Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download thesis the translation of indonesian passive voice into english with
Document related concepts
Transformational grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sanskrit grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Danish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Untranslatability wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
THESIS THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN PASSIVE VOICE INTO ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO “BAWANG MERAH DAN BAWANG PUTIH” AND IT’S TRANSLATION ‘MISS ONION AND MISS GARLIC’ NI WAYAN SADIYANI POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011 THESIS THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN PASSIVE VOICE INTO ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO “BAWANG MERAH DAN BAWANG PUTIH” AND IT’S TRANSLATION ‘MISS ONION AND MISS GARLIC’ NI WAYAN SADIYANI NIM (0890161015) MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM TRANSLATION STUDIES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011 THESIS THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN PASSIVE VOICE INTO ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO “BAWANG MERAH DAN BAWANG PUTIH” AND IT’S TRANSLATION ‘MISS ONION AND MISS GARLIC’ Thesis is as a fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree in Translation Studies Postgraduate Program Udayana University NI WAYAN SADIYANI NIM (0890161015) MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM TRANSLATION STUDIES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011 ii Approval Sheet THIS THESIS WAS APPROVED On August 2nd, 2011 Supervisor I Supervisor II Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra, Ph.D NIP: 19541224 198303 1 001 Drs. I Ketut Tika, MA NIP: 19531231 198103 1 039 Approved by, Head of Master Program in Linguistics Departement Postgraduate Program Udayana University Director of Post Graduate Studies Udayana University Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M. Hum. Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K) NIP. 19620310 198503 1 005 NIP. 19590215 198510 2 001 iii This thesis has been examined by the Examining Board On August 2nd, 2011 The Examiner committee according to the Decree of Rector of Udayana University, No: 1310/UN14.4/HK/2011, On July 22nd, 2011 Chairman Secretary Members : Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra, Ph.D. : Drs. I Ketut Tika, M.A. : 1. Prof. Drs. I Ketut Artawa, M.A. Ph.D. 2. Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng M.Hum. 3. Dra. I Gst Ayu Gede Sosiowati M.A. iv SURAT PERNYATAAN Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini : Nama : Ni Wayan Sadiyani NIM : 0890161015 Tempat & tanggal lahir : Gianyar, 12 Desember 1968 Alamat : Jln. Batur Gang celepuk No. 11A Denpasar Selatan No. Telepon/HP : (0361)248451/081338594548 Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa tidak menjiplak setengah atau sepenuhnya thesis orang lain. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya, untuk dapat dipergunakan sebagaimana mestinya, dan apabila dikemudian hari ternyata tidak benar, maka saya bersedia dituntut sesuai dengan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Denpasar, 22nd August 2011 Ni Wayan Sadiyani NIM. 0890161015 v ACNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty God, Ida Sanghyang Widhi Wasa, Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, for His blessing so that this thesis could be completed and to obtain a Master Degree in applied Linguistics, particularly in Translation Studies. In this good opportunity I would like to address my greatest thanks to those who have been so helpful during my study. 1. The Rector of Udayana University. 2. The Director, Assistant Director and Staff of Postgraduate Studies of Udayana University. 3. Head, Secretary and Staff of Master Program in Linguistics. 4. The Coordinator of Applied Linguistic on Translation Studies. 5. Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra, Ph.D. as my First Supervisor. 6. Drs. I Ketut Tika, MA as my Second Supervisor. 7. The Board of examiners and the other teaching staff, for their valuable support and input. Finally, I would like to thank to my families, husband, children, and close friends, for their moral support, during my study. I hope this writing will be worthwhile to the development of the translation studies in Applied Linguistics of the Postgraduate Program and to those who try to learn about translation studies. Denpasar, 22nd August 2011 Ni Wayan Sadiyani vi ABSTRAK TERJEMAHAN KALIMAT PASIF BAHASA INDONESIA KE DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS DALAM CERITA BAWANG MERAH DAN BAWANG PUTIH DAN TERJEMAHANNYA ’MISS ONION AND MISS GARLIC’ Penelitian ini dillaksanakan berdasarkan desain kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptip. Data penelitian adalah kalimat pasif bahasa Indonesia berseta ekuivalensinya sebagaimana digunakan dalam cerita Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih (Sutjaja, 2005). Ada 4 masalah dalam penelitian ini: (1) Apakah ekuivalensi kalimat pasif bahasa Indonesia dalam bahasa Inggrisnya seperti yang digunakan dalam cerita Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih? (2) Apakah jenis kalimat pasif bahasa Indonesia yang tetap dipertahankan pasif dan yang dirubah bila kalimat pasif tersebut diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris? (3) Apakah jenis-jenis perubahan bentuk yang terjadi ketika kalimat pasif bahasa Indonesia diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris? (4) Sejauhmana tingkat naturalisasi kalimat pasif bahasa Indonesia dapat diwujudkan bila diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris? Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah menjawab keempat rumusan permasahan yang dikaji. Langkah-langkah dan prosedur dalam mencari jawaban terhadap keempat pertanyaan mencakup: (1) sumber data, (2) metode dan teknik pengumpulan data yang terdiri dari metode observasi dan teknik pencatatan, (3) metode dan teknik analisis data, dan (4) metode dan teknik penyajian analisis data. Hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: Pertama, kalimatkalimat pasif yang dapat diidentifikasi dalam bahasa Indonesia kebanyakan ditandai dengan awaln di- (awalan di- +kata kerja dasar + agen frasa; awalan di- + kata kerja dasar + akhiran + agen frasa; beberapa kalimat pasif ditandai awalan ter-(awalan ter- + kata kerja dasar/ kata sifat/kata benda); ada beberapa kalimat pasif yang tidak ditandai baik dengan penambhana awaln di- atau ter. Kedua, hasil analisis data jelas menunjukkan bahwa kebanyakan kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia yang ditandai baik dengan penambahan awalan di(di- + kata kerja dasar dan di- + kata kerja dasar + akhiran) dan awalan ter- (ter + kata kerja dasar/kata sifat/kata benda) yang juga diterjemahkan menjadi kalimat pasif dalam hahasa Inggris (be + kata kerja III + agen frasa tersurat atau tersirat dan sisanya diterjemahkan menjadi kalimat aktif. Hasil penelitian ini jelas membuktikan bahwa kebanyakan kalimat pasif dalam bahasa sumber tetap dipertahankan pasif dan hanya beberapa yang dirubah menjadi kalimat aktif. Ketiga, dalam menterjemahkan kalimat pasif bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris perubahan bentuk tak dapat dihindari terutama pada tataran gramatikal yang menyangkut tensis sebab bahasa Inggris mengenal tensis vii sedangkan bahasa Indonesia tidak. Nyaris semua kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dibentuk dengan: (1) awalan di- + kata kerja dasar; (2) awalan di+ kata kerja dasar + akhiran; dan (3) awalan ter- (awalan ter- + kata kerja dasar/kata sifat/kata benda) diterjemahkan ke dalam bentuk lampau dengan pola: (1) be + kata kerja III atau (2) S + P ( kata kerja II) + O. Keempat, berdasarkan karakteristik dari terjemahan yang alami, maka dapat dinilai bahwa terjemahan kalimat pasif bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Inggris dapat mewujudkan tingkat naturalisasi yang cukup bagus atas dasar dua alasan penting: (1) si penterjemah sudah diakui kompetensinya baik dalam bahasa sumber maupun bahasa sasaran sehingga ia mampu membuat terjemahannya jelas serta enak alami terbaca; (2) beberapa kalimat pasif bahasa Indonesia yang diterjemahkan menjadi kalimat aktif dalam bahasa Inggris jelas mengindikasikan bahwa si penterjemah sudah berupaya menemukan ekuivalensi alami terdekat dari bahasa sumber dalam aspek tata bahasa, leksis, gaya bahasa, dan nilai-nilai budaya. Pada esensinya tingkat naturalisasi dari sebuah ungkapan adalah merupakan masalah mencari kecocokkan pada tataran: (1) katagori leksikal, (2) katagori gramatikal, (3) kelas semantik, dan (4) kontek budaya. viii ABSTRACT THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN PASSIVE VOICE INTO ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO “BAWANG MERAH DAN BAWANG PUTIH” AND IT’S TRANSLATION ‘MISS ONION AND MISS GARLIC’ The study is conducted based on qualitative research design with descriptive analysis. The data are passive constructions in Indonesian and English as used in the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and translated into “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic” (Sutjaja, 2005). The four research problems are:1) what are the corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passives in English as used in the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” as translated into “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”? 2) What types of Indonesian passive constructions (SL) are retained as passive in their translation into English (TL)? 3) What types of shifts occur from SL to TL in translating passive constructions from Indonesian into English? 4) To what degree can be the naturalness of Indonesian passive constructions is established when translated into English? The main objectives of the study are to answer the four research problems under study. The steps and procedures of discovering the answers of the four research problems are shown under the discussion of research method which includes: (1) the data source, (2) method and technique of collecting the data consisting of observation method and note-taking technique; (3) method and technique of analyzing the data, and (4) method and technique of presenting the data analysis. The results of the data analysis are summed up as follows. First, among the passives, in Indonesian which can be identified in SL, most are marked by prefix di- (prefix di- + verb base + agent phrase; prefix di- + verb base + suffix + agent phrase); several marked by prefix ter- to adjective and noun (prefix ter- + verb base / adjective/noun) and there more passives not marked either by prefix di- or ter-. Second, the results of data analysis clearly show that most passives are marked by the attachment of both prefix di- (di + verb base and di + verb base + suffix) and prefix ter- (ter- + verb and ter + adjective/noun) which are also translated into passive in English (be + past participle) + stated or implied agent by phrase and the rest are translated into actives. This clearly reveals that some passives in SL are retained, namely translated into passives in English and some others are translated into actives. Third, in translating Indonesian passives into English shifts inevitably take place on grammatical level, above all, on the aspect of tense, since English has several tenses whereas Indonesian does not. Nearly all Indonesian passive voices which are formed by: (1) prefix di- + Verb base data; (2) prefix di- + Verb base + Suffix; and (3) prefix ter- + verb base/Adjective/noun which are translated into past tense with either (1) Be + Past participle or (2) S + P (Verb II) + O). ix Fourth,. on the basis of the characteristics of a natural translation, it can be remarked that the translation of the Indonesian passives into English can be establish a good level of naturalness for two important accounts: (1) the translator has been widely acknowledged for his unquestionable linguistic competence both in SL and TL so that he can make his translation lucid and read naturally; (2) some of the Indonesian passives which are translated into actives in English indicated that the translator attempted his best to discover the closest natural parallel equivalents of the SL in terms of grammar, lexis, styles, and cultural values. The degree of naturalness of the expression is essentially a problem of discovering co-suitability on the levels of: (1) lexical categories (2) grammatical categories, (3) semantic class, and (4) cultural contexts. x TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................... TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………… CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION …………………………………………. 1 I.I Background of the Study………………………………… 1 I.2 Problems of the Study…………………….……………… 5 I.3 Objectives of the Study…………………………….…….. 6 I.4 Scope of the Study……………………………….………. 7 I.5 Significance of the Study ………..……………………….. 8 CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…................................................................... 11 2. I Literature Review…………………………..…….……… 11 2.2 Concepts…………………….……………………........... 17 2.2.1 Concepts of Translation …………..…………….………. 17 2.2.2 Concepts of Passive Voice in Indonesian …….………... 19 2.2.3 Concepts of Passive Voice in English ……...…………... 29 2.2.4 Concepts of Equivalence in Translation ………...……… 34 2.2.5 Concepts of Shifts in Translation ……...……….............. 39 2.3 Theoretical Framework………………………………….. 42 2.3.1 Semantics and Translation ……………………………… 43 2.3.2 Translation Procedures …………………………………. 48 2.3.3 Translation, Process and Product ………………………...52 xi CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ….................................. 57 3.1 Research Design ………………………………................ 57 3.2 Data Source……………………………………... ............. 60 3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data …….. ............. 61 3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data …….. ............. 62 3.5 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analyzed Data...65 CHAPTER IV THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN PASSIVES INTO ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO THE TALE “BAWANG MERAH DAN BAWANG PUTIH” AND ITS TRANSLATION “MISS ONION AND MISS GARLIC” ……………………………………….... 66 4.1 Introduction …………………………………… ............... 66 4.2 Data Tabulation Showing Indonesian Passives and Their English Equivalents ………………… .............. 68 4.3 The Presentation of Data Analysis ….…………. .............. 77 4.4 The Identification of the Equivalents of Indonesian Passives in English…………........................... 79 4.5 Passive Voice with Prefix di- in SL Translated Into Passives in the TL……………………... .. 88 4.6 Passives Voice With Prefix ter- in SL Translated into Passives in TL…………………….…106 4.7 The Analysis of the Equivalents of Indonesian Passives Retained as Passives and not in English.............111 xii 4.8 The Analysis of the Types of Shifts Occurring When Converting Indonesian Passives into English... ..... 116 4.9 The Analysis of the Degree of Naturalness Retained In Translating Indonesian Passives into English……... ... 122 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………...….. 124 5.1 Conclusions ……………………………………. ............ 124 5.2 Suggestions …………………………………….. ............ 129 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………… ... 131 APPENDIX ……………………………………………..………………. Printed Data Source (The tale of “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih”)…… xiii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS SL : SOURCE LANGUAGE TL : TARGET LANGUAGE RL : RECEPTOR LANGUAGE IB : I BAWANG IK : I KESUNA MO : MISS ONION MG : MISS GARLIC BM : BAWANG MERAH BP : BAWANG PUTIH IR : I RAKSASA xiv 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study It is unquestionably justifiable that any human language basically functions as the vehicle of communication in addition to nonverbal vehicle, whereby different meanings, ideas, opinions, messages, and even feelings can be most effectively and lucidly expressed, communicated and shared out. Bloomfield (1979) convincingly argues that language plays a great part in the life of human beings. Therefore, the more languages one can speak the more meaningfully he would likely be to communicate and interact with others. English has long been determined, acknowledged and used as an international language, like the learning of English in Indonesia which might be of interest to be set up on the basis of a linguistic model of translation for two motivations, viz, intrinsic and utilitarian. From the intrinsic or linguistic point of view the attempt to create a model of translation process is believed to be inherently interesting and valuable as a means for testing theory and for investigating language use. From a practical viewpoint, it is clear that in a rapidly changing world in which knowledge is evolving and expanding at an unprecedented rate, information transfer is coming to immensely depend more and more on efficient and effective translation. Efficient and effective translation process inevitably requires competent translator. 2 Nida dan Taber (1982) point out that translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Concerning this statement, it can be obviously seen that meaning of a SL text must be replaced by the closest natural equivalent in the TL. In line with this, the style which is closely related to choice of words and sense of expressing ideas becomes very important in the rendering of a SL into the TL. Therefore, the translator as the person who plays an important role in conveying the message of SL should not only master the language but also be competent in finding the closest natural equivalent of TL lexical items. It means that the translator must be able to produce a stylistically natural TL, which necessarily involves changes of the form. The change of structure from one form to another is not uncommon in translation. To gain naturalness, passive constructions will frequently need to be translated with active constructions or vice versa. Such a phenomenon often occurs in Indonesian-English translation, because the Indonesian language has specific characteristic in its word order. According to Sneddon (2000: 22) passive constructions are used more frequently in Indonesian than in English. “Often a passive is the natural construction in Indonesian where a passive translation into English will sound very artificial or clumsy.” This phenomenon is also shared in Wikipedia (2009) that the basic word order of Indonesian is Subject Verb Object (SVO). However, many Indonesian will speak in a passive/objective voice, making use of the Object Verb Subject word order. This OVS word order in Indonesian will often permit the omission of the subject and/or object (i.e. ellipses 3 of noun/pronoun). This omission benefits the speaker/writer in two ways: adding a sense of politeness and respect to a statement or question and convenience when the subject is unknown, unimportant or implied by context. For example, when Indonesian people would like to help others, they usually say, “Bisa dibantu?” (Literal translation: “Can be helped?”). Idiomatically, it is translated into, “Can I help you?” In English, the speaker is mentioned by “I” whereas in the Indonesian language, it is not necessarily stated, but implied. Thus, the person or thing we want to talk about is usually expressed as the subject of the clause, and if we want to talk about the actor of the sentence we make it the subject of the verb and use the verb in an active form. Transitive verbs in English are usually active, but can also occur in the passive voice. In English most passive constructions are formed with the auxiliary be followed by verb (past participle), whereas Indonesian passive constructions are mostly marked by prefix di + base verb. The noun phrase in the by – phrase is commonly referred to as marker of the agent. The passive constructions with by-phrase are called the long passive. In contrast, the short passive (agent less passive) does not have byphrase. Based on the explanation above, it is clear that translation is basically a change of structure, form of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, etc. These forms are the surface structure of a language which is usually seen in printed form or heard in speech. Larson (1998:3) states that in translation the form of the source language (SL) is replaced by the form of the receptor language (RL).This 4 replacement of form necessarily consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and reconstructing the same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in RL and its cultural context. Thus, the process of effective and efficient translation of Indonesian passive constructions into English does not merely require the changing of both appropriate lexical and grammatical features but also the choice of appropriate cultural contexts. This is due to the different characteristics of the Indonesian language and English. The Indonesian language tends to focus on the result of the action. For example, saya akan dijemputnya which literally means I would be met by her (Sneddon, 2000: 21). The sentence I would be met by her sounds awkward in English. Thus, instead of using this expression, the sentence will sound more natural in English if it is constructed into “She would pick me up.” On the contrary, the active construction is more common in English since the focus of attention is the actor that carries out the action. In this investigation, the researcher is so interested in and curious about investigating how Indonesian passive constructions in the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translations “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”, were treated. The tale is compiled in Balinese Tale published by Lotus Widya Suari, (Sutjaja, 2005). Each tale compiled in this book actually is presented in three languages i.e. Balinese, Indonesian, and English. The Balinese version is presented in Balinese orthography. The bilingual version under study is the version in the Indonesian and English. The use of passive voice in the Indonesian 5 version is interesting to discuss. It is found that the Indonesian version of the tale utilizes many passive constructions like I Bawang dan I Kasuna disuruhnya menumbuk (translated into the same form, i.e. into passive construction in English IB and IK were asked to pound paddy). There are many other examples of passive construction which seem to dominate the tale and are indeed worth investigating. 1.2 Problems of the Study From the ideas presented in the background of the study above, it is obvious that in translating Indonesian passive constructions into English, there tend to be some problems since Indonesian and English each has its own lexical and grammatical forms as well as specific cultural context. Infect, Indonesian and English are two different languages which have discrepant lexical and grammatical structures in forming passive constructions. The study would investigate how passive constructions are mostly translated from Indonesian into English. In the light of such background, the problems under concern can be formulated as follows: 1. What the corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions in English are as used in the context of the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”? 2. What types of Indonesian passive constructions (SL) are retained as passive in their translation equivalents into English (TL)? 3. What types of shifts occur from SL to TL in translating passive constructions from Indonesian into English? 6 4. To what degree can be the naturalness of Indonesian passive constructions is established when translated into English? 1.3 Objectives of the Study As generally assumed, any scientific study is intended to solve the research problems under study, the results of which are expected to bear great significance to the principles as well as practices of translation. In congruent with the discussions of the nature and theory of translation underpinning the present study, as highlighted in the background and in the formulations of the research problems, the undertaking of the present investigation has both general and specific objectives. The general objective of this study is to shed further insights and more scientific evidences concerning effective and efficient translation either from Indonesian into English or vice versa. Specifically, the undertaking of this study aims at: 1. Identifying the corresponding equivalents of the Indonesian passive constructions in English as used in the context of the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”? 