Download 17-1 Viruses The name

Name: ____________________
Date: __________ Blk: _____
17-1 Viruses
The name “virus” means __________ in the __________ language
I.
What is a Virus?
A.
Virus: (def’n)
B.
Structure of a Virus
1.
Core of __________ __________
a. Made of __________ or __________ but never both, containing up to
several __________ genes
C.
Bacteriophage: (def’n)
D.
Labeled sketch: (refer to figure 17-2):
E.
Some shapes of viruses:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Viruses vary in size from approximately __________ to __________ nanometers.
Specificity (def’n):
F.
G.
1.
II.
Example:
Life Cycle of a Lytic Virus
A.
In order to reproduce, viruses must __________ or __________ a __________ host
cell.
B.
Infection:
1.
Virus activated by __________ __________ with right host cell
2.
T4: tail attaches to the __________ of the bacterium
3.
DNA is __________ into the bacterium
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
1
C.
Growth:
1.
Host cell cannot tell __________________________________
2.
Viral messenger RNA (mRNA) acts like a __________ __________
__________, taking over the infected __________ __________
3.
Produces enzymes that destroy __________ DNA but do not harm
__________ DNA
D. Replication:
1.
Virus uses materials of the __________ __________ to make thousands of
copies of its own protein coat and DNA
2.
Host cell becomes filled with __________ of viral DNA molecules.
3.
This sequence (I,G,R) can take as little as __________ minutes!
4.
During final stages:
a.
New __________ particles are assembled
b.
Infected cell __________ (bursts)
c.
__________ of new virus particles are __________ and may now infect
__________ __________
5. Called a lytic infection because
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
2
III.
Lysogenic Infections
A.
How it differs from a lytic infection:
1.
Viral DNA enters cells and is __________ into the __________ of the host
cell
2.
Once there, called a __________
3.
May remain in host DNA for __________ __________
B.
Phophage activity
1.
Does not stay in __________ form for ever; eventually DNA becomes
__________, and removes itself from host DNA
2.
Then it directs the __________ of new _________ __________
3.
Factors that can activate the virus:
a.
b.
C.
Retroviruses:
1.
Contain __________ as their genetic material
2.
When infecting a host, make a __________ copy of their __________ genes
3.
This __________ acts like that of a lysogenic virus and is __________ into the
host DNA
4.
Name means “__________” and comes from their genes being copied
__________ from RNA to __________
5. AIDS is caused by a __________ called HIV
IV.
Viruses and Living Cells
A.
Viruses are parasites: (def’n)
B.
Are viruses living or non-living?
1. Evidence for “non-living”:
2. Evidence for “living”:
17-2 Monerans - Prokaryotic Cells
I
Monerans - Prokaryotic Cells
A.
Prokaryotes: (def’n)
1.
They are found __________.
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
3
II.
Classification of Monerans
A.
All prokaryotes belong to the kingdom __________
B.
Divided into 4 Phyla:
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
Bacteria: (def’n)
1.
2.
D.
Size:
Smaller than eukaryotic cells because:
Eubacteria
1.
Cell wall composed of:
2.
Within the cell wall is a:
3.
Some have __________ that protrude from cell __________ through the cell
__________; these are used for __________
4.
E.
F.
Lifestyles:
a.
Live in the __________
b.
Infect larger __________ and produce disease
c.
__________
Cyanobacteria
1.
Also called: __________-__________ __________
2.
Origin of the name:
3.
All cyanobacteria can carry out the reactions of __________
4.
Often the first species to __________ sites of natural disaster
Archaebacteria
1.
Live in __________ __________ environments
2.
Example: Methanogens – origin of name:
a.
Live in __________-free environments like thick __________ and
animal __________ tracts
3.
Other “extreme” habitats: __________ environments (Ex. Great Salt Lake)
extremely __________ environemtns (Ex. Hot springs)
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
4
III.
Identifying Monerans
A.
Name and sketch the basic shapes of bacteria:
Shape:
Rod
Sphere
Name:
Sketch:
B.
C.
Sketch:
2 cocci together
(diplococci):
IV.
A big clump of cocci
(staphylococci):
Cell wall
1.
Gram staining studies the ___________ nature of the bacterial cell
__________
2.
Gram-positive bacteria are coloured __________ because they take up the
stain __________ __________
a.
Their cell walls are made of:
3.
D.
Long chain of cocci
(streptococci):
Spiral
Gram-negative bacteria are coloured __________ because they take up the
stain __________
a.
Their cell walls are made of:
Types of bacterial movement: __________, __________, __________, __________
How Monerans Obtain Energy
A.
Autotrophs
1.
Phototropic autotrophs: (def’n)
2.
B.
Example: __________
Chemotrophic autotrophs: (def’n)
Example: __________
Heterotrophs
1.
Chemotrophic heterotrophs: (def’n)
Example: __________
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
5
2.
Humans are also __________ __________
a.
Many bacteria compete with us for:
b.
c.
V.
Bacterial Respiration
A.
Respiration: (def’n)
B.
