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Object Particle Omission in Korean Jieun Kiaer Oxford 1 Research Questions Structural relations are realised not by linear order but by case particles. Then, • 1) Why do Korean native speakers omit case particles (though they are so important)? • 2) How do they do so? • 3) Does omission bring any semantic effect? • 4) Does prosody play any role? 2 Core Examples Are they different (or not) ? A) 밥 먹었니? Bap mek-ess-ni? Rice eat-PAST-Q ‘Have you eaten?’ B) 밥-을 먹었니? Bap-ul mek-ess-ni? Rice-ACC eat-PAST-Q ‘Have you eaten?’ 3 Object Particle and (Contrastive) Focus Effect E-S Koh (2001), H-J Lee (2003, 2005,2006) Compare the following examples. (1) A: Nana-hanthey os-ponayssni? Nana-DAT clothes-sent ‘Did you send Nana clothes?’ B: Mian, kkamppakhaysse. Sorry, I forgot. 4 Object Particle and (Contrastive) Focus Effect (2) A: Sopo-ane mwe issni? Parcel-inside what exists ‘What is in the parcel?’ B: Nana-ka os-ul ponaysse. Nana-NOM clothes-ACC sent ‘Nana sent clothes (instead of any other gift e.g., shoes.)’ 5 Counter examples A: Ne sakwa mekullay? Pay mekullay? You apple will.eat pear will.eat ‘Will you eat an apple or a pear.’ B: Sakwa mekullay. Apple will.eat ‘I will eat an apple.’ 6 Object Particle Omission Preference (H-J Lee, 2006) Hierarchy • Counter-examples A: Ne Did you meet Jinyoung or Minsu? B: Eh, Minsu mannasse. Minsu met ‘I met Minsu.’ 7 Written vs. Spoken Language Difference Object particle omission is more frequent and easy in spoken Korean. Speech style and prosody matter. Compare a??Hama-nun mwul coahanta. (SB Lee 2006) Hippo-TOP water likes ‘Hippo likes water.’ b.Hama-nun mwul coahanta (H%) c. Hama-nun mwul coahay. 8 Neo-Gricean Perspective: Omission is a Marked Situation • S-B Lee (2006) • Omission brings forth habitual, repetitive, generic – meta-pragmatic meaning. A) Pae-lul-tata • boat-ride ‘riding a boat.’ B) Pae-tata • boat-ride ‘becoming a sailor.’ 9 Yet – not always What are you doing? a) Bap-meke. ‘rice-eat’ b) E-mail check-hay. ‘e-mail check.’ (no meta-linguistic meaning added.) 10 Stage-level vs. individual level predicates • • • • • • • A >>> B: natural and frequent A) Na-nun paint chilha-nun-kess coahay. I-TOP paint paint-MOD-NML like B) ?Na-nun paint-lul chilha-nun-kess coahay. I-TOP paint paint-ACC-MOD-NML like 11 Spoken Syntax vs. Written Syntax • Naturalness is checked in “speech mode” by native speakers. • Cf) Lee’s experiment is based on written materials. 12 Light Verbs • (28) 노크하다 ‘knock’, 데모하다 ‘demonstrate’, 데뷔하다 ‘debut’ • 리드하다 ‘lead’, 마사지하다 ‘massage’, 마스터하다 ‘master’ • 마크하다 ‘mark’, 매치하다 ‘match’, 메모하다 ‘memo’ • 서비스하다 ‘service’, 쇼핑하다 ‘do the shopping’ • 스케치하다 ‘sketch’, 스크랩하다 ‘clip’, 스톱하다 ‘stop’ • 인터뷰하다 ‘interview’, 체크되다 ‘checked’, 체크하다 ‘check’ • 커버하다 ‘cover’, 키스하다 ‘kiss’, 테스트하다 ‘test’, 패스하다 ‘pass’ • 프러포즈하다 ‘propose’, 프린트하다 ‘print’, 히트시키다 ‘hit’ • 히트하다 ‘make a hit’, 어필하다 ‘appeal’, 디자인하다 ‘design’ • 덤핑하다 ‘dump’, 대시하다 ‘ask someone out’ • 아르바이트하다 알바하다. ‘do a parttime job.’ 13 What does prosody do? • Interestingly, object and verb in Korean often form one phonological phrase. • Object particle is omitted in order to put the object and verb together in one PP. • According to Shin 2011’s corpus work, 91.5% of the time, the length of PP was within 5 syllables. 14 Prosodic Structure of Korean Figure 7.2 Prosodic Structure of Korean 15 Statistics on Korean Prosodic Structure Intonational Phrase 1.58 Phonological Phrase 3.47 Syllable 11.39 Phoneme 24.22 Phonological Phrase 2.20 Syllable 7.22 Phoneme 15.35 Phonological Syllable 3.28 Phrase Phoneme 6.98 Syllable Phoneme 2.13 Utterance Intonational Phrase 16 What do you want to eat? 짜장면(noodles with stir-fried bean paste) 짬뽕(spicy seafood noodle soup) {짜장면 먹을래}? >>짜장면을 먹을래? {짬뽕 먹을래}? >>짬뽕을 먹을래? 17 Frozen expressions Sayings (No object particle) Eg) Kong sim-un-te/ kong na-ko//, bean-plant-MOD-place bean appear-CONJ Pat-sim-un-te/ pat nanta//. Red.bean-plant-MOD-place red.bean appear (As one sows, so shall he reap.) 18 Adjacency and Predictability • Object-Verb : Adjacency expected • Yuna-ka Mina cal ala? (No object particle) • Y-NOM M well know • ‘Does Yuna know Mina well?’ • ?? Mina-lul Yuna cal ala? • M-ACC Y well know (No subject particle) 19 Hata verbs (SILIC corpus) 20 Minimise Domains (MiD): The human processor prefers to minimise the connected sequences of linguistic forms and their conventionally associated syntactic and semantic properties in which relations of combination and/or dependency are processed. (Hawkins 2004) 21 Minimize Forms (MiF) • The human processor prefers to minimize the formal complexity of each linguistic form F (its phoneme, morpheme, word or phrasal units) and the number of forms with unique conventionalized property assignments, thereby assigning more properties to fewer forms. These minimizations apply in proportion to the ease with which a given property P can be assigned in processing to a given F. 22 References • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 남승호. 2007. 「한국어 술어의 사건 구조와 논항 구조」. 서울: 서울대학교출판부. 신지영. 2011. 「한국어의 말소리」. 서울: 지식과교양. 신현숙. 1982. “목적격 표지 /-를/의 의미연구.” 「언어」 7-1. 119-139. 이남순. 1998. “격표지의 비실현과 생략.” 「국어학」(국어학회) 31. 340-360 이성범. 2006. “대격 조사 생략의 화용적 분석.” 「담화와 인지」(담화인지언어학회) 13-3. 69-89. 이호승. 2006. “격조사 없는 명사구의 격 문제에 대하여.” 「어문학」(한국어문학회) 93. 139-159. 임홍빈. 2007. “한국어 무조사 명사구의 통사와 의미.” 「국어학」(국어학회) 49. 69-106. Enç, Mürvet. 1991. The semantics of specificity. Linguistic Inquiry 18, 633-657. Hawkins, John. 2004. Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Kiaer, Jieum & Shin, Jiyoung. 2012. XX. 'Prosodic interpretation of object particle omission in Korean’. Korean Linguistics XX Kim, D. 1993. The Specificity/non-specificity Distinction and Scrambling Theory. Seoul: Thaehaksa. 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