2. Finding and analyzing the corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions which are both retained as passive and not retained as passive in English. 3. Finding and revealing the types of shifts occurring when translating Indonesian passive constructions into English. 7 4. Analyzing and revealing the establishment of the degree of naturalness in translating Indonesian passive constructions into English. 1.4 Scope of the Study The reviews of the existing theories and models of translation as well as available results of translation studies suggest that the process of translating Indonesian into English and vice versa indeed involves immense and complex processes. This is substantially on account of the fact that the appropriate translation of Indonesian into English and vice versa needs as a prerequisite exhaustive mastery of the lexical and grammatical features of both the SL and TL, in addition to their understanding the appropriate cultural contexts and communicative values involved. Therefore, it is unquestionably justified and believed that the changing of lexical and grammatical forms unavoidably occur in translation as much as there are many ways in appropriately expressing meanings. Virtually, a message expressed in one language may be differently expressed in another language. The literature review and the synthesis of theories and concepts of translation as coined and proposed by some linguists are basically of the opinions that the essential point of translating a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) is first and foremost concerned with how the original and full meanings conveyed by the SL can be most appropriately, impartially and finely translated through whatever linguistic forms in the target language. The elixir of this agreement is manifest that the transformation of meaning is primarily of vital 8 significance whereas linguistic forms whereby meanings can be best and most fully transferred are secondary. Due to the massiveness and complexity of translation process, the present study simply confines and focuses its investigation on the translation of Indonesian passive constructions into English as used in the context of the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”. The specific investigation and discussion of this study are accordingly in line with the research problems under study which simply encompass: (1) The identification of corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions in English as used in the context of the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”; (2) Descriptions and analysis of the corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions which are both retained as passive and not retained as passive in English; (3) The discussion of the types of shifts occurring when translating Indonesian passive constructions into English; and (4) The discussion and interpretation of the extent of the appropriateness or naturalness which can be achieved and retained in translating Indonesian passive constructions into English. 1.5 Significance of the Study One of the important considerations which must be taken into account when conducting any study is definitely the significance of its expected results. The findings of the present study deals with the analysis of Indonesian passive voice and its translation into English. 9 Firstly, the study is hoped to contribute to the enrichment of the existing translation theories and models. Theorists on translation are of the opinion that the translation process from a SL to a TL is complex and intricate. The complexity and intricacy of translation process is due to the fact that the bulky lexical, syntactical, and cultural features and systems belonging to both SL and TL, like Indonesian and English, are quite different in many aspects and ways. Hence, effective and efficient translation process, in the sense that meanings can be most appropriately translated should ideally be grounded by adequate mastery of the features of the two languages, SL and TL; otherwise, the translation process which essentially aims at translating meaning or message might to some extent be based. It has been widely known and agreed up on that translation is a process of transferring meaning from one language to another through different linguistic forms. Although linguistic forms and cultural contexts are carriers of meanings, yet in the translation process meanings are absolutely more vital to be retained than forms. Thus, the transference of meaning is related to the transfer of linguistic features; it is understood that meaning should be retained, not the forms. Secondly, the findings of the present study are expected to be of great practical significance to the language learners, especially to those who are interested in and concerned with translation work, either translating from Indonesian into English or vice versa. The focus is certainly more on the appropriate translation of Indonesian passive constructions into English and vice versa. It is hoped that through the analysis of this study, the translators might be triggered to think of the best way to transform a particular form in the source 10 language to the closest natural equivalents in the target language. Life in this globalization era is marked by the rapidly increasing rapid development of different sciences and sophisticated telecommunication technology; it is obvious to say that more and more abundant translation work either from Indonesian into English and vice versa is urgently needed. Thirdly, more and more translation studies in Indonesian are still expected now and in the future. The results achieved through translation studies are expected to inspire people and language learners in particular to translate foreign books into Indonesian. Nowadays there are indications that interest in and research on translation will continue into the future. Interdisciplinary barriers across specialties are breaking down, encouraging collaboration among linguists, psychologists, humanists, educators, anthropologists, and representatives of other disciplines. 11 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Literature Review Some related thesis and articles on translation are briefly reviewed here to support this study: (1) Putra’s (2004) study on “Translating into Indonesian the function of –ing suffix in “Bloodline; (2) Sujaya’s (2003) study on “Skewing in English-Indonesian Translation,’’ (3) Sunegari’s (2003) study which investigates “The Meaning of Have in English and Its Equivalents in Indonesian,” (4) Putra Kamayana’s (2010) study which was concerned with “The Translation Equivalents of English Passive Sentences into Indonesian. (5) Sumartana’s (2010) study under the title “The Indonesian Passive Voice in “Selamatkan Negeri Kita dari Terorisme” and Its Translation “Save Our Country from Terrorism.” Putra (2004) describes that gerund participial construction after the word ‘need’ and ‘worth’ carries passive meaning. For example: “The kitchen needs painting” is translated into “Dapur ini perlu dicat”.An other example “Is this report worth reading” is translated into “Apakah laporan ini bermanfaat untuk dibaca?” This study clearly reveals that in English, like in Indonesian, there are also particular types of passive constructions. This difference is naturally existential and plausible as the evidence that English and Indonesian belong to discrepant language families. The logical consequence that Indonesian and English certainly possess different syntactical or structural means of expressing 12 meanings, in particular meaning conveyed through passive constructions. The finding of this study, of course, underpins and contributes significantly to the present research in connection with its analyzing and translating passive construction. The second thesis entitled “Skewing in English-Indonesian Translation” by Sujaya (2003). He states that the translation of passive constructions also shows skewing, in this case skewing between propositional and grammatical forms. For example: “my bag was stolen” which is the passive form of “someone stole my bag” is used to state that the focus is on the bag. Besides, the person who stole it is unknown, so the agent cannot be specified. Since there is a change of different grammatical form with the semantic structure also slightly different (because of the focus), there is unavoidably skewing of propositional structure and sentence structure. The case of skewing both in Indonesian and English has been revealed to be inherent grammatical and semantic phenomena. This thesis is also closely related to the present study since translation of passive construction very frequently involves shift or skewing in the target language. Thus, skewing phenomena in the translating process is deemed natural. The third thesis is entitled “The Meaning of Had in English and its Translation in Indonesian” by Sunegari (2003). In her thesis she discusses about “active sentence in English and its equivalent in the form of passive sentence in Indonesian”. She exemplifies that the sentence “She had something” is translated into “Ada sesuatu yang dimiliki” in Indonesian. She further states that there is also intra system shift that occurs in translating had into Indonesian in the sentence 13 “She had a worry” into “Dia diliputi ketakutan”. The active verb ‘had’ is translated into ‘diliputi’ after collocating with ‘a worry’. This study has close relationship to this present study and of course it contributes a lot, especially in the discussion of shift. Sunegari’s (2003) finding concerning the existence and occurrence of shift in the translation process is definitely congruent with the existing theory and concept of shift. Linguist such as Catford (2000:141) confines shift as the change of formal structure of the source language in the target language. Since different languages express and communicate different types and levels of meanings by means of different linguistic forms or semantic structures, then the occurrence of shifts is substantially indispensible. Nababan (2008) in his paper “Equivalence in Translation Some ProblemSolving Strategies” gives an example of the effort taken to establish naturalness in translation. He cites Nida’s explanation in finding the closest natural equivalent from one language to another. Addition of information may be required due to the shift of voice and the alteration of word classes to avoid misinterpretation (Nida, 1964: 227).” The word “cut” in “I cut my finger” is an active voice”. If translated into Indonesian, the word class should be changed into a passive one, tersayat (was cut) and the addition of oleh pisau (with knife) is needed if a native speaker of Indonesian means that he or she does it by accident. There are also cases where two languages use different classes of words and a different level of utterances to denote the same meaning. The adjective adjustable in I had an adjustable chair is changed or translated into an adjective clause yang dapat disetel (which can be 14 adjusted) in which the addition of yang (which) is obligatory to achieve grammaticality. In the translation process the degree of naturalness can hardly be fully realized and manifested as naturalness is bound not merely by linguistic forms or structures as the formal carriers of meanings, but also inherently linked and attached to many other features such as cultural features, communicative values and contexts, the existing and surviving social values and norms, the social status of the interlocutors, and so forth. English and Indonesian which belong to different language families are prominently and distinctively discrepant in many cultural entities and features. Related to the effort of finding the closest natural equivalent, Riazi (2002) discusses the most common definition of translation. It is mentioned in his paper “The Invisible in Translation which was published in the translation journal” Accurapid. He says that translation is the selection of the nearest equivalent for a language unit in the SL in a target language. In relation to the change of structure in translation, he explains that the selection of the closest equivalent depends on whether we consider the language unit, to be translated, at the level of word, sentence, or a general concept. Translation experts have recognized three approaches to translation: (1) translation at the level of word (word for word translation), (2) translation at the level of sentence, and (3) conceptual translation. Putra Kamayana (2010) in his Thesis entitled “The Translation Equivalents of English Passive Sentences into Indonesian with Reference to the 15 Gospel” points out that shift is unavoidable in translating one language into another, especially translating English passive into Indonesian. This is due to the fact that the two languages belong to different language families and they, of course, have different systems and structures. Passive in English is formed by using ‘to be + past participle’ whereas in Indonesian passive is commonly formed by attaching prefix di- + verb base. In addition, there is also a particular type of passive voice marked by the attachment of prefix ter- either to the verb base or to an adjective which entail different meaning. It means that lexical process in English is transferred into morphological process in Indonesian. For example, translating the passive constructions of ‘to be baptized’ into‘dibaptis’ is well accepted in Indonesian. The root of the verb baptized is baptize’, whereas the root of the verb dibaptis is the noun ‘baptis’.Obviously, translation process and procedure should be scrutinized and viewed from the existing valid syntactical and morphological bulky properties of the two languages concerned in the light of the refined sense of the translator’s language. Sumartana (2010) in his Thesis entitled “The Indonesian Passive Voice in ‘Selamatkan Negeri Kita dari Terorisme’ and Its Translation “Save Our Country from Terrorism” remarks that the prefix ter- can be attached to either a verb base or an adjective. When it is attached to a verb base, the function is to form passive that implies ‘dapat di’ (terangkat i.e. be lifted), ‘tidak sengaja’ (terbawa, i.e. taken not on purpose), etc. When it is attached to a certain verb base (limited use in court), it forms a noun that implies a person who is affected by the action (tuduh ‘to accuse’ tertuduh ‘the accused’ which means ‘a person who is accused’). 16 But when it is attached to an adjective, it implies the degree ‘the most’ as in terpanjang which means ‘the longest’. Alwi et al. (1998:348) reports that passive constructions with prefix ter- or without prefix ter- points out that the doer of the action indicated by the verb is unclear (implied) or may not be important, yet it is understood. It emphasizes the state of being indicated by the verb rather than the process denoted by the verb. Therefore, the meaning shows the condition or the state as the yield of the action indicated by the verb. Based on this concept, “kainnya terhanyut selembar” or kainnya hanyut selembar lagi” lucidly figures out passive voice constructions where the action of being terhanyut or hanyut as shown by the verbs is unintentionally acted out, or takes place unexpectedly. Depending on the condition or the state of the action, the passive construction “pintunya telah terkunci” might indicate that the action performed by the verb is intentionally or purposively done. It is common sense in Indonesian communicative and cultural context that one usually locks the doors of his or her house purposively, especially for safety purposes. Despite their relevance to this study the entire theses or articles reviewed above are not concerned with translation of Indonesian passive voice into English, which becomes the concern of this present study. In this way, this study becomes different from them and is relevant to conduct 17 2.2 Concepts The present study draws on the concepts related to translation and passive constructions that have been put forward by various writers, among whom some should be given special mention including: Catford (1965), Bell (1991), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), Sneddon (1996), Alwi et al, (1998), Quirk (1972), and Vinuti (2000). Some concepts of meaning were also elaborated from Lyon (1981), Larson (1998), Searle (1979), and Saeed (1977). 2.2.1 Concepts of Translation There are some definitions of translation already put forward by different linguists. Cat ford (1965: 20) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalents textual material in another language. The use of textual material underlies the fact that in normal condition it is not the entirety of a SL which is translated, that is, replaced by TL equivalents because at one or more levels of language there may be simple replacement, by nonequivalent form. In line with Catford, Bell (1991:5) writes that translation is the expression in a certain language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. This definition clearly asserts that the goal of translation is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent text in a different language retaining, as far as possible, the content of the message and the formal features and functional roles of the original text. Larson (1998:3) writes that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor 18 language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. Its meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant only the form changes. Thus, translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then restructuring this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the target language and it cultural context. Catford (1965) further explains the importance of language elements, for example classification of language levels, language rule, language phonology. Translation must be done totally. The purpose of translation is to select target language equivalents not with the same meaning as the source language items, but with the greatest possible overlap of situational range. In congruent with Catford’s theory, Newmark (1981:7) states that translation is an attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. As a means of communication, translation is used for multilingual notices or purposes. The key words of the above linguists in defining translation are equivalents, the greatest possible overlap of situational range, and message. Translation must be done totally which means that the finding of the closest equivalent must be based on the style and context so that it sounds natural in the target language. To achieve the aim of translation, Larson (1988) explains that 19 translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context. The focus is on the transfer of meaning. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of the second language by way of semantic structure and its meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant, only the form changes. Bell (1991:11) remarks that a good translation should be that in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. This definition suggests that there are three laws which should be well adopted in the process of good translation, namely: (1) That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; (2) That the style and manner of writing should be the same character as that of the original; and (3) That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 2.2.2 Concepts of Passive Voice in Indonesian According to Sneddon (1996: 246-262), some grammars of Indonesian do not use the terms active and passive, instead such terms as subject and object construction or subjective and objective focus are used. Because there are 20 differences between the constructions in Indonesian and the active and passive in European languages such as English, in both structure and function. Furthermore, Sneddon (1996) states that despite the difference, there are also important similarities, and the relationship between the two constructions is often similar to the relationship between active and passive in English, allowing the same terms to be used to describe them. The structure of a passive clause can be described in terms of a transformation from the corresponding active. The passive construction is more frequent in Indonesian than in English. Where a passive translation sounds unnatural, translation by an active construction is usually given. In the Indonesian active voice, the person or thing that is to be talked about is usually expressed as the subject of the clause. If there is a talk about the actor, the actor will take the function as the subject of the verb used in to active form. Active transitive verbs have prefix meN-. The construction is called an active clause or categorized as active voice. The other participant in the action is expressed by the object in an active clause. If the focus of attention is on this person or thing, it will function as the subject of the passive form of the verb. The construction is called a passive clause or is said to be in passive voice. The actor is expressed by an agent phrase which follows the passive verb. A passive verb usually has prefix di-. The following are some examples of an active construction in which the subject is the actor; the second is a passive construction in which the subject is the patient: 21 Mereka sudah menjemput Tomo They had met Tomo Tomo sudah dijemput oleh mereka Tomo has been met by them (Sneddon, 1996: 246). In line with Sneddon, Alwi et al., (1998:345-347) in their book Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia figure out that passivization in Indonesian can be done in two ways: (1) using verb attached by prefix di- and (2) with verb without prefix di-. They then add that S symbolizes Subject, P symbolizes predicate, and O symbolizes object, so passivizing active sentences can be done firstly by: (a) exchanging S with O; (b) replacing prefix meng- with di- in the verb; and (c) adding the word oleh in front of the actor. Examples: 1) Seorang wakil baru diangkat Pak Dewa (Active) 2) Seorang wakil baru diangkat oleh Pak Dewa (Passive) In examples 1 and 2 above, we can identify that the form oleh is optional but when the predicate is not directly followed by the actor, oleh is obligatory. Examples: 3) Sepeda jadul itu harus diperbaiki segera oleh Pak Dewa, but not 4) Sepeda jadul itu harus diperbaiki segera Pak Dewa. Furthermore, passivizing active sentences can also be done by: a. Moving O to the front of the sentence. b. Omitting prefix meng- in the P, and c. Moving S to the suitable place 22 Example : 5) Saya sudah mencuci sepatu itu (Active) 5a) Sepatu itu saya sudah cuci (Passive) 5b) Sepatu itu sudah saya cuci (Passive) If the subject of the transitive active is filled by the third person or short pronoun, the passive sentence will be as follows. Examples: 6) Mereka akan membersihkan rumah tua itu (Active) 6a) Rumah tua itu akan dibersihkan (oleh) mereka (Passive) 6b) Rumah tua itu akan mereka bersihkan (Passive) Example : 7) Dia sudah membeli kamus itu. (Active) 7a) Kamus itu sudah dibeli olehnya / (oleh) dia. (Passive) 7b) Kamus itu sudah dibelinya / dia beli. (Passive) Example : 8) Ibu belum menyetujui pembantu baru itu. (Active) 8a) Pembantu baru itu belum disetujui (oleh) ibu. (Passive) 8b) Pembantu baru itu belum ibu setujui. (Passive) Indonesian passives construction which has the sense of being unintentionally done has different elements. Prefix ter- is commonly used to show the passive form. Examples: 9) Tangannya tersayat pisau. 23 10) Penumpang itu terlempar keluar. 11) Pintu gudang itu terbuka. 