Fermentation: (def’n
C.
Obligate aerobes: (def’n)
D.
Obligate anaerobes: (def’n)
1.
Example organism:
2.
Often found in: __________ where it causes no problems because it is
unable…
3.
If it finds its way into a place free of __________ and filled with __________,
they grow very quickly
They produce __________ that cause “botulism”
These are deadly; they interfere with __________ activity, causing __________
and sometimes __________
Commercially canned goods are safe because:
4.
5.
6.
E.
VI.
Example: __________ grows in raw meat, __________, and
__________
If not properly cooked (to kill the bacteria) they will “eat” this food and
release __________ into it, causing the illness we call __________
__________
Facultative anaerobes: (def’n)
Bacterial Growth and Reproduction
A.
Bacterial growth is limited by:
1.
2.
B.
Binary fission: (describe the process)
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
6
C.
Conjugation: (def’n):
1.
List the steps:
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
D.
Genetic diversity helps to ensure…
Spore formation
1.
Endospore (def’n):
2.
Can remain dormant for __________ until conditions improve, then …
Extension:
VII. Importance of Monerans
A.
Bacteria are used to produce:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B.
Industrial uses of bacteria:
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
Symbiosis (def’n):
1.
Example: humans and __________:
a.
Bacteria benefit by being provided with:
i.
ii.
iii.
b.
Humans benefit by getting:
i.
ii.
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
7
VIII. Bacteria in the Environment
A.
Nutrient flow: bacteria recycle…
B.
Sewage decomposition: bacteria grow __________ here and as they grow, they…
C.
Nitrogen fixation:
1.
__________ organisms on Earth are totally __________ on Monerans for
__________
2.
Our atmosphere is __________ % nitrogen gas but living things need it in
__________ form.
17-3 Diseases Caused by Viruses and Monerans
I.
Viruses and Disease
A.
Pathogen: (def’n)
1.
B.
C.
Disease results when the infection…
Viral diseases:
1.
Examples:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
2.
As the virus reproduces it destroys the __________ that it infects, causing the
__________ of the disease
Disease Prevention:
1.
Only successful protection lies in …
2.
3.
To do this, the body’s own __________ system must be __________ to
prevent infection
Vaccine (def’n):
a.
D.
Vaccines can only provide protection if…
Interferons: (def’n)
1.
How interferons work: when they are released from virus-infected cells…
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
8
II.
Bacteria and Disease
A.
Only a __________ types cause disease
B.
Louis Pasteur was the 1st person to show:
C.
D.
E.
III.
Some diseases caused by __________ bacteria:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Two ways in which bacteria cause disease:
1.
2.
Methods for fighting bacterial disease
1.
Stimulating __________ system through __________
2.
Antibiotics (def’n):
Controlling Bacteria
A.
Sterilization (def’n):
1.
2.
B.
Heat: most can be killed in __________ water
Disinfectant (def’n):
Food Processing:
1.
When bacteria “__________” our food, they cause it to __________
2.
Preventing spoilage:
a.
Refrigeration: slows the __________ of bacteria
b.
Sterilization by __________ (e.g. boiling, __________, __________)
c.
Canning: __________ food is sealed into __________ or __________
containers
d.
Chemical treatments that inhibit bacterial growth in food:
i.
salt
(ex. __________ __________)
ii.
__________
(ex. __________ __________)
iii.
__________
(ex. __________)
44-1 The Nature of Disease
I.
What is Disease?
A.
Infection: (def’n)
1.
2.
The number of micro-organisms around us is so __________ that infection is
a __________ __________
Sickness is not a daily event because …
3.
Infectious disease results only when…
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
9
II.
How is Infectious Disease Spread?
A.
Pathogens require only _________ to enter the body. Examples:
1.
_________ Clostridium tetani lives in __________ and enters thru __________
or __________ in the skin
2.
Common cold, __________, __________, __________ spread thru
__________ or __________
3.
Others spread thru __________ water supplies
4.
Through ________ handled by an _________ person
5.
Spread by infected animals, e.g. ________ and __________
6.
________ contact
III.
The Germ Theory of Infectious Disease
A.
In the past it was believed disease was caused by:
B.
C.
D.
People who became ill were thought to be __________ or had __________
__________
Germ Theory of Infectious Disease: (def’n)
Koch's postulates:
1.
2.
3.
4.
44-2 Agents of Disease
I.
Introduction
A.
A few micro-organisms find the human body an __________ home
1.
It is __________, __________, and full of __________
2.
Friendly ones settle in and live in ___________
B.
Some may invade and _________ in tissues, or __________ through the
bloodstream
1.
Unchecked, they may cause __________ illness
C.
Diseases are grouped according to the __________ of __________ that causes them
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
10
II.
Viruses & Bacteria
A.
Complete the following chart :
Disease
Organism that Causes the
Disease
Chicken Pox
Methods of Spreading the
Disease
Common Cold
German Measles
Influenza
Mumps
Polio
Diptheria
Lyme disease
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
11
Biology 11: Self-Guided Notes
12