagocytosis
N/A
Nourishes cartilage
8.
Define the terms fatty pads, articular discs, and bursae,
and identify each in the diagram below.
Synovial Joint Feature
Definition/description
Fatty pads
Pad of adipose tissue that
cushions and protects
Articular Discs
(Fibrocartilage)that separates
the
joint
into
two
compartments (a meniscus)
Bursae
Flattened fibrous sacs with
synovial fluid to prevent
friction between bone and an
adjacent structure
name a key location for each,
Key location
Hip and knee
Knee
Acromion and skin
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9.
List and discuss three factors that influence the stability of a synovial joint.
Shape of opposing bone surfaces
Reinforcing ligaments that enclose joint
Muscles that enclose joint
10.
Distinguish between the origin and insertion of a muscle, and identify each in the
diagram below.
Origin
Insertion
Anchored, immoveable end of a muscle
Moveable end of a muscle
11.
Name the three general types of movements allowed by joints.
Gliding
angular
special
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12.
List the angular movements allowed by synovial joints, provide a description of each, and
review each movement in the diagrams below.
Angular Movement
Description
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between two bones
Extension
Increasing the angle between two bones
Abduction
Moving a bone/body part away from the midline
Adduction
Moving a bone/body part toward the midline
Circumduction
Moving a limb in a circular motion
Rotation
Turning movement of a bone along its long axis
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13.
Identify the special movements allowed by the proximal radioulnar joint (i.e. between
radius and ulna), by the sole, by the shoulders, by the jaw, and review each special
movement in the diagrams above and below.
Special Movements of
Movement 1
Movement 2
Radius/Ulna
supination
pronation
Sole
eversion
inversion
Shoulders
elevation
depression
Jaw
protration
retraction
14.
Name the six types of synovial joints and provide an example of each.
Type of Synovial Joint Movements Allowed
Example
Plane
Gliding
Intervertebral discs and
within carpals
Hinge
Flexion and extension
Knee and elbow
Pivot
Rotation
First intervertebral disc
Condyloid
All angular movement except rotation
Carpals and knuckles
Saddle
Concave and convex bone surfaces that allow Thumb
for free movement
Ball-and-socket
Head of one bone surface fits into socket of Shoulder and hip
other bone surface permitting all angular
movement
15.
Explain how an intervertebral disc can be all of the following: an amphiarthrosis,
cartilaginous joint, symphyses, gliding joint, and plane joint.
Intervertebral Disc as How ?
Amphiarthosis
Allows for slight movement
Cartilaginous Joint
Composed of fibrocartilage
Symphyses
Composed of a pad of fibrocartilage
Gliding Joint
Allows for slight movement between body’s of vertebrae
Plane Joint
Allows for gliding movement
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16.
Name all of the joint classifications
joints may satisfy.
Sutures of Skull
Classifications that Fibrous
each may satisfy
Suture
Synarthroses
that the sutures in the skull, elbows, and hip
Elbow
Synovial
Diarthrosis
Hinge
Hip
Synovial
Diarthrosis
Ball-and-socket
17.
Construct a table comparing the structural and functional classifications of joints,
and draw arrows to show the relationships between the two.
Structural Classification
Functional Classification
Fibrous
Synarthroses
Cartilaginous
Amphiarthoses
Synovial
Diarthroses
18.
Discuss some important joint disorders.
Sprains, bursitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout (see pages 271-274)
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