12) Petinju itu terpental keluar ring. The Indonesian passive voice has two different forms, here called ‘passive type one’ and ‘passive type two’. The terms ‘passive type one ‘and ‘passive type two’ are used by Dardjowidjojo (1978). The choice of passive type is determined by the actor. When an active clause is transformed into a passive, two things must be considered in deciding if the passive is to be passive type one or type two: is the actor the first, second or third person, or is the actor a pronoun (including a pronoun substitute) or is it a noun? In passive voice type one the actor is the third person, namely dia or mereka, or a noun. Passive type one is also used if no actor is expressed. The structure of an active clause and its corresponding passive type one are set out as follows: Examples: Active voice: Subject (actor) + meN-verb + Object (patient) e.g. 1. Dia menjemput saya. 2. Mira menulis Surat ini. 3. Seseorang akan mengirim bungkusan ini ke Amerika. Passive voice: Subject (patient) + di-verb + (oleh) + Agent (act e.g 1. Saya dijemputnya / dia / oleh dia. 24 2. Surat ini ditulis Mira /oleh Mira 3. Bungkusan ini akan dikirim ke Amerika. The following are some examples of the other possible actors, mereka (they) or no actor expressed and a third person singular agent can be expressed by either dia or –nya. They are optionally preceded by oleh ‘by’: Dia sudah diberi uang itu oleh mereka. He has already been given the money by them. Surat ini dibawa oleh Tomo. This letter was brought by Tomo Barang ini akan dikirim ke Jepang. These goods would be sent to Japan. Kami dijemputnya/olehnya /dia /oleh dia. We were met by him. In passive type two the agent is a pronoun or pronoun substitute. The agent phrase comes before the verb, which does not have a prefix. The structure of passive type two is: Subject (patient) + Agent (actor) + Verb The following example shows the relationship between an active clause and a passive type two clause: Examples: Kami menjemput dia. We met him. 25 Dia kami jemput He was met by us. (Sneddon, 1996: 249) No other component of the clause can come between the agent and the verb in passive type two. In particular, components of the predicate phrase, such as negative and temporal marker, come before the agent in passive type two. Examples: Buku ini tidak akan kami baca. This book would not be read by us (Sneddon, 1996: 249) If the agent is aku ‘I’ or kamu ‘you’, the bound forms, ku- and kau- respectively, usually occur: Example: Buku ini sudah kubaca. I’ve read this book. Buku ini harus kau baca. You must read this book. (Sneddon, 1996: 249) It is also added that, as in English, passive constructions allow the speaker to obviate mentioning the actor. This is sometimes necessary or desired since the actor is not known, is not obvious, is not important, or because the action is something which can be carried out by anyone. 26 Examples: 1. Mobilnya dicuri kemarin malam. 2. Saya disuruh sembunyi. 3. Potongan mayat ditemukan dekat keranjang sampah. 4. Mudah-mudahan segala dosanya diampuni. 5. Permohonannya dikabulkan. Chung (1989:2-10) also writes that there are two types of passive in Indonesian, namely: a canonical passive and a passive voice which has the surface form of an object topicalization. As usual in Indonesian, the subject and the direct object (DO) NPs are not marked with prepositions. The verb takes the transitive prefix meng-, which is optional and occurs merely in active transitive sentences. Examples: Active : Anizah membaca jurnal ilmiah itu. Passive: Jurnal ilmiah itu dibaca (oleh) Anizah. Active: Orang itu memukul Anizah. Passive: Anizah dipukul (oleh) orang itu. From the examples above, we can see that the DO has been turned into a subject, and the subject has been removed to a prepositional phrase (with oleh ‘by’). Moreover, the verb is marked with the passive prefix di-, which replaces the active transitive prefix meng-. This type of passive construction is called canonical passive voice. 27 The other passive construction is that in which the DO is moved to the beginning of its clause, and the subject optionally criticizes to the main verb. Examples: 1. Surat kabar itu saya baca. 2. Amir saya pukul. 3. Mobil tua itu dapat kita perbaiki. 4. Rumah itu kubeli. The above examples show that the DO has been moved to the beginning of its clause, and the subjects optionally criticize the main verb. Besides, the verb is not marked with prefix, but appears in its stem form. This type of passive construction is called object proposing. Object proposing is supposed to be used when the subject is the first or second person: the economical passive is supposed to be used in all other cases. Sneddon (1996:326) contends that passive imperative is an imperative with a transitive verb which can be expressed in the passive with prefix di-. As such a verb cannot take place in a statement with a second person agent. This construction contains recommendation of being directed not at the addressee but at the third person. It is thus more indirect and consequently less forceful than imperative with an active verb, which carries a sense which is to be done; rather you do it, even though this is not always reflected in the translations of the examples below: 28 Barang itu ditaruh di sini saja! Just put those things here! Diangkat, jangat diseret! Lift it, don’t drag it! In a negative construction the subject can either precede jangan or follow the predicate. Observe the following examples: Pintu jangan dibuka! Don’t open the door! Jangan dibuka pintu itu! This door was not to be opened! Prohibitions are expressed as passive; for instance, with dilarang (it is forbidden). The following sentences are in the forms of statements. However, their intention is imperative. Examples: Dilarang masuk! No entry! Dilarang menyalakan api! Lighting fire was prohibited! 29 2.2.3 Concepts of Passive Voice in English Quirk (1972:802-810) writes that voice is a grammatical category which makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in two ways without any change in the facts reported. The active-passive relation involves two grammatical levels: the verb phrase and the clause. In the verb phrase level, the difference between the two voice categories is that the passive is marked by the auxiliary ‘be’ and the past participle of the main verb. Indeed, in English the basic pattern of the passive is the use of ‘be’ and ‘verb participle’. The variations depend on the tenses or the adverb of time. At the clause level, passivization involves rearrangements of two clause elements and one addition; the active subject and the preposition by are optionally added before the agent. Biber et al, (1998:475-482) writes that transitive verbs are usually active, but can also occur in the passive. In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb. Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice; on the other hand, when because the subject is being "acted upon" (most likely by the object of the sentence or is passive), such sentences are stated to be in the passive voice. In other words, one can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive. From the above explanation, it is clear that the person or thing we want to talk about is usually expressed as the subject of the clause. If we want to talk 30 about the actor we make it the subject of the verb and use an active verb. The other participant in the action is expressed by the object in an active clause. If we want to focus attention on this person or thing we make it the subject of the passive form of the verb. The construction is called a passive clause or is said to be in passive voice. The actor is expressed by an agent phrase which follows the passive verb. While every active transitive verb has a passive counterpart, it is not the case that every active construction can be transformed into a natural or acceptable passive construction. If the active sentence has no object or the object is indefinite it usually cannot be transformed into passive. For instance, the sentence: Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed into passive voice because the sentence does not have a direct object. The main function of the passive constructions in English is to avoid specifying the agent and to give an impression of objectivity (Baker, 1991:106). Larson (1984:246) argues that passive construction is also used to focus on the affected, resultant, benefactive, etc. Because passive voice sentences necessarily add words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning. Gym (2010) from the University of Arizona Writing Center remarks that passive voice is useful in some situations. However, when it is used incorrectly, it can dilute and make our writing unclear. In an attempt to avoid the incorrect use of passive voice, in transforming active into passive or vice versa we have to understand the structure of both active and passive voice. 31 Gym (2010) exemplifies and reminds us to consider the following suggestions so that we will know when to use active or passive constructions, either in writing or speaking. 1) Use active voice unless there is a good reason not to. Active voice makes your speech or writing more vivid and clear. Examples: Passive (weak) : The house was leveled by the tornado. Active (vivid) : The furious tornado stripped the house to its foundations. Passive (weak) : Spirits were low after the football game was lost. Active (vivid) : A final heartbreaking interception ended the game and crushed the home Team’s spirits. Passive (unclear) : The students were advised not to drink on school nights. Active (clear) : The Health Center advised students about the risks of drinking on school nights. 2) Use Passive Voice to emphasize a process in scientific or technical writing. Example: Next, the magnets were calibrated to align with the laser beam. 3) Use Passive Voice to place attention on the object, rather than the subject. Example: The new parking garage would be completed sometime next month. (Focus was on the parking garage, not the construction workers who were making it.) 32 4) Use Passive Voice to place old information before new information when you want to make smooth transitions. English active sentences, as already mentioned previously, are usually constructed with a form of the verb ‘to be” and usually includes (or implies) the word ‘by’. The pattern of passive construction is thus: Subject + be + past participle + by (optional). Keenan (1985:267) refers to this type of passive construction as the basic passive. In support to this pattern, Alexander (1994:246) figures out and summarizes the transformation of English active sentences into passive as follow: Tense Subject Auxiliary Singular Past Participle Plural Present The food/foods Is are cooked Present The food/foods is being are being cooked Present Perfect The food/foods has been have been cooked Past The food/foods was were cooked Past Progressive The were being cooked cooked Progressive was being food./foods Future The food/foods will be will be Future The food/foods will be being will Progressive Future Perfect be cooked had cooked being The food/foods will had been will been Past Perfect The food/foods had been had been cooked 33 Technically in changing a sentence from active to passive voice we do the following: 1. Move the active sentence’s direct object into the sentence’s subject slot Active Voice Passive Voice Marilyn mailed the letter. The letter ………. Direct object subject Pooja would present her research. Research ….. Direct object subject 2. Place the active sentence’s subject into a phrase beginning with preposition by. Active Voice Passive Voice Marilyn mailed the letter. The letter … by Marilyn Subject prepositional phrase Pooja would present her research here. Subject Research … by Pooja here. prepositional phrase 3. Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the main verb's form into past participle (3rd form). The tense remains the same, but it is moved from the main verb to the verb ‘be’ Active Voice Marilyn mailed the letter. Verb Pooja would present her research here. Verb phrase Passive Voice The letter was mailed by Marilyn. verb + be auxiliary Research would be presented by Pooja here verb + be auxiliary 34 2.2.4 Concepts of Equivalents in Translation Bell (1991:6) concludes that the essence of the available definitions of translation is to find equivalents which preserve features of the original. Therefore, it is important to effectively and efficiently translate a source language into a target language on the basis of the nature of equivalents. Bell (1991:6) states that the problem concerning the nature of equivalents is directly related to the translation process, as translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. It is important to note that texts in different languages could be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent) in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc) and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence). In fact, there are no single word equivalents in meaning and stylistic value (Levy, 2000:148). Bell (1991:6) further argues that the ideal of total equivalents is a chimera as languages are different from each other; they are different in having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical stretches of language and these forms bear different meanings. To shift from one language to another is, by definition, to alter the forms. Further, the contrasting forms convey meanings which cannot but fail to coincide totally. It is apparent that there is no absolute synonymy between words in the same language, so why should anyone be surprised to discover a lack of synonymy between languages? 35 Larson (1998:179) who is basically of the opinion with Bell states that one of the most difficult problems facing a translator is how to find lexical equivalents for objects and events which are not known in the receptor culture and, therefore, there is no word or phrase in the receptor language which is easily available for the translation. This is due to the fact that a translator has to consider not only the two languages but also the two cultures. Because of the difference in culture there will be some concepts in the source language which do not have lexical equivalents in the receptor language. This may be because of the difference of geography, of customs, of beliefs, of world view, and of various other factors. When the concept to be translated refers to something which is not known in the receptor culture, then the translator’s task becomes more difficult. The translator will not just be looking for an appropriate way to refer to something which is already part of the experience of the receptor language audience, but he will be looking for a way to express a concept which is new to the speakers of that language. Larson (1998:180) further writes that as the translator is confronted with words in the source language which has no equivalents in the receptor language vocabulary, his responsibility will be to understand clearly the meaning of the word and the use of that word or phrase in the context in which it occurs. Beekman and Callow in Larson (1998:179) point out that there are basic alternative ways in which a translator can find an equivalent expression in the receptor language: (1) a generic word with a descriptive phrase, (2) a loan word, and (3) a cultural substitute. Equivalents by modifying a generic words means that 36 we translate by using a generic term and stating the other meaning components clearly, that is, by paraphrasing. When words found in the source language do not occur in the receptor language, it may be especially helpful to analyze the source language words to discover its generic component, the contrastive components, and the function of the word in its context. Then from this analysis, an adequate equivalent may be found in the receptor language. There are four possible modifications which may be made, namely by: 1) Making explicit the form of the item, 2) Making explicit the function of the item, 3) Making explicit both the form and the function, or 4) Modifying with a comparison to some THING or EVENT which does not Occur in the receptor language. The second alternative way of finding equivalents in the receptor language is equivalence by modifying a loan word. A loan word refers to a word which is from another language and is unknown to most of the speakers of the receptor language. Larson (1998:187) reminds that although the use of a loan word may sometimes be the best solution to finding a lexical equivalent, there are also some dangers of which the translator needs to be aware as there are two kinds of foreign words: namely borrowed words and loan words. Borrowed words are words which have been assimilated into the receptor language prior to the translation process. A borrowed word is known to most of the speakers of the language, even those who speak no other language. Languages are constantly borrowing words from other languages and many of these become so much a part of the language 37 that the speakers do not think of them as foreign. However, loan words were those which were completely new to the receptor language speakers. They are not part of the receptor language lexicon. They are words of another language which has no meaning to the speakers of the receptor language unless they have learned the language from which the loan word comes. A loan word would have no meaning unless it was modified in some way to build the meaning into the context and so into the word. It is a fact that languages are constantly borrowing words from other languages and many of these become so much a part of the language that the speakers do not think of them as foreign. The next alternative way of finding equivalents in the receptor language is equivalent by cultural substitute. If there are some lexical items where neither a generic term nor a loan word with modification will be possible as a translation equivalent, the source language lexical items can be best translated by using the word for some THING or EVENT which is not exactly the same but occurs on the receptor language. Thus, a real-world referent from the receptor culture is substituted for the unknown referent of the source culture. When form is not the focus, this works well if the function of the two referents is the same. Newmark (1988:82) uses the term cultural equivalent as an approximate translation where a source language word is translated by a target language cultural word. Although a cultural substitute may sometimes be the best alternative for a given translation situation, there are some serious cautions which the translator must keep in mind. Especially, when a historical EVENT is being translated, or a narrative of an actual happening, the reference to specific THINGS and EVENTS is important to 38 faithful translation so as not to violate the fundamental principle of translation, that of being faithful to historical and present-day facts. The translator’s ability to discover and use the closest natural equivalents will determine the level of the naturalness of the translation product. A translation product is considered to have a good level of naturalness if the translator can ensure: (1) that his translation makes sense, and (2) that it reads naturally, that it is written in ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms and words that meet that kind of situation (Newmark, 1988:24). Likewise, Nida (2000:136) also contends that a natural translation involves two principal areas of adaptation, namely, grammar and lexicon. In general the grammatical modifications can be made more readily, since many grammatical changes are dictated by the obligatory structures of the receptor language (RL). That is to say, one is obliged to make such adjustments as shifting word order and using verbs in place of nouns and vice versa. The lexical structure of the source language (SL) message is less readily adjusted to the semantic requirements of the RL because there are numerous alternative possibilities. There are in general three lexical levels to be considered: (1) terms for which there are readily available parallels, (2) terms which identify culturally different objects, but with somewhat similar functions, and (3) terms which identify cultural specialties. Nida (2000:137) further writes that it is inevitable also that when SL and RL represent very different cultures there should be many basic themes and accounts which cannot be naturalized by the process of translating. This case may 39 characterize that the translation product has low level of naturalness because the naturalness of expression in the RL is essentially a problem of co-suitability on the levels of: (1) word class, (2) grammatical categories, (3) semantic classes, (4) discourse types, and (5) cultural contexts. 2.2.5 Concepts of Shifts in Translation Bell (1991:6) states that shift from one language to another are, by definition, to alter the linguistic forms. The shift of the surface structure is something very common when producing an idiomatic translation. Similarly, Catford (1965) states that shift mean the departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from the source language to the target language. There are generally two kinds of shift in translation, namely level shift and category shift. By a shift of level we mean that a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. Thus, translation between the levels of phonology and graphology – or between either of these levels and the level of grammar and lexis – is impossible. Translation between these levels is absolutely ruled out by our theory, which posits relationship to the same substance, as the necessary condition of translation equivalence. We are left, then, with shifts from grammar to lexis and vice versa as the only possible level shifts in translation. The commonest level shift in translation is shift from grammar to lexis or vice versa. Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti, 2000:88) use the term transposition instead of the term shift. Transposition is the process of translating which involves 40 replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. The transposition can also be applied within a single language, in addition to being a special translation procedure. Shift or transposition, according to Newmark (1988) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from the source language (SL) to target language (TL). The first type of shift or transposition is the change from singular to plural. The second type of shift is required when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL, for instance, English has tense while Indonesian does not. There are two types of transpositions: obligatory transposition and optional transposition. Examples: Mirna telah membangun sebuah rumah baru (SL). Mirna has built a new house (TL). Boby telah menulis sebuah Surat cinta (SL). Boby has written a love letter (TL) In this translation, the lexicon telah in the source language sentence is translated into a grammatical item has + past participle (auxiliary verb has + verb 3) in the target language sentence, which provides the same meaning as the meaning of telah or sudah in Indonesian. This is an instance of the translation from lexis to grammar. It is a kind of grammatical process. If it is the other way round, it will be called lexical process. 41 Catford (1965:143) states that category shifts refer to unbounded and rankbound translation: the first being approximately normal or free translation in which SL and TL equivalences is set up at whatever rank is appropriate. Usually, but not always, there is sentence-sentence equivalence, but equivalences may shift up and down the rank scale. The term rank-bound translation only refers to those special cases where equivalence is deliberately limited to ranks below the sentence. In normal, unbounded translation, translation equivalences may occur between sentences, clauses, groups, words and (though rarely) morphemes. In short, it is summed up that category shift is a departure from formal correspondence in translation (Catford, 1965). Category shift can be divided into four: (1) structure shift, (2) class shift, (3) unit shift or rank-changes and (4) intra-system shift. Structure shift is considered as the most frequent category at all levels of translation. Structure shift can further be divided into three: (a) structure shift at the sentence level, (b) structure shift at the clause level, and (c) and structure shift of word group. Examples: Ibu saya dokter (SL) S C My mother S is V a docter (TL) C 42 The source language structure (SC) has different elements from the target language structure (SVC). This reveals to us the occurrence of structure shift at clause level in this translation. Catford (1965:145) defines class shifts as that grouping of members of a given unit which is confined by operation in the structure of the unit next above. Class shifts, then, occur when the translation equivalent of a source language item is a member of a different class from the original item. Because of the logical dependence of class on structure, it is clear that structure-shifts usually entail class-shifts, though this may be demonstrable merely at a secondary degree of delicacy. The third division of category shift is unit-shift which refers to changes of rank, namely, departures from the formal correspondence in which the translation equivalents of a unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language. The last division of category shift is intra-system shift. In listing types of translation shift, one might expect system-shift to occur along with the names of the types of shift affecting the other fundamental categories of grammar. 2.3 Theoretical Framework The theory used in this study is mainly the translation theory proposed by Larson (1998). In addition, some related and supporting translation theories as proposed by other linguists, such as Bell (1991), Catford (2000), Venuty (2000), 43 and Newmark (1998) were also highlighted. The discussions are particularly focused on: (1) semantics and translation, (2) translation procedures, (3) translation as process and product, (4) equivalents in translation, and (5) shift in translation. 2.3.1 Semantics and Translation Larson (1998:3), as already mentioned previously, states that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. The process of transferring meaning is commonly done by going from the form of the source language (SL) to the form of the second or target language (TL) by way of semantic structure. Because the essential point of translation is transferring meaning. It is meaning which was to be carried over from the source language to the receptor language, not the linguistic forms, and hence forms may accordingly change as long as meanings as the elixir of translation can be best preserved. This implies that meaning must, therefore, have priority over forms in translation. The problem is then how meaning can be most appropriately transferred and constantly held. This explanation leads to a conclusion that the process of translation substantially consists of the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the RL and its cultural context. In short, to do effective translation one must discover the meaning of the 44 SL and use RL forms which express this meaning in a natural way. This process of the translation can be diagrammed and displayed as below. SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR Text to be translated LANGUAGE Translation Analysis Restructing Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning Transfer Figure 1: Translation diagram (Larson, 1998:4) The above diagram shows that the process of translation is firstly to discover the meaning. At this stage, the translator analyzes the source language text. This is a process of examining some possible ways of stating the source language message to the target language. The analysis includes the grammatical relationship between constituent parts i.e. from sentential category to lexical category. The nonlinguistic analysis should also be considered since translation cannot be separated from the cultural values of both source language and receptor language. After considering the meaning, it is re-expressed in the receptor language. Larson (1998:4) argues that translators who know both the source language and the receptor language well can often make the transfer from one form to the other very rapidly, without thinking about the semantic structure 45 overtly. However, the translators may not be equally fluent or competent in the two languages. Since the chief objective of translation is to communicate meaning as appropriately and as naturally as possible in the receptor language as it is communicated in the source language, one must be fully aware of the fact that there are different levels and kinds of meaning. Virtually, not all of the meanings being communicated are stated overtly in the forms of the source language. The main task of a translator is to find the closest or the nearest possible linguistic equivalent form in the receptor language which can re-express the same meaning as it is naturally expressed in the source language. Larson (1998:6) remarks that the best translation is one which (1) uses the normal language forms of the receptor language, (2) communicates, as much as possible, to the receptor language speakers the same meaning that is understood by the speakers of the source language, and (3) maintains the dynamics of the original source language text. Maintaining the dynamics of the original source text signifies that the translation is presented out in such a way that it will be, hopefully, evoke the same response as the source text attempted to evoke. Newmark (1998:24) states that in translating for the vast majority of texts, one has to ensure: (1) that his translation makes sense, (2) that it reads naturally, (3) that it is written in ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms and words that meet that kind of situation. Normally, he can do this by temporarily disengaging 46 himself from the source language text, reading his own translation as though no original existed. In this way one can make his translation sound more natural. Larson (1998:6) writes that there are certain characteristics of language which has a very direct bearing of principles of translation. The first characteristics are meaning components which are packaged into lexical items, but they are packaged differently in one language than in another. In most languages there is a meaning component of plurality, as in English. Hence, many time a single word either in the source or receptor language will need to be translated by several words. The second characteristic is that the same meaning component will occur in several surface structure lexical items or forms. In English, the word sheep occurs. However, the word lamb, ram and ewe, also include the meaning sheep. They include the meaning components of young (in lamb), adult and male (in ram), and adult and female (in ewe). The third characteristic is that one form will be used to present several alternative meanings. This is obvious from looking in any good dictionary. For example, the Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary gives fifty-four meanings for the English word run. Most words have more than one meaning. There will be a primary meaning – the one which usually comes to mind when the word is said in isolation- and secondary meanings – the additional meanings which a words has in context with other words. In line with Catford, Larson (1984:41) similarly states that there are three meanings in translation, namely: organizational, referential, and situation meaning. Kridalaksana (1993:132) confines the synonym of the three meanings: 47 grammatical meaning which is also called functional or structural meaning in which meaning occurs because of the grammatical structure in the source language which relates meaning in target language. Lexical meaning is called by external or semantic meaning which occurs because of a word’s collocation with words in the surrounding which relate meaning in target language; and contextual meaning is called situational meaning, that is, meaning occurring because of the situation in the text. Larson (1998:59) further states that a single word is a bundle of meaning components. The meaning components of lexical items in one language and another language are packaged differently. The smallest unit in the semantic structure is meaning component. Meaning components are grouped together to form concepts. Meaning components and concepts are classified semantically into four principle groups: THINGS, EVENTS, ATTRIBUTES, and RELATIONS. THINGS include all animate beings, natural and supernatural, and all inanimate entities (boy, ghost, etc.). EVENTS include all actions, changes of state (process), and experiences (eat, run, fight etc). ATTRIBUTES include all those attributes of quality and quantity ascribed to any THING or EVENT (long, soft, smooth, etc). RELATIONS include all those relations posited between any two of the above semantic units (with, by, because, etc). Generally speaking, the nouns and pronouns of the grammar refer to THINGS in the semantic structure, the verbs of the grammar to EVENTS, adjective and adverbs of grammar to ATTRIBUTES and conjunctions, particles, prepositions, etc. refer to RELATIONS in the semantic structure. 48 From the above explanation it appears that understanding meanings of words and meaning components in a text becomes vital in translation because meanings are the kingpin of translation study. In order to be able to transfer meanings as accurately and as appropriately as possible, a translator needs to analyze the lexical items (words) of the source text. It signifies that the translator must be able to unpack words in order to show the meaning that is represented by the lexical form. Dictionaries unpack the meaning of words which constitute the bulk of the language. That is why a good translator will use all the dictionaries and lexicons available in his study of the source language text. It is necessary to note that there is a valid distinction between surface (grammatical, lexical, phonological) structure and deep (meaning) structure meaning. An analysis of the surface structure of a language does not tell us all that we need to know about the language in order to translate. Beyond the surface structure is the deep structure, the meaning. The meaning is structured and it can be analyzed and represented in ways that are useful to the translator. It is ordered in the same way in which the surface must be ordered. It is a network of semantic units and the relations between these units (Larson, 1998:32). 2.3.2 Translation Procedures Vinay and Dalbernet in their article “A Methodology for Translation” in Venuti (2000: 84-93) propose seven procedures of translations. Those seven procedures are borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, 49 equivalence, adaptation. In relation to the feasibility whether one procedure can occur with the other types, Vinay and Dalbernet (2000: 84) state that methods or procedures may be used either on their own or combined with one or more of the others. (1) Borrowing is considered the simplest of all the translation methods. It is mostly applied to introduce the flavor of the source language culture into a translation. The decision to borrow a source language word or expression for introducing an element of local color is a matter of style and consequently of the message. Thus, in translating a term from the source language into the target language, certain foreign terms night be used. For example: (1) Kemajuan dunia Computer sangat pesat dewasa ini. (2) Kita harus mengingat event-event penting yang terjadi. (2) Calque (loan translation) is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another and then is translated literally in terms of each of its element. The results are either a lexical calques i.e. calques which respects the syntactic structure of the target language whilst introducing a new mode of expression. Thus, calque is categorized into two types, namely lexical calques (e.g. honey moon → bulan madu) and structural calques (e.g. Bali Post → Bali Post). Lexical calques happen at the level of syntax, while structural calques happen at the level of construction of language. (3) Literal Translation is word-for-word translation which follows closely the form of the source language. Newmark (1988) states that extended literal translation ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation 50 to collocation, clause to clause, and sentence to sentence. A literal translation is useful if one is studying the structure of the source language text as in an interlinear translation, but a literal translation does not communicate the meaning of the source language text. It is generally no more than a string of words intended to help someone read a text in its original language. It is unusual and hard to understand, may even be quite meaningless, or give a wrong meaning in the receptor language. It can hardly be called translation then. It is, of course, expected that literal translation might optimally function as a direct transfer of a source language (SL) text grammatically and idiomatically appropriate in the target language (TL) text. In this case the translator’s task is to stick firmly to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. In spite of the fact, principally literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in itself, although it is most commonly used when translating between two languages of the same family, and even more so when they also share the same culture (Venuti, 2000:86). Examples: Saya menyembli seekor sapi I kill a cow. Saya adalah seorang guru I am a teacher. Kumpul kebo tidak bagus Buffalo cobahitation was not good. (4) Transposition is the process of translating which involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. The transposition can also be applied within a single language, in addition to being a special translation procedure. There are two types of transpositions: obligatory transposition and optional transposition. For examples: 51 Dilarang merokok No smoking Dilarang merokok is clausal construction while No smoking here is a nominal phrase. Kawin dengan marry Kawin dengan is intransitive verb while marry is a transitive verb. Begitu ia bangun As soon as he gets up. Gets up here is phrasal verb while bangun is a single word verb. (5) Modulation is the translating process in which there is a variation of form of the message. The variation is obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when translation results in grammatical correct utterances, but it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the target language. For examples, He was unmarried (SL) Ia masih bujang (TL). This year was the fall of Saddam Husein Tahun ini Sadam Husein tumbang. He was killed in the war Dia gugur dalam perang. (6) Equivalence means the translating process which is applied when there are two texts with the same context of situation. But those texts are using completely different stylistic and structural methods. In such a case we are dealing with the method which produces different texts. Examples: Cock-a-doodle-do Seputih kapas Kukuruyuk snow-white 52 Kick the bucket mati (7) Adaptation was the translating process which is adopted if there is a situation being referred to by the source language (SL) message but unknown in the target language (TL) culture. In this case a translator should create a new situation that can be considered equivalent. Thus, adaption procedure is the extreme limit of translation because it is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by source language message is unknown in the target language culture. In such cases, translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaption is therefore described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. The method of adaption is well known amongst simultaneous interpreters and also is particularly used in the translation of book and film titles. Example: Dear sir Dengan hormat. Take a bath Broken heart 2.3.3 mandi patah hati. Translation, Process, and Product Bell (1991:13) points out that the process and result of converting information from one language or language variety into another aims at reproducing as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the source language original by finding equivalents in the target language. At the 53 same time all factual information contained in the original text must be retained in the translation. Bell (1991:13) further appraises that the term translation has three distinguishable meanings namely: (1) Translating, the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible Object); (2) Translation, the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text); (3) Translation, the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process. Clearly, a theory of translation, to be comprehensive and useful, must attempt to describe and explain both the process and the product. Our present situation, however, is one in which translation theory has, for the most part, concentrated on the product to the exclusion of the process and has adopted a normative attitude to it by making inferences back to it through the description and evaluation of product. If we accept that we have a responsibility to attempt to describe and explain the process and that the process itself is, essentially, mental rather physical, we are committed to undertaking the investigation within the discipline of psychology and, more specifically, within the framework of psychological studies of perception, information processing, memory and cognitive science. 54 Equally, given that the process crucially involves language, we shall need to draw on the resources of linguistics and, more precisely, those branches of linguistics which are concerned with the psychological and social aspects of language use: psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. The first examines the process in the mind of the translator, whereas the second places the source language (SL) and target language (TL) in their cultural contexts. The model displayed in diagram 2 below, in extremely simplified form, shows the transformation of SL into TL by means of processes which take place within memory: it starts with the analysis of one language-specific (SL) into a universal (non-specific TL) semantic representation and, followed by the synthesis of that semantic representation into a second language-specific (TL). MEMORY Source Language Analysis Semantic Representation Synthesis Figure 2: Translation process (Bell, 1991:21). Target Language 55 In support to Bell, Levy (2000:148) confirms that from the teleological point of view, translation is a process of communication and the objective of translating is to impart the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader. From the point of view of the working situation of the translator at any moment of his work, translating is a decision process, namely a series of a certain number of consecutive situations – moves, as in a game, situations imposing on the translator the necessity of choosing among a certain number of alternatives. Suryawinata (1989:12) contends that translation process can be done on the basis of old concept and dynamic concept. According to old translation concept, translation process occurs in linier line when translating a source language (ST) and its corresponding translation in the target language (TL). This linier translation process can be depicted as follows: Source Language Target Language Figure 3: Linier translation process The translation process, called dynamic process, consists of three phases, namely: (1). Analysis of the message conveyed by the source language text which further consists of grammatical relations, individual word meaning, and combination of words; (2). Transfer, that is the analyzed source language text is then transferred in the mind of the translator from source language text into the target language text; and (3). The third phase is the reconstruction of the source 56 language text in such a way so as to appropriately preserve or retained the communicated meanings of the source language text. In addition, the reconstructions of the analyzed SL should be done in reference with the underlying morphological and syntactical rules of the source language. The original intended meanings should be well preserved and retained because the essence of translation is communicating different kinds and various levels of meanings. Nida (2000:136) defines dynamic translation as the process of discovering the closest natural equivalent of the SL message. This type of definition contains three essential terms: (1). Equivalent, which points toward the SL message, (2). Natural, which points toward the RL, and (3). Closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation. To make it lucid, the dynamic translation process can be diagrammed as below: Forms of SL Forms of TL Analysis Restricting Meanings of SL Figure 4: Dynamic translation process Transfer Contents of SL 57 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design Bogdan and Taylor (1975:1) figure out that the term “methodology” in a broad sense refers to the process, principles, and procedures by which we approach problems and seek answers. In social science, like language studies, the term applies to how one conducts a research, as in everything we do, our assumptions, interests, and goals greatly affect which methodological procedures we choose. The selection and use of accurate and appropriate research design considerably determines the credibility and quality of the research results under concern. Bogdan and Biklen (1982:55) assert that research design is used in research to refer to the researcher’s plan of how to proceed in undertaking the research. How a researcher proceeds is certainly based on literature review, concepts, as well as theoretical assumption in that meaning and process are crucial in collecting, understanding and analyzing descriptive data. This study makes use of a qualitative research design or qualitative methodology. Qualitative methodologies refer to research procedures which produce descriptive data: people’s own written or spoken words and behaviors (Bogdan and Taylor, 1975:4). In congruent with the form of the process and nature of the data, the present study uses qualitative research design with descriptive, inductive and comparative analysis. The discussions of the research design include the selection 58 of: (1) the main data source in the forms of printed materials concerning passive voice constructions in Indonesian and English, (2) method and technique of collecting the required data, (3) method and techniques of analyzing the obtained data, and (4) method and techniques of presenting the analyzed data The diagram of the research design could be displayed as in the subsequent figure: Source Language TRANSLATION Target Language Indonesian Morphological & Syntactical Features DATA SOURCES PASSIVE VOICES IN BM & BP English Morphological & Syntactical Features PHENOMENON Translation Procedures: Equivalence, Shifts & Naturalness DATA Indonesian Passives & Their English Equivalents ANALYSIS Translation Processes & Products Literature Review, Concepts & Theoretical Framework CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS Figure 5: Qualitative research design with descriptive analysis 59 Explanation: Translation is basically and essentially a process of transferring or replacing a representation of a source language (ST) to a representation of an equivalent target language (TL) where different levels and kinds of meanings conveyed should be preserved or held constant and as appropriately as possible. Linguists, to some extent are of the opinions, that Indonesian as SL and English as TL have some similarities and discrepancies in dealing with passive voice constructions. Substantially, both Indonesian and English passive voice constructions, as theoretically and briefly highlighted in chapter 2, belong to morphological and syntactical entities. Then, the researcher is triggered to question: how are Indonesian passive constructions (ST), as found and used in the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” (BM & BP) and their corresponding counterparts in “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic” (MO & MG), translated into English (TL)? The reviews of literature, concepts and theoretical framework underpinning this study, figure out some observable phenomena of translation like closest equivalent forms, translation process and product, translation procedures and shifts in an attempt to most fully and constantly preserve meanings. These phenomena also occur in the translation of Indonesian passive constructions into English with reference to the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” (MO & MG). 60 Using the concepts and theoretical framework of translation as well as passive constructions in Indonesian and English, the required data are identified, observed and gathered from the SL and TL as sources of data. The gained data showing Indonesian passive constructions and their English equivalent forms are descriptively analyzed by means of descriptive method in the lights of the theory of translation: translation procedures, translation process and product, translation shifts and equivalents. The results of the data analysis which are ultimately and briefly summed up and concluded were expected to exhaustively answer the research questions under study. 3.2 Data Source In undertaking a research, the determination of data source, either primary or secondary is the first step that should be done. In qualitative research with descriptive analysis the data required for the study are in the forms of words or pictures rather than numbers as the essential concern is meaning (Bogdan and Biklen, 1982:28). The availability of adequate data source determines the degree of the validity and reliability of the data of any study. In line with the title and the formulation of the research questions under study, the data used in this research were totally taken from a book of Balinese tales “Satua Bali” in which the story or the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” was included. This story is very famous and is usually told by parents and grandparents to their children during bed time. “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”. Lotus Widya Suari 61 published this book in 2005 by Sutjaja. Each tale compiled in this book actually is presented in three languages, i.e. Balinese, Indonesian, and English. The Bilingual versions in the Indonesian and English. The story is originally written in Indonesian and it has recently been translated into English, (Sutjaja, 2008). The use of passive voice constructions in the Indonesian version and their English equivalents is an interesting study. Based on the researcher’s preliminary reading and observation on the tale, there are many Indonesian passive constructions found and used in this tale which seems to dominate the tale. The data taken directly from the data source which are in the forms of passive constructions in Indonesian and their corresponding translation equivalents in English belong to the category of primary and main data required for this study. 3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data After the data source and kinds of data required for this study were determined and chosen, the next scientific step was determining the method and technique of collecting the data. As already specified previously, the sole primary data source for this study was the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”. Thus, the needed descriptive data which are in the forms of passive constructions in Indonesian and their English translation equivalents had been already available and printed in the Balinese tale ‘Satua Bali’. 62 The methods of collecting data in this research was observation method as proposed by Sudaryanto (1993:133-137) and document analysis method as suggested by Bogdan and Biklen (1982:55). The observation method and document analysis method were simultaneously applied in such a way by observing carefully the entire data source that contain the passive constructions in the source language (SL) and their translation equivalents in the target language (TL). The passive constructions used in the two languages were meticulously observed, identified, noted down, classified accordingly and then tabulated. The identified and obtained data were classified and tabulated in such a way so that the analysis could be done more easily. The technique implemented to support the observation method and document analysis method was note-taking. The use of the two methods of collecting the required data and the implementation of note taking technique since is adopted because this in a library research and the data source is a bilingual text. The collected data was scientifically analyzed in accordance with the theory applied which will be preceded to the process of data analysis and the presentation of the analyzed data. These are the scientific steps that assist the researcher to find out the answers to the research problems. 3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data The data gathered for this study in the forms of passive constructions in Indonesian and their corresponding translation in English simply mean and inform nothing until they are analyzed. The purpose of data analysis is to answer the 63 research questions under study, the methods and technique of analyzing the collected data should be constantly directed toward discovering or finding reasonable adequate answers of the research problems in question. Bogdan and Biklen (1982:68) point out that the research designs of all qualitative studies involve the combination of data collection with analysis. The methods that were implemented in analyzing the data in this study are the qualitative-descriptive method as proposed by Djajasuparna (1993:10) and comparative method with interpretative and inductive technique as proposed by Bogdan and Biklen (1982:68). Qualitative, descriptive and comparative methods are the most commonly used methods in qualitative study. Descriptive method is used to describe the data systematically and factually; qualitative method is used to describe the data scientifically; while comparative method is used to systematically, factually and scientifically compare passive constructions in Indonesian and their corresponding equivalents in English. Thus by means of the above methods, the collected data showing Indonesian passive constructions and their English translations are constantly, descriptively, qualitatively and comparatively analyzed in inductive ways so that the answers to the research problems in question could be achieved. The data analysis is based on the concepts of passive voice in Indonesian as proposed by Sneddon (1996); Alwi et al. (1998); Dardjowidjojo (1993); Chung (1989) and the concepts of passive voice in English as proposed by Quirk (1972); Baker (1991); Gym (2000); Alexander (1994); and Keenan (1985). In addition, the data analysis 64 is also based on the relevant concepts of equivalence and shifts in translation as proposed by Bell (1991); Levy (2000); Larson (1998); Newmark (1998); and Catford (2000). Before the obtained data are analyzed, they are accordingly, tabulated. In this way, the data which are in the forms of passive constructions in Indonesian and their corresponding translation equivalents in English could be vividly described compared, analyzed and interpreted in the lights of passive voice theoretical framework in the two languages under study. In short, the obtained descriptive data showing passive constructions are qualitatively analyzed and interpreted so as to figure out the answer of the research problems in question. The results of the data analysis are expected, for instance, to reveal whether the changing of structure occured in the translation or not. The following as the example of passive voice in the Indonesian language and Its translation: Suatu hari ibunya pergi ke pasar, anaknya I Bawang dan Kasuna disuruhnya menumbuk (SL) One day their mother went to the market, and her children, IB and IK, were asked to pound paddy (TL) The example shows that passive voice in Indonesian (I Bawang dan Kasuna disuruhnya menumbuk) was translated into passive voice in English (IB and IK, were asked to pound paddy). translation. There is no structure change in the 65 3.5 Method and Technique of Presenting the Data Analysis The data analysing are presented by using translation product. The analysis showing the translation of Indonesian passive constructions in English found in the tale was done descriptively using informal and formal method (Sudaryanto, 1993:145). The formal method is the method of analysis presentation using words to describe the findings. The formal method is a presentation of the analyzed data utilizing pictures, figures, diagrams, symbols, table, etc. In this study the data were first tabulated in such a way so that they could be easily described and read. The data are tabulated in rerefrence with the research problems under study. Thus, the two methods are combined so that the researcher may use both verbal description and tables to support the data presentation. The data collected from the data source (SL), “I Bawang dan I Kesuna”, are tabulated in chapter IV, before they are analyzed so as to find out the answers to the research questions under study. The tabulated data are immediately followed by the rational and logical descriptions and interpretations so that relevant conclusions can ultimately be summed up. 66 CHAPTER IV THE TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN PASSIVES INTO ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO THE TALE “BAWANG MERAH DAN BAWANG PUTIH” AND IT’S TRANSLATION “MISS ONION AND MISS GARLIC” 4.1 Introduction This chapter deals with the analysis of the translation of Indonesian passive constructions into English with reference to the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih”, and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”. The chief objective of the data analysis, scientifically speaking, is to answer the research questions under study. As what has been lucidly stated in chapter I, there are four research problems or questions which are formulated and set forth for this study namely: (1) what are the corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions in English as used in the context of the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”? (2) What types of Indonesian passive constructions (SL) are retained as passive after being translated into English (TL) What types are changed?; (3) What types of shifts occur from SL to TL in translating passive constructions?; and (4) To what degree can the naturalness of Indonesian passive constructions be established when translated into English? In congruent with these research problems, the present data analysis aims at: (1) identifying the corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions in English as used in the context of the tale “Bawang Merah dan 67 Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”? (2) finding and analyzing the corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions which are retained as passive and which are not retained as passive in English; (3) finding and revealing the types of shifts occurring when converting Indonesian passive constructions into English; and (4) analyzing and revealing the degree of the naturalness which can be established in translating Indonesian passive constructions into English. In chapter II, it is stated that the data gathered from the data source for the present study Indonesian passive constructions with reference to the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and their corresponding English equivalents, are to be analyzed by means of qualitative method, descriptive method and comparative method as commonly used in qualitative study with interpretative and inductive technique. As for the formal and informal methods they are descriptively used in presenting the analyzed data. The use of formal and informal methods of presenting the analyzed data suggests that the entire data taken from the data source should first be tabulated in such a way. Then, they would further be successively reclassified and reticulated in accordance with each research problem under study. The classified and tabulated data are next analyzed and interpreted in the lights of the related concepts and theoretical frameworks reviewed for this study in the following ways: (1) the sentences of the source language texts (SL) suspected of being passive in form are carefully analyzed in terms of their structures and meanings by eclectically applying the concepts of passive already reviewed for this study; (2) all the data are analyzed in terms of the way the 68 Indonesian passives can be most appropriately translated into English. The results of the data analyzes are expected to really serve as the answers of each research problem under question. In this way, it is hoped that the data analysis can be more systematically presented. 4.2 Data Tabulation Showing Indonesian Passives and Their English Equivalents Before, the overall data for this study. (There are many Indonesian passive constructions and their equivalents in English taken from the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” as the main data source), are analyzed, they are tabulated as follows: Table 1: Descriptions of Data Gathered for the Study Showing Passive Voice Constructions in Indonesian (SL) and Their Equivalents in English with Reference to the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih”, and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic” No Passive Voice in SL Passive Voice in TL 1. … Ibunya pergi ke pasar, … Their mother went to the anaknya I Bawang dan I Kesuna market, and her children, IB and disuruhnya menumbuk. IK, were asked to pound paddy. “Turunkanlah dahulu nanti aku “Please you take it down, later yang memotonginya. Lalu I’ll cut it.” Then the paddy was diturunkanlah padi oleh IB. taken down by IB. 2. Page 179 179 69 3. “Potongilah dahulu nanti aku “Please you cut it, later I’ll dry yang menjemur.” Lalu dipotongi it”. Then it was cut by IB. 179 padinya oleh IB. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. “Jemurlah dahulu nanti aku yang “Please dry it later I’ll collect mengumlukannya, Lalu them”. The paddy was dried by dijemurlah padi oleh IB. IB. ”… Kumpulkanlah dahulu nanti “Please you collect it later I’ll … di tempatnya. Lalu keep it in its place”. The paddy dikumpulkan padinya oleh IB. was collected by IB. “Masukkanlah dahulu nanti aku “Please put the paddy in its … menumbuk”. Lalu place later I’ll pound it”. Then, dimasukkanlah padinya oleh IB. it was put in its place by IB. “Tampilah dulu nanti aku yang “Please you do it first, later I’ll menyidinya”. Ditampilah lalu sift it”. She carried the paddy ditumbuk oleh IB. and was then pounded by IB. Lalu IB yang menyidinya. … lalu Then IB sifted it then pounded ditumbuk oleh IB. by IB. Setelah selesai menampi When she had finished disuruhlah adiknya menyidi. winnowing it, her sister was 179 179 179 179 179 9. 179 asked to sift. 10. Setelah selesai menyidi When she had finished sifting it, disuruhlah IK menampi. IK was asked to winnow it. 179 70 11. Sekarang IK menggulingkan Now IK rolled herself in the dirinya di dedak agar dia rice husk so that she was disangka oleh ibunya supposed to have done her menyelesaikan numbuk. job. Setelah itu ibunya dating dari Soon her mother returned from pasar. Didapatinya IK the market. She found IK full berlepotan dedak, of husk, Sekarang dikisahkan IB selesai Now it’s told about IB having mandi ….. finished taking a bath… Lalu mengambil air untuk dibawa Then, she took some water. 180 12. 13. 180 180 14. 180 pulang. 15. Baru sampai di rumah lantas Arriving home she was dimarahi dia oleh ibunya. reprimanded by her mother. Teruslah demikian, berkata I You’ll know what happen if you Bawang membela dirinya, continue it. I Bawang didn’t 180 16. 180 karena tidak dipercaya oleh argue because it was useless. Ibunya. 17. 18. Berdecak suara air mengalir. The water splashed, one napkin Terhanyut konon selembar was carries away by the kainnya. water. Berdecak suara air mengalir. The water splashed, another Hanyut lagi selembar kainnya. was carried away. 180 180 71 19. Sekarang tinggal sebidang Then, one piece was left. After kainnya. Selesai mencuci lalu ia washing it she went home. 180 pulang. 20. Sesampainya di rumah Arriving home, she said to her berkatalah ia kepada ibunya mother: “Mother two napkins “Ibu ibu kainnya hanyut dua were lost.” 180 lembar 21. “Apa saja yang bisa dilakukan I What could you really do, just Bawang, hanya mencuci saja washing napkins you’re unable. tidak mampu olehmu. Sana cari There, you go and look for kainnya kalau belum ketemu them.” Don’t go home before jangan pulang. you find them. Lalu dipukulilah I Bawang oleh I Bawang was, then, beaten by ibunya. Menangislah dia terisak her mother. She cried and – isak keluar, pergi kesungai sobbed when she left 180 22. 180 untuk mencari kain itu. 23. Setelah sampai di sungai Arriving there she met Sang dijumpainya sang Testes. “Sang Testes, the fish. Sang Testes Testes, Sang Testes apakah kamu did you see my sister’s napkins? melihat kain adikku?” 180 72 24. Lalu I Bawang pergi kearah Then, I Bawang walked hilir, ditemuinya Sang Udang. downstream, and she met “Sang Udang apakah kamu Sang Udang. “Sang Udang did melihat kain adikku?” you see my sister napkins?” Kembali I Bawang pergi ke arah I Bawang went further hilir, lalu ditemuinya Sang downstaream, and she met Ketam. Sang Ketam. Kembali I Bawang ke arah hilir. I Bawang went further Lalu ditemuinya Sang Nyalian downstream, and she met Sang dan Sang Baboso. Nyalian and Sang Baboso. Baru ditanyainya semua tidak When she asked them, they 180 25. 26. 27. 180 181 181 28. melihat. said they didn’t know Paling hilir ditemuinya Sang At the very downstream, she Kahipi. “Apakah kamu ada met Sang Kahipi, the fish. melihat kain adikku”? “Did you see my sister’s 181 napkins”? 29. Segera I Bawang mencari kutu I I Bawang immediately looked Raksasa itu. Ketika dibuka for the lice. When she moved I rambut Raksasa itu, berteriak I Raksasa’s hair aside, she Bawang menyaksikan kutu shouted upon seeing the lice in Raksasa itu, berkeliaran sebesar Raksasa’s hair; they moved in genggaman. and in the size was of a hand’s grip. 181 73 30. Setiap mendapat seekor kutu, lalu Each time she found a louse, it dimatikan oleh I Raksasa. was then crushed by I 181 Raksasa. 31. Setelah selesai, lalu disuruhnya I When it was over, I Bawang Bawang menanak. was asked to cook. I Bawang pergi ke dalam. Ketika I Bawang went inside. When tempat beras dibuka, ternyata she opened it, there were lots banyak ada ulat. of worms inside. Ketika I Bawang menanyakan When she aksed for the kayu api, ditunjukkanlah tulang. firewood, she was pointed at 181 32. 33. 181 181 bones; .. 34. Ketika menanyakan air, When she asked for water, she ditunjukkanlah darah seguci. was pointed at a jar full of 181 blood. 35. Singkat cerita, selesailah I Well, to cut the story short, I Bawang menanak, maka Bawang had finished cooking, dipanggillah si nenek. “Nenek and she called her: Grandma, 181 36. nasinya sudah matang, silahkan the food was cooked; now makan.” please had your meal.” Petiklah labu nenek itu. Jangan Pick my pumpkins, and don’t dipetik yang di barat daya, petik pick those at the northwest. yang di timur laut.’ Pick those at the northest.” 181 74 37. Labu Raksasa yang di timur laut Then, she picked one at the dipetik I Bawang. Sesudah itu northeast, and took it home. 181 dibawa pulang. 38. Sesampainya di rumah Arriving home she found the didapatinya pintu rumah sudah house door was looked. 181 terkunci. 39. … Pintu rumah sudah terkunci. She found the house door was 181 locked. 40. “Siapa yang memanggil itu?” I “Who is that calling? Is it I Bawang, Kecuali dipukul Bawang? It’s only good when kepalamu dengan tabung your head is hit by a bamboo bambu.” tube.” Kembali I Bawang memanggil, “She called again, father, father, “Ayah, Ayah, bukakanlah saya please open the door.” Who is pintu. “Siapa itu I Bawang? that? Is it I Bawang? It’s only Kecuali dilempari kayu api saja good when I throw fire wood kepalamu”. at your head.” Sekarang dia memanggil I Then, she called I Kesuna. Kesuna. “Kesuna Kesuna, Kesuna, please open the door bukakanlah kakak pintunya.” for me.” “Who was that? Was it “Siapa itu I Bawang? Kecuali I Bawang? It’s only good ditumbuk kepalamu dengan when your head was hit by a tongkat.” stick.” 181 41. 42. 182 182 75 43. Karena semuanya tidak mau As all were not willing to open membukakan pintu, lalu I the door, I Bawang went to her Bawang pergi ke rumah grandmother’s house. There, neneknya. Di sana juga pintu the door was also locked. 182 terkunci. 44. “Sebentar, nak. Nenek masih “One moment, my dear, I’m menyalakan api”. Sesudah still lighting a fire. When the apinya menyala dibukakanlah I fire had flared, the door was Bawang pintu. opened for I Bawang. “Saya mendapatkannya dari “I got it from Grandma, the nenek raksasa.”Lalu I Bawang Raksasa.” “Then she told her mengisahkan awalnya dipukuli. that she had been beaten. Juga waktu dia mau dibukakan Also about if the door was pintu … opened, … … Ada yang mau menumbuk … Her head would be hit with a dengan tabung dan ada yang mau tube, or thrown things. 182 45. 46. 182 182 47. 182 melemparinya. 48. Neneknya sedih mendengarkan Her grandmother was sad upon cerita I Bawang. Ketika labunya hearing I Bawang’s story. dibuka, ternyata berisi emas dan When she broken the permata gemerlapan, seperti … pumpkin, there were gold and jewels, such as … 182 76 49. Senang hati I Bawang seperti I Bawang was very happy as if sedang diupacarai ulang tahun, she was having her traditional karena seketika dia memiliki birthday ceremony as she perhiasan sebanyak itu. could have so much jewelry. Karena tidak ada api, disuruhlah As there was no fire, I Kesuna anaknya I Kesuna minta api ke was sent to ask for fire at her neneknya. grandmother’s. Sesampainya di sana, ditemuinya Arriving there, she found I I Bawang di beranda Bawang at the verandah mengenakan perhiasan emas. wearing gold. Disuruhlah neneknya untuk She asked her grandmother to memintakan, tetapi tidak beg one for her, but it failed. I diberikan. I Kesuna lalu Kesuna, then cried and went menangis pulang menceritakan home telling … 182 50. 51. 52. 182 182 183 … 53. 54. Ibunya lalu pergi ke rumah “Her mother went to her mertuanya. Sesampainya di mother-in-law’s. Arriving sana, didapatinya I Bawang there, she found I Bawang masih duduk di beranda. sitting in the verandah. Hingga tiga, empatkali ibunya Her mother begged three until minta tidak juga diberikan. four times, but she failed. 183 183 77 55. Pukulilah aku agar sama seperti I If it’s so, hit me like what you Bawang agar bisa memeperoleh did with I Bawang so that I perhiasan. Lalu dipukulilah I could have jewelries. Then. I Kesuna oleh ibunya. Kesuna was hit by her 183 mother. 56. “Mengapa kamu kemari?” “Aku “Why were coming here?” “I dipukuli oleh ibuku.” was beaten by my mother.” Ketika labunya dibelah, ternyata When the pumpkin was isinya ular beracun, kalajengking broken, it turned out that the dan kelabang. contents were poisonous snakes, 183 57. 184 scorpions, and centipedes. 58. Lalu semua orang desa bergegas The villagers hastened to come dating ke rumah Pan Bawang, to Pan Bawang’s house, but didapati Pan Bawang sudah Pan Bawang was dead tewas bersama anak istrinya. together with his daughter 184 and wife. 4.3 Data Analysis The data analysis is successively presented in line with the four research problems and the objectives of the study. Since there are four research problems, the presentation of data analysis includes thus: (1) the identification of the 78 equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions in English, (2) the analysis of the equivalents of Indonesian passives both retained as passives and not retained as passives in English, (3) the analysis of the types of shifts occurring when converting Indonesian passives into English; and (4) analysis of the degree to which naturalness established in translating Indonesian passives into English. Therefore, there are also four steps of the data analysis. First, the obtained data are tabulated and analyzed in terms of the strategy how Indonesian passive constructions (SL) are most appropriately translated into English (TL) so that the conveyed meaning or message can be most fully retained or preserved. This step of data analysis is expected to reveal whether the SL passive constructions are also equivalently translated into passive, known as basic passive constructions Keenan (1985) in the TL. To serve this purpose, the tabulated data are syntactically and semantically analyzed so as to verify and justify whether they are in the forms of passive voice or not. Second, the tabulated data are then analyzed in terms of the occurrences of the constructions of the passive voice, namely whether Indonesian passive constructions are retained or not when they are translated into English. Third, the tabulated data are next analyzed in terms of the occurrence of translation shifts based on the theory of translation shift as proposed by Catford (2000) and Venuti (2000). This data analysis is undertaken to describe the kinds of translation shifts which take place, and how they occur in the translation process. Finally, the data are analyzed in terms of the extent to which the naturalness could be established or preserved when translating Indonesian 79 passive voice into English. This analysis is based on the concepts of naturalness in translation process as proposed by Venuti (2000) and Larson (1998). 4.3.1 The Identification of the Equivalents of Indonesian Passives in English Based on the tabulation of the data in figure 1 above, the equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions in English can be tabulated and analyzed as follows: Table 2: Data Showing Passive Constructions in Indonesian (SL) and Their Corresponding Passive Equivalents with to infinitive in English (TL) No Passive Voice With Translation of Equivalent Forms Prefix di- and ter- in Passive Voice in TL in TL … Anaknya I Bawang … And her children, Be + past participle dan I Kesuna disuruhnya IB and IK, were + to infinitive menumbuk. asked to pound SL 1. paddy. 2. 3. 4. … Disuruhlah adiknya … Her sister was Be + past participle menyidi. asked to sif. + to infinitive … Disuruhlah IK …, IK was asked to Be + past participle menampi. winnow it. + to infinitive …, disuruhnya I …, I Bawang was Be + past participle Bawang menanak. asked to cook. + to infinitive 80 5. …, disuruhlah anaknya …, I Kesuna was Be + past participle I Kesuna minta api ke sent to ask for fire at + to infinitive neneknya. her grandmother’s. Table 3: Data Showing Passive Constructions in Indonesian (SL) and Their Corresponding Passive Equivalents with by in English (TL) 1. “… Lalu … Then the paddy was Be + past diturunkanlah padi taken down by IB. participle + by …, Lalu dipotongi …, Then it was cut by Be + past padinya oleh IB. IB participle + by …, Lalu dijemurlah The paddy was dried Be + past padi oleh IB. by IB. participle + by …, Lalu dikumpulkan The paddy was Be + past padinya oleh IB. collected by IB. participle + by …, Lalu …, Then, it was put in Be + past dimasukkanlah its place by IB. participle + by oleh IB. 2. 3. 4. 5. padinya oleh IB. 6. 7. Tampilah dulu. … Lalu … the paddy was then Be + past ditumbuk oleh IB …. pounded by IB. … Dimarahi dia oleh … She was Be + past ibunya. reprimanded by her participle + by mother. participle + by 81 8. Berdecak suara air The water splashed one Be + past mengalir. Terhanyut napkin was carried participle + by konon selembar away by the water. kainnya. 9. 10. 11. Lalu dipukulilah I I Bawang was, then, Be + past Bawang oleh ibunya. beaten by her mother. participle + by … lalu dimatikan …, it was then crushed Be + past oleh I Raksasa by I Raksasa. participle + by Kecuali dipukul … Head was hit by a Be + past kepalamu dengan bamboo tube.” participle + by … Kecuali ditumbuk … Your head was hit Be + past kepalamu dengan by a stick.” participle + by … Lalu dipukulilah I … Was hit by her Be + past Kesuna oleh ibunya. mother. participle + by “Aku dipukuli oleh “I was beaten by my Be + past ibuku.” mother.” participle + by tabung bambu.” 12. tongkat.” 13. 14. 82 Table 4: Data Showing Passive Constructions in Indonesian (SL) and Their Corresponding Passive Equivalents with by implied in English (TL) 1. …, Hanyut lagi …, another was Be + past participle selembar kainnya. carried away. + (agent by implied) 2. Sekarang tinggal Then, one piece was Be + past participle sebidang kainnya. left. + (agent by implied) 3. … “Ibu ibu kainnya “Mother two napkins Be + past participle hanyut dua. were lost.” + (agent by implied) 4. …, Ketika labunya …. When the pumpkin Be + past participle dibelah, … was broken, … + (agent by implied) 5. …, ditunjukkanlah …, she was pointed at Be + past participle tulang. bones; + (agent by implied) 6. …, ditunjukkanlah …, she was pointed at Be + past participle darah seguci. a jar full of blood. + (agent by implied) 7. … Di sana juga pintu … There, the door was Be + past participle terkunci. also locked. + (agent by implied) 83 8. … Pintu rumah sudah … The house door was Be + past participle terkunci. locked. + (agent by implied) 9. … Dibukakanlah I …, the door was Be + past participle Bawang pintu. opened for I Bawang. + (agent by implied) 10. …mengisahkan … … That she had been Be + past participle awalnya dipukuli. beaten. + (agent by implied) 11. … mau dibukakan … door was opened, Be + past participle pintu ….ada her … + (agent by implied) 12. … Dia disangka oleh ibunya menyelesaikan … She was supposed to Be + past participle have done her job. numbuk. 13. … dikisahkan IB + (agent by implied) Now it’s told about… selesai … Be + past participle + (agent by implied) 14. ….ada yang mau …, her head would be Be + past participle menumbuk dengan hit with a tube, or + (agent by tabung dan ada yang thrown things. implied) mau melemparinya. 84 Table 5: Data Showing Passive Constructions in Indonesian (SL) and Their Corresponding Active Equivalents in English (TL) 1. 2. 3. … Didapatinya IK She found IK full of berlepotan dedak. husk, … … Lalu mengambil air …, she took some untuk dibawa pulang. water. …, . Ditampilah lalu … She carried the S + P + O (Active) S + P + O (Active) S + P + O (Active) paddy… 4. 5. 6. …, karena tidak … I Bawang didn’t S + Be + P dipercaya oleh Ibunya. argue because it was Complement useless. (Active) Apa saja yang bisa What could you Wh + Auxiliary + dilakukan I Bawang, … really do? S + P (Active)? …. di sungai … There she met S + P + O (Active) dijumpainya sang Testes. Sang Testes, the fish. 7. 8. 9. … Hilir, ditemuinya …, and she met Sang Udang. Sang Udang. … Hilir, lalu ditemuinya …, and she met Sang Ketam. Sang Ketam. …. Lalu ditemuinya …, and she met Sang Nyalian dan Sang Sang Nyalian and Baboso. Sang Baboso. S + P + O (Active) S + P + O (Active) S + P + O (Active) 85 10. … Ditanyainya semua When she asked tidak melihat. them, they …. 11. … Hilir ditemuinya Sang Kahipi. … Downstream, she S + P + O (Active) S + P + O (Active) met Sang Kahipi, the fish. 12. … Ketika dibuka rambut When she moved I Raksasa itu… Raksasa’s hair S + P + O (Active) aside, 13. … tempat beras dibuka, … she opened it, … S + P + O (Active) …, maka dipanggillah si Well, to cut the story S + P + O (Active) nenek. short, I …, and she ternyata … 14. called her: Grandma … 15. Jangan dipetik yang …, and don’t pick Imperative barat daya, … those at the (Active) northwest. 16. 17. Labu Raksasa … dipetik …, she picked one at I Bawang. … Dibawa the northeast, and pulang. took it home. … di rumah didapatinya … she found the pintu rumah … house door … S + P + O (Active) S + P + O (Active) 86 18. … Kecuali dilempari It’s only good when kayu api saja kepalamu. I throw fire wood at S + P + O (Active) your head.” 19. 20. … Ketika labunya …, when she broke dibuka… the pumpkin… … I Bawang seperti … As if she was sedang diupacarai ulang having her tahun, … traditional birthday S + P + O (Active) S + P + O (Active) ceremony… 21. …, ditemuinya I Bawang …, she found I di beranda … Bawang at the S + P + O (Active) verandah …. 22. Disuruhlah neneknya She asked her S + P + O /S + P untuk memintakan, grandmother to beg (Active) tetapi tidak diberikan. one for her, but it failed. 23. 24. Sesampainya di sana, …, she found I didapatinya I Bawang Bawang sitting in …. the verandah. …, empatkali ibunya … Until four times, minta tidak juga but she failed. diberikan. S + P + O (Active) S + P (Active) 87 25. …, didapati Pan Bawang …, but Pan Bawang S + Be + sudah tewas bersama was dead together Complement anak istrinya. with his daughter (Active) and wife. The most essential objective of translation as proposed by Catford (1965), Bell (1991), Larson (1998) and Newmark (1981) are transferring the message or the meaning of the source language (SL) into an equivalent target language (TL) as fully as possible. The message or the meaning conveyed by the SL might therefore be expressed or communicated through different syntactical and morphological forms, as long as meaning can be most appropriately retained or preserved. Thus, the key word in translation process is finding equivalents which best preserve the meanings conveyed by the SL. The nature of equivalence is directly related to the translation process as translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. The texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent) in respect of context, semantics, grammar, lexis, etc.) And at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence). In fact, there is no single word equivalent in meaning and stylistic value (Levy, 2000). Sneddon (1996) remarks that there are indeed differences between the constructions in Indonesian and the constructions in English both in structure and function. 88 From the tabulation of passive constructions in Indonesian and their corresponding translation equivalents in English, as shown in figure 2 above, it can be identified that there are two forms of passive voices in the SL, namely passive voice with prefix di- there are many passive voice with prefix ter-. In addition, it can also be identified that there are active voice constructions in SL which are suspected to express passive meaning and hence they are translated into passive voice in the TL. As mentioned somewhere previously, it was quite possible for active voice constructions in SL to be translated into passive in the TL as this translation process was conceived to be the most appropriate way of preserving or retaining the meanings of the original texts. 4.3.1.1 Passive Voice with Prefix di- in SL Translated into Passive in TL Alwi et al., (1998) in their book Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia figure out that passivizations in Indonesian can be done in two ways. The first and the most common way of forming passive constructions in Indonesian is using verb base attached with prefix di- . (Prefix di- + verb base + suffix) because passive verb in Indonesian is usually marked by prefix di-.The second way of forming passive in Indonesian is with verb without prefix di-. The verb base of any passive constructions, usually for the sake of expanding and refining meaning may also be affixed by certain necessary suffixes like suffix: -kan, - lah, -i, nya, and some circumfix like ke-an. Passive constructions in Indonesian is commonly marked by an agent phrase using “oleh” as the actor of the action which follows the passive verb. However, the agent phrase “by” (oleh) is always optional except 89 when the agent does not immediately follow the verb, in which case it is obligatory. This occurs when another clause element comes between the verb and agent or when the agent is placed before the verb to receive highlighting, as shown in the following examples: 1a) … disuruhlah adiknya menyidi (SL) 1b) … her sister was asked to shift (TL) 2a) … lalu dimasukkanlah padinya oleh I Bawang (SL). 2b) …, then, it was put in its place by I Bawang (TL). 3a) … lalu dijemurlah padi oleh I Bawang (SL). 3b) … the paddy was dried by I Bawang (TL). 4a) … dipukulilah I Kesuna oleh ibunya (SL) 4b) … I Kesuna was hit by her mother (TL). Based on the tabulated passive constructions above, then, the identified passive voices in the SL which begin with prefix di-, can further be classified into four forms: (1) passive voices with Prefix di- + Verb base + agent phrase; (2) passive voice with Prefix di- + Verb base + suffix (-kan, -lah, -nya, and –i) + agent phrase; (3) Passive voice with prefix ter-, and (4) passive voice without the attachment of either prefix di- or ter-. There are many passive constructions in the SL which are marked by prefix di- are equivalently translated into the TL in the following ways. 1. There are passive constructions in Indonesian which are formed with: Prefix di-verb base + suffix (-lah, -nya) and their English equivalents 90 areformed with: Be + Past participle + to infinitive phrase. The five passive voices in the SL and their equivalents in the TL are as follows. No Passive Voice in the SL Passive Voice in the TL 1. … Anaknya I Bawang dan I … And her children, IB and IK, Kesuna disuruhnya menumbuk. were asked to pound paddy. 2. … Disuruhlah adiknya menyidi. … Her sister was asked to sift. 3. … Disuruhlah IK menampi. …, IK was asked to winnow it. 4. …, disuruhnya I Bawang …, I Bawang was asked to cook. menanak. 5. …, disuruhlah anaknya I Kesuna …, I Kesuna was sent to ask for minta api ke neneknya. fire at her grandmother’s. 2. There are other passive constructions in Indonesian which are formed with: Prefix di- + verb base + suffix (-kan, -lah, -i) and Prefix di- + verb base and their English equivalents are formed with: Be + Past Participle + agent phrase by (stated). The thirteen passive voices in the SL and their equivalents in the TL are as below. N0 Passive Voice in the SL Passive Voice in the TL 1. “… Lalu diturunkanlah padi oleh … Then the paddy was taken IB. down by IB. …, Lalu dipotongi padinya oleh …, Then it was cut by IB 2. IB. 3. …, Lalu dijemurlah padi oleh IB. The paddy was dried by IB. 91 4. …, Lalu dikumpulkan padinya The paddy was collected by IB. oleh IB. 5. 6. 7. …, Lalu dimasukkanlah padinya …, Then, it was put in its place by oleh IB. IB. Tampilah dulu. … Lalu ditumbuk … the paddy was then pounded oleh IB …. by IB. … Dimarahi dia oleh ibunya. … She was reprimanded by her mother. 8. 9. Lalu dipukulilah I Bawang oleh I Bawang was, then, beaten by her ibunya. mother. … lalu dimatikan oleh I Raksasa …, it was then crushed by I Raksasa. 10. 11. Kecuali dipukul kepalamu dengan … Head was hit by a bamboo tabung bambu.” tube.” … Kecuali ditumbuk kepalamu … Your head was hit by a stick.” dengan tongkat.” 12. … Lalu dipukulilah I Kesuna oleh … Was hit by her mother. ibunya. 13. “Aku dipukuli oleh ibuku.” “I was beaten by my mother.” 3. There are some more passive constructions in Indonesian which are formed with: Prefix di- + verb base + suffix (-kan,-lah) and Prefix di- + verb base, and their English equivalents are formed with: Be + past 92 participle + (agent phrase implied). The eight passive voices in the SL and their equivalents in the TL are as below. N0 Passive Voice in the SL Passive Voice in the TL 1. …, Ketika labunya dibelah, … …. When the pumpkin was broken, … 2. …, ditunjukkanlah tulang. 3. …, ditunjukkanlah darah seguci. …, she was pointed at bones; …, she was pointed at a jar full of blood. 4. 5. … Dibukakanlah I Bawang …, the door was opened for I pintu. Bawang. …mengisahkan … awalnya … That she had been beaten. dipukuli. 6. … mau dibukakan pintu ….ada … door was opened, her … 7. … dia disangka oleh ibunya … She was supposed to have menyelesaikan numbuk. done her job. … dikisahkan IB selesai … Now it’s told about… 8. 4. There are passive voice constructions in Indonesian which are formed with: Prefix di- + Verb base + suffix (-kan,-lah, -i, -nya) and Prefix di- +verb base their English equivalents are all formed with: S + P + O (passive constructions in SL are changed into active voices in the TL). There are also passive voices in SL and their equivalents in the TL as below. 93 N0 Passive Voice in the SL Active Voice in TL 1. …. Didapatinya IK berlepotan She found IK full of husk, … dedak. 2. … Lalu mengambil air untuk …, she took some water. dibawa pulang. 3. …, . Ditampilah lalu … She carried the paddy… 4. …, karena tidak dipercaya oleh … I Bawang didn’t argue because Ibunya. it was useless. Apa saja yang bisa dilakukan I What could you really do? 5. Bawang, … 6. …. di sungai dijumpainya sang … There she met Sang Testes, the Testes. fish. 7. … Hilir, ditemuinya Sang Udang. …, and she met Sang Udang. 8. … Hilir, lalu ditemuinya Sang …, and she met Sang Ketam. Ketam. 9. 10. …. Lalu ditemuinya Sang …, and she met Sang Nyalian and Nyalian dan Sang Baboso. Sang Baboso. … Ditanyainya semua tidak When she asked them, they …. melihat. 11. … Hilir ditemuinya Sang Kahipi. … Downstream, she met Sang Kahipi, the fish. 12. … Ketika dibuka rambut When she moved I Raksasa’s hair Raksasa itu… aside, 94 13. … tempat beras dibuka, ternyata … she opened it, … … 14. …, maka dipanggillah si nenek. Well, to cut the story short, I …, and she called her: Grandma … 15. 16. 17. Jangan dipetik yang barat daya, …, and don’t pick those at the … northwest. Labu Raksasa … dipetik I …, she picked one at the northeast, Bawang. … Dibawa pulang. and took it home. … di rumah didapatinya pintu … she found the house door … rumah … 18. … Kecuali dilempari kayu api It’s only good when I throw fire saja kepalamu. wood at your head.” 19. … Ketika labunya dibuka… …, when she broke the pumpkin, 20. … I Bawang seperti sedang … As if she was having her diupacarai ulang tahun, … traditional birthday ceremony… …, ditemuinya I Bawang di …, she found I Bawang at the beranda … verandah …. Disuruhlah neneknya untuk She asked her grandmother to beg memintakan, tetapi tidak one for her, but it failed. 21. 22. diberikan. 23. Sesampainya di sana, …, she found I Bawang sitting in didapatinya I Bawang …. the verandah. 95 24. …, empatkali ibunya minta tidak … Until four times, but she failed. juga diberikan. 25. …, didapati Pan Bawang sudah …, but Pan Bawang was dead tewas bersama anak istrinya. together with his daughter and wife. Some linguists, like Sneddon (1996), Catford (1965), Bell (1991), Larson (1998), Newmark (1981), Levy (2000) and Alwi et al. (1998) are of the opinion that in translation process meaning is the most important thing to be preserved or retained as appropriately and as fully as possible when translating a SL into a TL. This is also true in translating passive constructions from Indonesian into English. This signifies that the linguistic forms as the carriers of different levels and shorts of meanings may hence change at word level or phrase level or clause level at the expense of preserving or retaining and transforming the original meaning as impartially as possible. In other words, single passive constructions in the SL is likely to be translated into discrepant forms in the TL, passive voice into active voice or vice versa, as Indonesian and English are virtually acknowledged to be different in many distinct code systems and grammatical rules governing the assembling of words into different meaningful constructions, including passive constructions. Bell (1996) convincingly contends that the ideal of total equivalent is simply a chimera as languages are different from each other; they are different in having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical 96 stretches of language and these forms bear different meanings. Likewise, Levy (2000) argues that there is in fact no single word equivalent in meaning and stylistic value in the absolute and natural sense. As we know, Indonesian and English are substantially different in many aspects as they belong to different language families. It is commonly acknowledged by linguists that the chief essence of translation is to discover equivalents which preserve features of the original. This shows the significance to effectively and efficiently translate a source language into a target language on the basis of the nature of equivalents. Bell (1991) argues that the problem concerning the nature of equivalents is directly related to the translation process as translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one source language by a representation of an equivalent in a target language. This further indicates that passive construction in Indonesian could be equivalents in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent) in English (TL) in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of syntactical structures, of lexis, communicative value and so forth, and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrasefor-phrase, sentence-for-sentence). From the above data, it is manifest that passive constructions in Indonesian which are mostly marked by attachment of prefix di- + verb base and prefix di- + verb base +suffix, are more frequently used than in English as remarked by Sneddon (1998). However, the basic and core constituents of passive voice constructions in English, as stated by Keenen (1985), Larson (1984),Gym (2010), 97 Alexander (1994), and Quirk (1972), are commonly formed by : Be + Past Participle. The tangible be + Past Participle basic core pattern of passive constructions, like in Indonesian, can be followed by agent phrase or the agent phrase can be optional or it can also be followed by other necessary phrases or adjuncts. In English passive construction, as stated by Alexander (1994), the component Be accordingly changes or conjugates its form depending on the tense and the singularity or plurality of the subject of the passive constructions where be is used; it can hence be present, either singular or plural (is, am are) or past tense either singular or plural (was, were) and so forth. Similarly, past participle (verb III) is the conjugated form of the transitive verb base in every passive construction which changes either regularly or irregularly, irrespective of whether the subject of the passive construction is singular or plural. Unlike English, the verb base in Indonesian passive constructions does not change its form as Indonesian does not hadve tense: the verb bases (transitive or intransitive) do not undergo conjugation. Most of the passive voice constructions used and found out in the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih”, as literally Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”, are coverted into past tense (was/were + past participle), except one passive constructions: … dikisahkan I Bawang selesai (SL) and this passive constructions is literally translated into: … it’s told about. Thus, the passive construction it’s told about is the equivalents translation of the passive constructions in the SL which indicates state of the action. The conversion of Indonesian passive voices marked with prefix di- as used and found out in the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” into past tense as the 98 happenings or the actions in the tale are presumed to take place sometime in the past. In English any happening which takes place or is supposed to take place at a point of time in the past should be expressed in the past tense. The basic and core constituents of passive constructions in English, as stated by Keenen (1985), Larson (1984),Gym (2010), Alexander (1994),and Quirk (1972), are commonly formed by : Be + Past Participle. Be + Past Participle basic common core pattern of passive constructions can be followed by agent phrase or the agent phrase can be optional or it can also be followed by other necessary phrases or adjuncts. Whereas passive constructions in Indonesian, as aforementioned, are commonly marked by prefix di- + verb base (with and without suffix). The above data clearly show that there are five passive constructions in SL marked by prefix di (Prefix di- +verb base + suffix) which are equivalently translated into English with the pattern Be + Past Participle + to infinitive phrase. In the light of translation procedure, as reviewed in chapter II, it is lucid that they are simply literally translated into English. Venuti (2000) states that literal translation is word-for-word or phrase-for phrase translation which follows closely the form of the source language. In principle, it is a unique solution which is reversible and complete in it. Newmark (1988) argues that literal translation ranges from one word to one word through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, and sentence to sentence. This translation procedure is useful if the researcher is studying the structure of the source language text as in an interlinear translation. Literal translation is of course expected to optimally function as a direct transfer of passive constructions in the 99 SL which can, to a great extent, preserve or retain the meanings of the original passive constructions. Viewed from semantics and translation, it is clear that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language which is commonly done by going from the form of the SL to the form of TL by way of semantic structure (Larson, 1983). Thus, in the translation process it is meaning which is to be carried over from the source language to the receptor language, not the linguistic forms, and hence forms may accordingly change or vary as long as meanings as the elixir of translation can be best preserved. This signifies that meaning must, therefore, have priority over forms in translation. A good translator is certainly aware of this problem and hence he has done his best how to transfer meaning most appropriately. A translator’s main concern is to strive for his or her best to discover the most appropriate equivalents. In spite of such fact, the existence of a slight loss or possibly gain of meaning in the translation process whatsoever is absolutely inevitable thing. The above data further reveal that there are passive constructions in the SL marked by prefix di- (Prefix di- + verb base + suffix and Prefix di- + verb base), which are equivalently translated into: Be + past participle + agent phrase “by” in the TL. To exemplify, some of the examples are as follows: 1a) … lalu diturunkanlah padi oleh I Bawang (SL). 1b) … then the paddy was taken down by I Bawang (TL). 2a)… lalu dipotongi padinya oleh I Bawang (SL). 100 2b) … then it was cut by I Bawang (TL). 3a) … lalu dijemurlah padi oleh I Bawang (SL). 3b) … the paddy was dried by I Bawang (TL). 4a) … lalu dikumpulkan padinya oleh I Bawang (SL). 4b) … the paddy was collected by I Bawang (TL). Again, this translation process further reveals that the translator is tangibly adopting literal translation procedure in translating passive constructions in Indonesian into English. The Indonesian passive voice form: prefix di +verb base + agent phrase “oleh” or prefix di- + verb base + suffix + agent phrase “oleh” is straightforwardly translated into: Be + past participle + agent “by”. The forms of passive voice with prefix di- + verb base + agent phrase “oleh” in Indonesian and its translation in English into: Be + Past Participle + agent phrase “by” are in fact the most basic, common and rudimentary passive voices which are not sparingly used either in speech or writing (Sneddon, 1998), (Quirk, 1972), (Keneen, 1985, and Gym, 2010). They are therefore analyzed to be close equivalents in syntactical and phrasal forms in the sense they can most appropriately function as carriers of original meanings. In English passive voice with be + past participle + agent phrase “by”, as exemplified above, are usually first taught and learnt and the auxiliary + past participle is usually translated into: verb + base with prefix di(i.e. diturunkanlah, dipotongi, dijemurlah). Quirk (1972) remarks that in English active-passive relation involves two grammatical levels: the verb phrase and the clause. In the verb phrase level, the 101 difference between the two voices categories is that the passive adds auxiliary ‘be’ and the past participle of the main verb. In English the basic pattern of passive is the use of ‘be’ and ‘verb participle’. The variations depend on the tenses or the adverb of time. Unlike English, in Indonesian passive voice does not involve change of level on verb base (conjugation) in as much as Indonesian does not have tense and hence the verb base of any active-passive relation does not conjugate. But passive voices both in English and in Indonesian are equivalents at clause level category, that is, passivization involves rearrangements of two clause elements, subject and object and/or optional agent phrase “by”/”oleh”.In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb. Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice; because the subject is being "acted upon" by the object of the sentence, the sentence is hence said to be passive voice. In other words, one could change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, being acted upon by the verb - or passive (Bibwer et al. 1998). Viewed from the single essential point or objective of translation, communicating full meaning of the SL in the TL, as already specified somewhere previously, literal translation procedure cannot of course be totally depended upon, in the sense there will be slight loss of meaning in the translation process. Larson (1998) asserts that literal translation procedure basically relies on wordfor-word, phrase-for-phrase, and clause-for-clause or even sentence-for-sentence translation equivalence. Bell (1991) argues that the ideal of total equivalence is 102 simply a chimera as Indonesian and English are different in many aspects, such as in grammatical, syntactical aspects as well as cultural values and contexts. Even, there is no absolute synonymy between words in the same language, so why should a researcher be surprised to discover a lack of synonymy or equivalents between Indonesian and English. Bell’s (1991) remark implies that the adoption of the literal translation procedure in the translation process inevitably induces slight loss or possibly gains of meaning conveyed by the SL. The translator cannot of course be impartially accused of reproducing only part of the original and thus betraying the author’s intention. Therefore, absolute or impartial equivalents whatsoever could hardly be retained or preserved in translated Indonesian passives into English. A good translator usually has the option, then, of focusing on finding formal equivalents which ‘preserve’ the content-free semantic sense of the text at the expense of its context-sensitive communicative value or finding functional equivalents which ‘preserve’ the context-sensitive communicative value at the expense of its context-free semantic sense. The choice is between translating word-for-word known as literal translation for meaning known as free translation (Bell, 1991). However, finding lexical equivalents for objects and events which are not known in the receptor culture are most troublesome, and therefore, there is no word or phrase in the receptor language which is easily available for the translation. This is on account of the fact that the translator has to consider not only the two languages but also the two cultures. Because of the distinct difference in cultural features there will some concepts in the source language 103 which do not have lexical equivalents in the receptor language. The translator’s task is even more difficult if the concept to be translated refers to something which is not known in the receptor culture. If this the case, she has to look for an appropriate way to refer to something which is already part of the experience of the receptor language audience, or she is likely looking for a way to express a concept to the speakers of the target language, such as by paraphrasing as proposed by Beekman in Larson (1998). The above data further shows that there are many passive voices in Indonesian which are changed into active voice in English. The conversion passive constructions in Indonesian into active constructions in English is certainly grounded by the selection of the most appropriate syntactical structures as well as the most natural carriers of the original meanings. As stated by some linguists, the original meanings of the SL can be transferred through different linguistic forms into the TL as the single essential objective of translation process is communicating meaning as fully and as naturally as possible. Larson (1998) and Bell (1991) have similarly contended that the first and main concern of a translator in the translation process is to transfer the impartial and appropriate meaning of the SL into the TL. This denotes that the choice of different linguistic forms whereby meanings can be most appropriately transferred is second concern. The rationale of their arguments is substantially grounded by the fact that most languages are different in many aspects. Indonesian and English which belong to different language families and spoken by people who have different cultural 104 features and social norms have been widely recognized and admitted as having different code systems and grammatical rules. In Indonesian most passive constructions, as proved and shown by passive voices above, are formed and marked by the attachment of prefix di- (di- + verb base + suffix) and prefix di- (di + verb base) which are translated into active constructions in English. This is due to the fact that the passive constructions in the SL will sound much more natural if they are translated into active constructions in the TL, and if they are also to be translated into passive constructions in English, they will of course sound unnatural (Sneddon, 1996). Indeed, naturalness is an important feature of translation process. Look at the following examples: 1a) … didapatinya IK berlepotan dedak (SL) 1b) … she found IK full of husk (TL). 2a) …mengambil air untuk dibawa pulang (SL) 2b) … she took some water (TL) 3a) …ditampilah (SL). 3b) …, she carried the paddy (TL). 4a)…, karena tidak dipercaya oleh Ibunya (SL). 4b)… IB didn’t argue because it was useless (TL) 5a) … di sungai dijumpainya Sang Testes (ST) 5b) … there she met Sang Testes, the fish (TL) 6a) … ketika dibuka rambut I Raksasa itu… (SL) 6b) … when she moved Raksasa’s hair aside… (TL) 105 From the above examples it can be conceived and sensed that passive voices in Indonesian will sound more natural if they are translated into active voices in English. Natural translation is of course more appropriate carrier of meaning, rather than unnatural translation. Gym (2010) and Baker (1991) assert that the choice between active and passive voice is a choice between actor and patient as subject. Sometimes, as when no actor is expressed, a passive construction must be used, even though the patient is indefinite. Gym (2010) further remarks that passive voice is useful in some situations. However, when it is used incorrectly, it can dilute and make our writing unclear. In an attempt to avoid the incorrect use of passive voice, in transforming active into passive or vice versa we have to understand the structure of both active and passive voice. Thus, if we agree that the main focus of translation process is transferring the full meaning of the SL into the TL, then the translation of passive voices in Indonesian into active voices in English, is a matter of emphasis in the degree of naturalness, acceptability, stylistic, and cultural contexts whereby the conveyed meaning can be most impartially and appropriately transferred. The process of translating Indonesian passive voices into active voices in English should therefore be conceived and understood in the light of making translation process and procedure running more effective and efficient. Finding exhaustive equivalents in translating Indonesian passive voices into English is definitely an incredible thing. Even within a single language, according to Larson (1998), there are a great variety of ways in which form 106 expresses meaning. Only when a form is being used in its primary meaning or function is there a one-to-one correlation between form and meaning which characterizes literal translation. The tangible problem is that a single linguistic form also bears other meanings, called secondary or figurative or connotative meanings. The existing phenomena of linguistic forms which are likely to bear these extended meanings and in the same way grammatical forms have extended usages (secondary and figurative functions), have brought about the process of preserving full meanings in translation process to be difficult, if not impossible. The researcher has no doubt that the translator of the investigated text has already discovered the meaning of SL and then used the forms of TL which express this meaning in a natural way. He is competent and knowledgeable in the communication situation and cultural contexts and features of the SL. 4.3.1.2 Passive Voice with Prefix ter- in SL Translated into Passive in TL Sneddon (1998) and Alwi et al. (1998) similarly state that in general passive constructions in Indonesian are most commonly formed by the attachment of prefix di- to the base verb or without the attachment of prefix di- to the verb base. The later type of passive voice is somewhat rare. In short, a passive construction is usually marked by prefix di-. In addition, there is also a particular type of passive constructions in Indonesian which is marked by prefix ter- (Alwi, et al., 1998). In forming passive voice, prefix ter- can be attached to either a verb base or an adjective. When it is attached to a verb base, the function is generally to form passive voice construction that implies that the action is done 107 unintentionally by the verb or not on purpose. However, when it is attached to an adjective, it signifies the degree ‘the most’ as in terpenting which means ‘the most important’. Some of the data of passive voice constructions marked by prefix ter- as found out in this study implies either surprising happy things or unexpected unpleasant thing, as revealed and depicted by the following subsequent examples: 1. Ketika labu dibelah ternyata isinya ular beracun, kalajengking dan kelabang (SL) 2. When the pumpkin was broken, it turned out that the contents were poisonous snakes, scorpions, and centipedes (TL). 3. Ketika tempat beras dibuka, ternyata banyak ada ulat (SL). 4. When she opened it, there were lots of worms inside (TL). 5. Ketika labunya dibuka, ternyata berisi emas dan permata gemerlapan (SL) 6. When she broken the pumpkin, there were gold and jewels, such as … (TL). In the story, when I Bawang broke the pumpkin given by I Raksasa, it is commonly judged, that she would never expect that its contents are indeed highly precious gold ornaments and jewels. But witnessing the facts, she is unquestionably very pleased and delighted. It was said that, “I Bawang seperti sedang diupacarai ulang tahun, karena…” The case was tangibly contradictory with I Kesuna’s wish and expectation.The present study found out that there are 108 some passive constructions which are formed by the attachment of prefix ter- to verb base which are likely to imply that the action is done either unintentionally or intentionally.Observe the following examples: 1. . .Berdecak suara air mengalir, terhanyut lagi selembar kainnya (TL). 2. ..The water splashed, another was carried away (TL). 3. …”Ibu-ibu kainnya hanyut dua” (SL). 4. … “Mother two napkins were lost” (TL). 5. …..Berdecak suara air mengalir, terhanyut konon selembar kainnya (SL). 6. …..The water splashed one napkin was carried away the water (TL) These examples clearly denote that the verbs terhanyut dan hanyut imply passive constructions although the second verb base does not have prefix ter-, but it conveys passive meaning. Sneddon (1998) and Alwi et al. (1998), mentioned previously, that passive voice in Indonesian is commonly marked by either the attachment of prefix di- and ter- to the verb base or without the attachment of the two prefixes. In this study, there are also found passive constructions not marked by the attachment of either prefix di- or ter-, but they are translated into passives in English. Viewed from their syntactic structures, the constructions are active because the verbs bases are menumbuk dan melemparinya, that is, begin with prefix me- + verb base. However, they are translated into passive in English (be + past participle), but they imply intentional meanings. 109 … Ada yang mau menumbuk dengan tabung dan ada yang mau melemparinya (SL) …, her head would be hit with a tube, or thrown things (TL). Considering that in the translation process meaning is the single important aspect which should be well preserved or retained, then it is lucid that the two verbs above (“terhanyut” and “hanyut”) belong to passive voice as their contextual meanings are very vivid. The action of being terhanyut and hanyut is definitely unintentionally acted out, yet the actor is implied and hence understandable. Furthermore, the above two constructions with verb base “hanyut” are translated into passive voice in English. This semantically reveals that they are passive voices. To be manifest and vivid from semantic viewpoint, examine the following passive constructions which are also marked by the attachment of prefix ter-, but viewed from the time, context, situation and communicative value, it could with little doubt be conceived that the action of locking the house door at night was intentionally done, for instance for the sake safety and security. This is understandable common sense since I Bawang went home from I Raksasa’s home in the evening. Catford (1965) remarks that contextual meaning is one of the important kinds of meaning which should be appropriately taken into account, in addition to lexical, grammatical as well as meaning occurring within the context of the TL. Larson (1984) writes that in translation the translator also preserves three types of meanings: organizational, referential and situational meaning. 110 1. Di sana juga pintu terkunci (SL). 2. There, the door was also locked (TL). 3. Pintu rumah sudah terkunci (SL). 4. The house door was locked (TL). These two passive constructions with the verb base “terkunci” as translated into English “was also locked”and “was locked” respectively clearly show that the state of locking house door was purposively done. From the data found in this study concerning passive constructions either marked or unmarked by prefix ter- (verb vase or adjective) they do not always signify that the action was unintentionally carried out, but it could also be purposively done, depending upon the situation, time referent, communicative values, and so forth. In Indonesian, a passive construction which shows something unintentionally done has different elements. Prefix ter- which is attached to the verb base or adjective is commonly used to show passive, the action of which is done either unintentionally or purposively. Besides, prefix ter- is also unsparingly utilized to show God’s would or power of nature. 1a. Labunnya I Raksasa ternyata berisi perhiasan emas (SL). 1b. I Raksasa’s pumpkin contains gold ornaments (TL). 4.3.2 The Analysis of the Equivalents of Indonesian Passives both Retained and not Retained as Passives in English 111 The data gathered for the present investigation dealing with passive constructions in Indonesian and how they are to be translated into English, as displayed and described previously, clearly show which could be identified and found in the tale” Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”. The passive constructions: (1) there are passive voices marked by the attachment of prefix ter-; (2) there are passive voices which are not marked by the attachment of either prefix di- or ter-, and (3) there are passive voices which are marked by the attachment of prefix di-. These data clearly show that the majority of the passive constructions as found in the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” are marked by the attachment of prefix di- + verb and prefix di- + verb base + suffix. Thus, the results of data analysis point out that there are passive constructions marked by the attachment of both prefix di- (di + verb base and di + verb base + suffix) and prefix ter- (ter- + verb and ter + adjective) which are also directly translated into passive constructions in English (be + past participle) + stated or implied agent “by phrase” and there were also passive voices which were not directly translated into passive in English; they are translated into active voices. In other words, some passive constructions in SL are retained and translated into passive constructions in English and some others are not directly translated into passive voices. Thus, from the view point of syntactical structure, passive constructions in SL are equivalently translated into English (TL). By translating passive constructions in the SL into passive constructions in English 112 (TL), the meanings are most fully transferred. Some of the examples can be displayed thus: 1. “… lalu diturunkanlah padi oleh I Bawang (SL) “… then the paddy was taken down by I Bawang (TL) 2. “… Dikumpulkan padinya oleh I Bawang (SL) “… The paddy was collected by I Bawang (TL) 3. …, ketika labunya dibelah… (SL) “… When the pumpkin was broken … (TL) 4. …, ditunjukkanlah darah seguci… (SL) …, she was pointed at a jar full of blood (TL). Again the most essential concern of translation process is expressing the full original meaning of the SL. Viewed from the translation procedure; the translation of Indonesian passive constructions into passive constractions in English clearly indicates that the translation is adopting literal translation procedure. Larson (1998) and Bell (1991 argue that literal translation procedure basically relies on word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, and clause-for-clause or even sentence-for-sentence translation equivalence.Venuti (2000) states that literal translation is word-for-word or phrase-for phrase translation which follows, closely the form of the source language. This translation procedure is useful if the researcher studied the structure of the source language as in an interlinear translation. The translator certainly expects that the adoption of literal translation could optimally and most equivalently function as a direct transfer of passive constructions in Indonesian into English. Larson further (1998) states that only 113 when a form is being used in its primary meaning or function is there a one-toone correlation between form and meaning which characterizes literal translation. The tangible problem is that a single linguistic form also bears other meanings, called secondary or figurative or connotative meanings. Venuti (2000) remarks that the adoption of literal translation can, to a great extent, preserve or retain the meanings of the original passive constructions; and if it is totally depended on, it might induce inevitable slight loss or gain of meaning. Bell (1991) reminds that the ideal of total equivalence Indonesian and English belong to different language families and have some distinct code systems. As specified above, there are passive voices in Indonesian which are marked by the attachment of prefix di- + verb base and prefix di- + verb base + suffix which are not directly translated into passive voices in English. They are, however, translated into active voice in English. Some of the examples can again be displayed as follows: 1. … didapatinya IK berlepotan dedak (SL) … She found IK full of husk (TL) 2. …, karena tidak dipercaya oleh ibunya (SL) … IB didn’t argue because it was useless (TL) 3. … di sungai dijumpainya Sang Testes (SL) … There she met Sang Testes, the fish (TL). 114 4. … Ditanyainya semua tidak melihat (SL). … When she asked them, they … (TL). 5. Ketika dibuka rambut I Raksasa itu, … (SL) … When she moved I Raksasa’s hair aside, (TL). Some passive constructions in Indonesian translated into active in English? The answer should be viewed from the chief essential objective of translation. From the previous reviews of the concepts of translation it could be concluded that expressing the original meaning of the SL as fully as possible in the TL in the most important concern of translation process. This means that a translator should do his or her best to discover the closest equivalents form whereby the most possible full meaning of SL can be expressed in the TL form. However, finding the total natural equivalents in translating Indonesian passive voices into English is absolutely incredible. This is on account of the fact that there are a great variety of ways in which linguistic form expresses meaning, even within a single language (Larson, 1998). This statement implies that linguistic form as carrier of meaning may be changed at the expense of retaining the fullest meaning of the SL as the translation aims at transferring the meaning of the SL into the TL. This is commonly done by going from the form of the SL to the form of the TL by way of semantic structure. Sneddon, (2000), states that the change of the structure from one form to another is uncommon. To gain naturalness, passive constructions will need to be translated into active constructions or vice versa. Such phenomenon often occurs 115 in Indonesian-English translation. This is because the Indonesian language has specific characteristics in its word order. Often a passive voice is the natural construction in Indonesian where a passive translation into English will sound highly artificial or clumsy. Thus, some passive constructions in Indonesian will sound more appropriate and natural if they are translated into active constractions in English, and vice versa. In addition, the conversion of Indonesian passive constructions into active in English can add a sense of politeness and respect to a statement or question and convenience when the subject is unknown, unimportant or implied by context (Wikipedia, 2009). For example, when the Indonesian people would like to help others, they usually say, “Bisa dibantu?” (Literal translation: “Can be helped?”). Idiomatically, it is translated into, “Can I help you?” In English, the speaker is mentioned by “I” whereas in the Indonesian, it is not necessarily stated but the subject is implied. Some examples showing the conversion of passive voice constructions in Indonesian into active and vice versa in English are as follows: 1a. Berdecak suara air mengalir, hanyut lagi selembar kainnya (TL). 1b. the water splashed, another was carried away (TL) 2a… ”Ibu-ibu kainnya hanyut dua” (SL) 2b… “Mother two napkins were lost” (TL) 3a… ada yang mau menumbuk dengan tabung dan ada yang mau melemparinya (SL) 3b… her head would be hit with a tube, or thrown things (TL). 4a… didapatinya IK berlepotan dedak (SL) 116 4b… she found IK full of husk (TL). 5a... Sekarang tinggal (tersisa) sebidang kainnya (SL) 5b… then, one piece was left (TL) From the above examples, it can be clearly grasped that the verbs hanyut, menumbuk, melemparinya, dan tinggal (tersisa), which are actives actually, are not preceded either by prefix di- or ter-, however, they clearly convey or express passive meanings as they are translated into passives in English. Linguist, like Sneddon (2000), admits and justifies that some passive constructions in Indonesian are not necessarily marked by the attachment of either prefix di- or teras commonly known. This shows that meaning is far more important than form. 4.3.3 The Analysis of Types of Shifts Occurring When Converting Indonesian Passives into English The third research problem in this study is related to the accurences of the types of shifts in the translation Indonesian passives into English. The term shift is coined by Catford (1965) to signify departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the source language to the target language. To shift from one language to another is to alter the forms and the contrasting forms convey meanings which cannot or fail to coincide totally. There are generally two kinds of shift in translation, namely: level shift and category shift. A shift of level means that a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. The commonest level shift in translation is shift from grammar to lexis or vice versa, especially shifts on the surface 117 structure. Category shift refers to unbounded and rank-bound translation: the first being approximately normal or free translation in which SL and TL equivalences is set up at whatever rank is appropriate. Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:88) use the term transposition instead of the term shift. Transposition is the process of translation which involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. This shows that level shift is similar to transposition. Shift or transposition, according to Newmark (1988), is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from the source language (SL) to target language (TL). The first type of shift or transposition is the change from singular to plural. The second type of shift is required when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL, for instance, English has tense while Indonesian does not. There are two types of transpositions: obligatory transposition and optional transposition. From the above short explanation concerning shift or transposition, it is clear that in the translation process, particularly in translating Indonesian passive constructions into English, shifts or transpositions are unavoidable. Shifts massively take place on grammatical level, particularly on tense because English has tense (conjugated verb forms) whereas Indonesian does not. The data show nearly all Indonesian passive voices which are formed by: first prefix di- + Verb base; second prefix di- + Verb base + Suffix; and third prefix ter- + verb base/Adejctive; are translated into past tense with either: first Be + Past participle or S + P (Verb II) + O).Observe the following examples: 118 1a) …, ketika labunya dibelah… (SL) 1b) …, when the pumpkin was broken … (TL) 2b) …, dibukakanlah I Bawang pintu (SL) 2b) …, the door was opened for I Bawang (TL) 3a) … di sungai dijumpainya Sang Testes (SL) 3b) …, there she met Sang Testes, the fish (TL) 4a) … ketika dibuka rambut Raksasa itu … (SL) 4b) … when she moved Raksasa’s hair aside… (TL) The translation of the above Indonesian passives into English, clearly reveal that the passive constructions like: dibelah, dibukakanlah, dijumpainya, and dibuka (prefix di- + verb base or prefix di- + verb base + suffix) are respectively translated into: was broken, was opened (be + past participle), met, and moved (past tense). These examples show the existence of shift on grammar, especially tense, where the verbs broken and opened which belong to past participle are the conjugated forms (verbs III) of the verb base break and open whereas the verbs met and moved are the past forms of the verb base meet and move. However, the verb bases belah, buka, jumpa, dan buka in the above Indonesian passive voices do not undergo conjugation as Indonesian does not have tense. In translating Indonesian passives into English, grammar shift also inevitably takes place in relation to lexis, pluralization and singularization. Look at the following examples: 119 1a. Labu I Raksasa ternyata berisi perhiasan emas (SL) 1b. I Raksasa’s pumpkin contains gold ornaments (TL). 2a) … pintu rumah sudah terkunci (SL). 2b) … the house door was locked (TL). In example 1a) above, the passive constructions ternyata berisi is translated into verb contains in English. As already specified previously, one of the ways in forming Indonesian passive voice is by adding prefix ter- to an adjective. Thus, verb ternyata is formed by adding prefix ter- to the adjective nyata. However, the verb contains in English is not the equivalent translation of the verb ternyata, but the verb phrase ternyata berisi. This example shows the existence of grammar shift to lexis. In addition, the verb contains ends with s- to indicate that the passive construction is expressed in simple present tense with singular subject (I Raksasa’s pumpkin). These examples further points out that there is also shift of grammar. In example 2a) above, the lexicon sudah in the source language sentence is translated into a grammatical item be + past participle (auxiliary verb be + verb III) in the target language sentence, which provides the same meaning as the meaning of sudah or telah in Indonesian. This is an instance of the existence of shift in translation from lexis to grammar. It is a kind of grammatical process. If it is the other way round, it will be called lexical process. In this translation, the lexicon telah in the source language sentence is translated into a grammatical item had + past participle (auxiliary verb had + verb III) in the target language sentence, which provides the same meaning as the 120 meaning of telah or sudah in Indonesian. This is an instance of the translation from lexis to grammar. It is a kind of grammatical process. If it is the other way round, it will be called lexical process. In this translation, the lexicon telah in the source language sentence is translated into a grammatical item had + past participle (auxiliary verb had + verb III) in the target language sentence, which provides the same meaning as the meaning of telah or sudah in Indonesian. This is an instance of the translation from lexis to grammar. It is a kind of grammatical process. If it wishes the other way round, it will be called lexical process. The following is another example illustrating a level shift from lexis to grammar which shows that a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. 1a) …, karena tidak dipercaya oleh Ibunya (SL) 1b) … IB didn’t argue because it was useless (TL) 2a) … didapati Pan Bawang sudah tewas bersama anak istrinya (SL) 2b) … but Pan Bawang was dead together with his daughter and wife (TL). The negative passive constructions (tidak) dipercaya (prefix di- + verb base) in Indonesian is translated into it was useless (Obligatory Introductory It + be + adjective). This example shows a level shift from lexis to grammar. The words tidak and dipercaya were obviously lexical forms. This negative passive construction (tidak dipercaya) is equivalently translated into It was useless which characterizes a shift on a surface structure grammatical construction. Similarly, 121 the passive constructions: didapati Pan Bawang sudah tewas is translated into Pan Bawang was dead. Thus the passive didapati … sudah tewas is translated into was dead. This example further reveals the existence of both grammatical and lexical shifts in translating Indonesian passive into English where Indonesian and English has different structure and word order in expressing the same meaning. The following is another showing that a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. …mengambil air untuk dibawa pulang (ST) which is translated into… she took some water (TL). The verb took in English in this passive construction is clearly not the full semantic equivalent translation of the passive constructions dibawa (prefix di- + verb base), but the verb took could be translated with mengambil in Indonesian. Thus, the verb took also entails the meaning of the verb mengambil and dibawa in Indonesian. This translation procedure reveals that in translating Indonesian passive into English the existence of shift is virtually inevitable. The commonest level shift is shift from grammar to lexis and vice versa. In the light of translation process and procedure, shifts should be viewed as the translator’s best effort in choosing and discovering the full and the most appropriate equivalent in translation. Nida and Taber (1982) argue that the change of structure from one form to another is not uncommon in translation. 4.3.4 The Analysis of the Degree of Naturalness Retained in Translating Indonesian Passives into English An effective translator is of course chiefly concerned with making his translation natural by trying his best to discover the closest natural equivalents of 122 the SL message. Newmark (1998:24) states that in an attempt to make his translation more natural he has to ensure: (1) that his translation makes sense, (2) that is read naturally, that it is written in ordinary language, the common grammar, idioms and words that meet that kind of situation. Nida (2000:136) argues that a natural translation involves two principal areas of adaptation, namely, grammar and lexicon. In general grammatical modifications can be made the more readily, since many grammatical changes are dictated by the obligatory structures of the RL, such as to make adjustments as shifting word order. The lexical structure of the SL is less readily adjusted to the semantic requirements of the RL for there are in general three lexical levels of alternative possibilities to be considered: (1) terms for which there are readily parallels, (2) terms which identify culturally different objects, but with some similar functions, and (3) terms which identify cultural specialties. It is inevitable that when SL and RL represent and or share different cultures there should be many basic themes and accounts which cannot be naturalized by the process of translating. Viewed from the above characteristics of a natural translation, the researcher remarks and appraises that the translation of the Indonesian passive constructions as used in the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” which is translated into English has already established a good level of naturalness due to the subsequent rationales and accounts. Firstly, the translator is a prolific linguist who is already acknowledged for his work in translation. He is, of course, competent or knowledgeable enough both in the source and receptor languages. Based on the critical reading of his translation, it already sounds natural because it 123 makes lucid sense and it reads naturally as it is written in clear, good and effective Indonesian by using common grammar, good diction or choice of closest parallel terms which appropriately meet the cultural specialties of the tale. Secondly, as already shown and discussed in the preceding section, some of the Indonesian passives are translated into passive in actives in English, instead of directly translating them into English. In the light of the theories of translation process and procedure, the translation of Indonesian passives into actives in English definitely reveals that the translator has attempted his best to discover the closest natural equivalents of the SL both in terms of meaning and styles, as suggested by Nida and Taber (1982). A translation will sound more natural if the translator can discover and appropriately use the closest natural grammatical and lexical terms in his translation for the sake of retaining or preserving the fullest meanings of the originals CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGGESTIONS The discussion throughout the present study which deals with “The Translation of Indonesian Passive Voice into English with Reference to “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its Translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”, can ultimately be concluded in this chapter. In this study the researcher attempts to investigate four research problems: (1) what are the corresponding equivalents 124 of Indonesian passive constructions in English as used in the context of the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” and Its translation “Miss Onion and Miss Garlic”? (2) What types of Indonesian passive constructions (SL) are retained as passive after being translated into English (TL); (3) What types of shifts occur from SL to TL in translating passive constructions?; and (4) The extent to which the naturalness of Indonesian passive constructions are established when translated into English? Hence, the conclusions as the answers of the four research questions under concern can be succinctly summed up here. Besides, in reference to the established results of the study, some suggestions are also recommended here. 5.1 Conclusions 1) There are many passives constructions in Indonesian which can be identified in SL, from the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih”, which are marked by the attachment of prefix di- (prefix di- + verb base + agent phrase; prefix di- + verb base + suffix + agent phrase); and some more passives are marked by the attachment of prefix ter- to adjective and noun (prefix ter- + verb base / adjective/noun) and ather more passives are not marked either by the attachment prefix di- or ter-. In an attempt to discover the closest translation equivalents, so that their meanings can be fully retained, they are mostly literally translated on the basis of appropriate selection and use of both grammatical and lexical features as well as stylistic values of the TL. This is due to the fact that the chief 125 essential objective of any translation process and procedure, as coined, proposed and acknowledged by linguists, is to transfer and communicate the meanings conveyed by the originals as impartially and as appropriately as possible. The translation of Indonesian passives into English can be specified thus: (1) passives which are marked with: Prefix di- + verb base + suffix (-lah, -nya) are equivalently translated with: Be + Past participle + to infinitive phrase; (2) passives voices which are formed with: Prefix di+ verb base + suffix (-kan, -lah, -i) and Prefix di- + verb base were equivalently translated with: Be + Past Participle + agent phrase by (stated); (3)and another passives which are formed with Prefix di- + verb base + suffix (-kan, -lah) and Prefix di- + verb base are equivalently translated with: Be + past participle (implied agent phrase); (4) and some more passives voices which are formed with Prefix di- + Verb base + suffix (-kan, -lah, -i, -nya) and Prefix di- +verb base are equivalently translated into actives with the common pattern: S + P + O (Complement). Indonesian passives which are marked by the attachment of prefix ter(prefix ter- + verb base / adjective / noun) are revealed to express both unintentional meaning (i.e., terhanyut konon selembar kainnya (SL) translated into:… one napkin was carried away (TL) and intentional or purposive meaning (i.e., pintu rumah sudah terkunci (SL)… translated into:….the house door was locked (TL). 2) The results of data analysis clearly so passives marked by the attachment of both prefix di- (di + verb vase and di + verb base + suffix) and prefix 126 ter- (ter- + verb and ter + adjective/noun) are also directly translated into passives in English (be + past participle) + stated or implied agent by phrase and more passives are translated into actives. This clearly reveals that some passives in SL are retained and translated into passives in English and some others are translated into actives. The translation of Indonesian passives into actives is simply, viewed from the reviewed concepts of passives and theories of translation, intended to establish more natural translation process and products through the appropriate selection and use of grammatical and lexical features whereby the meanings of the originals can be retained as fully as possible. 3) In the process of translating Indonesian passives into English, shift is tangibly inevitable since Indonesian and English which belong to different language families and represent as well as share different cultural features and values. Indeed, in the translation process linguistic forms may change and vary for the sake of expressing the same intended and communicated meaning. To shift from Indonesian passives into English is to alter accordingly the grammatical features, lexical features as well as stylistic values whereby the meanings of the originals are transferred and communicated as impartially and appropriately as possible. Thus, shift is the process of translating which involves replacing one word class and or one grammatical feature with another without changing the meaning of the message. In the process of translating Indonesian passives into English there are some level shifts from grammar to lexis and vice versa which 127 have been discussed earlier as the commonest level shift in translation. Grammatical and lexical shifts occur when parallel SL grammatical and lexical features do not exist in the TL. Shifts massively take place on grammatical level, particularly on tense because English has tenses (conjugated verb forms) whereas Indonesian does not. The data show nearly all Indonesian passive voices which are formed by: (1) prefix di- + Verb base; (2) prefix di- + Verb base + Suffix; and (3) prefix ter- + verb base/Adjective/noun; were translated into past tense with either: (1) Be + Past participle or S + P (Verb II) + O). 4) The degree or the level of the naturalness of translation was significantly linked to the quality of the translation itself. A naturally sound translation was tangibly marked and characterized by the appropriate and accurate selection and use of the closest natural and parallel equivalents in terms of grammatical features, lexical features, stylistic values as well as cultural specialties whereby the original meanings in SL could be most fully and appropriately expressed in the TL. The translator’s ability to discover and use parallel linguistic forms could bring about translation that makes clear sense and reads naturally. On the basis of the characteristics of a natural translation, it could be remarked that the translation of the Indonesian passives as used in the tale “Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih” into English had already established a good level of naturalness due to the subsequent rationales. Firstly, like a linguist, the translator had been widely acknowledged for his unquestionable linguistic competence both in 128 the source and receptor languages. As a result his translation already makes lucid sense and it reads naturally. Secondly, this study reveals that some of the Indonesian passives were translated into actives in English, instead of directly translating them into English passive as well. In the light of the theories of translation process and procedure, the translation of Indonesian passives into actives in English definitely show that the translator had attempted his best to discover the closest natural parallel equivalents of the SL in terms grammar, lexis, styles, and cultural values because the degree of naturalness of the expression in the RL was essentially a problem of the suitability on the levels: (1) word class, (2) grammatical categories, (3) semantic classes, and (4) cultural contexts. Although Indonesian and English belong to different language families which represent and share different cultural values, they certainly have some degree of the suitability in terms of levels. 5.2 Suggestions With reference to the results of the present study, the researcher would like to suggest the following things. 1. The students of the Translation Studies in Applied Linguistics of Postgraduate Studies Udayana University are suggested to undertake further research in the sphere of translation, above all, dealing with the translation of Indonesian passive constructions into English as many problems in translating Indonesian passives into English are still left 129 unsolved. They are scientifically challenging and worth more meticulous and profound studies the results of which, whatsoever, would render invaluable enrichment to the existing research findings. 2. The management of the Translation Studies in Applied Linguistics of Postgraduate Studies Udayana University is suggested to periodically update and enrich the collection of available books and journals on translation studies because most students are often constrained by the limited availability of updated and recent books and journals on translation when undertaking translation studies. This is virtually on account of the fact that the quality of translation studies is determined and grounded to a great extent by comprehensive reviews and understanding of related translation concepts, theories and syntheses on translation studies. 3. The available results on translation studies conducted by the students of the Translation Studies in Applied Linguistics of Postgraduate Studies Udayana University are suggested to be selectively publicized so that people and students who are interested in and concerned with translation studies will have easier access to reading them. So far the results of the students on Translation studies in the forms of theses are simply documented in the library. 4. The graduates of the Translation in Applied Linguistics of Postgraduate Studies Udayana University are humbly recommended to practice their knowledge on translation by translating English books 130 into Indonesian and vice versa because more and more translation works are urgently required by our community. BIBLIOGRAPHY Baker, M. 1992 In Other Words a Course Book on Translation. London: Routledge Bassnet, Susan and Andre Lefevere. 1990. Translation, History and Culture. London: Pinter Publishers Bell, Roger T. 1991. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. New York: Longman 131 Bloomfield, Leonard. 1979. Language. London: By Cox & Wyman, Ltd. Bogdan, Robert C. and Biklen, Sari Knopp. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Bogdan, Robert and Taylor, Steven J. 1975: Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Phenomenological Approach to the Social Sciences. New York: A Wiley-International Publication. Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press Catford, J.C. 2000. Translation Shifts. In Vinuti, Lawrence (Ed.) The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge Choliludin. 2007. The Technique of Making Idiomatic Translation. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc Hornby, AS. 2000 Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English: Oxford University Press Keenan, Edward L. 1985. Passive in the World’s Languages. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Shoped, T (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Larson, M.L 1998. Meaning Based Translation. A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. Second Edition. New York: University Press of America Levy, Jiri. 2000. Translation as a Decision Process. In The Translation Studies Reader, Vinuti, Lawrence (ed.) London: Routledge. 132 Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to Translation. London: A Wheaton & Co Newmark, Peter. 1998. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall. Nida, E.A. and Charles R. Tiber. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J.Brill Nida, Eugene. 2000. Principles of Correspondence. In Vinuti, Lawrence (Ed.). The Translation Studies Reader. (pp. 126-140), London: Routledge. Putra, I Ketut. 2004. Translating into Indonesian The Fuction of-ing suffix in The Novel Bloodline Thesis. Denpasar : Udayana University. Putra Kamayana, I Gusti Nyoman. 2010. The Translation Equivalence of English Passive Sentences into Indonesian with Reference to the Gospel. Thesis. Denpasar: Master’s Degree Program Study Program of Linguistics Postgraduate Program Udayana University. Riazi, A. The Invisible in Translation: The Role of Text Structure (2002) Downloaded 1 October, 2009 from http://accurapid.com/journal Sneddon, James Neil. 1996. Indonesian Reference Grammar. Brisbane: Typeset at Griffith University. Sudaryanto. 1992 Metode Linguistik. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press Sujaya, I Nyoman. 2003. Skewing in English – Indonesian Translation. Thesis. Denpasar : Udayana University. Sumartana, I Made. 2010. The Indonesian Passive Voice in ‘Selamatkan Negeri Kita Dari Terorisme’ and Its Translation ‘Save Our Country From Terrorism’. Thesis. Denpasar: Master’s Degree Program Study Program of Linguistics Postgraduate Program Udayana University. 133 Suryawinata, Zuchridin, 1989. Terjemahan: Pengantar Teori dan Praktek. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Proyek Pengembangan Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan. Vinuti, Lawrence. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge Vinay, Jean-Poul and Darbelnet, Jean. 2000. A Methodology for Translation. In Vinuti, Lawrence (Ed.). The Translation Studies Reader. (pp. 84-93): London: Routledge.
