Download IDB Presentation - Inter-American Development Bank

Institutional development and capacity
building in science, technology and
innovation
Luis Sanz-Menéndez,
CSIC, Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
Washington, December 11th, 2006
Inter-American Development Bank
Innovation, Science and Technology Network
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
Presentation Outline
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Diversity of situations in LAC countries
What do LAC countries have in common?
Learn and get inspiration from other countries
New trends in STIP
Governance of the system
Human resources in science and technology
P-P partnership and technology transfer
Structural conditions and environment
Summary and hot issues
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
1. Diversity in LAC countries
 Population,
 Income (GDP),
 Per capita income,
 National expenditure in R&D,
 STA expenditure/GDP,
 R&D expenditure/GDP,
 University graduates per year,
 Researchers,
 Etc.
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
2. What do LAC countries have in common?
 Low R&D expenditure both in absolute and in
GDP terms
 Strong participation of public sector (superior
education and government) in R&D expenditure
 Weak contribution of private business sector
 Low interaction levels between universities and
business
 Weak technology transfer structures
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
3. Learn and get inspiration from other countries (I)
 STIPs are “local” and dependent on:
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Local opportunity windows
Local processes of introduction in the agenda of social
PROBLEMS
Existence of political ENTREPRENEURS
Availability of SOLUTIONS
 STIPs’ performance and results depend on:
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Effective and efficient institutional set-ups
Public policy procedures (design and implementation)
in tune with administrative capabilities
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
3. Learn and get inspiration from other countries (II)
 Institutional sources for Public Policy learning
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Evaluation and follow up
Lack of satisfaction with results
Epistemic communities
Intergovernmental Organizations
 Alternative ways of learning lessons from abroad:
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Copying: adopting a full program
Emulating: adopting, adjusting to local conditions
Mixing: combining elements from two sources
Synthesizing: Combining others’ common elements
Inspiration: Programs as intellectual stimulation
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
4. New trends in Science, Technology and
Innovation Policies
 Definition of national goals in STI
 Design of National Strategies and Plans
 Increase of the public budget for R&D
 Selection of scientific-technical priorities
 Institutional reorganization
 Expansion of planning to all levels
 Promotion of pubic-private collaboration
 Technology transfer and marketing
 Increase in human resources production
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
5.1 Governance of the STI system and the
role of public and private participants
 Approval of strategies (with quantitative
objectives), definition of national priorities and
investment concentration:
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Austria: Strategy 2010
Luxembourg: National Reform Plan (until 2010)
Norway: Innovation 2010
Spain: Ingenuity 2010
Germany: Research and Innovation Pact
New Zealand: Growth and Innovation Framework - GIF
Switzerland: Educ., scient. and techn. promotion 2004-7
Australia: Supporting Australian potential 2010
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
5.2. Governance of the STI system and the
role of public and private participants
 Changes in the institutional structures for
managing and financing R&D towards NIS’s
efficiency improvement:
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Austria: Creation of the R&D National Foundation
Belgium: Creation of an Innovation Fund
France: Creation of the National Research Agency (ANR)
Switzerland: Concentration of R&D in one department
Denmark: Creation of the Ministry of Science, Technology
and Innovation
Poland: Conversion of a State office into the Ministry for
Research and Information Technologies
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
5.3. Governance of the STI system and the
role of public and private participants
 Involvement and representation of key research
actors in the governmental decision-making
organizations’ Advisory Councils – Increasing
businessmen’s integration:
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Finland: Businessmen participation in the S&TP Council
Spain: S&T Observatory, with businessmen participation,
as an informal element in the EPO
Hungary: S&T Council, businessmen and scient. particip.
Korea: National S&T Council, industrial leaders’
participation and design and resources allocation compet.
Germany: ”Partners for innovation” initiative. Top level
group chaired by the Chancellor and with busin. particip.
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
5.4. Governance of the STI system and the
role of public and private participants
 Increasing introduction of financing procedures based
on: a) competitive financing of R&D projects or; b)
performance-based financing:
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United Kingdom: Research Assessment Exercise (RAE)
Australia: Institutional Subsidy Scheme (AIGS)
New Zealand: Performance Based Research Fund (PBRF)
Hungary: reform of financing in public research: only 60%
institutional financing: balance competitive and external
Korea: similar type reform: reduction of basic financing as an
incentive to adjust research to demand
Other countries: contracts-programs with universities
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
5.5. Governance of the STI system and the
role of public and private participants
 Reform at universities and PRCs to give them
greater autonomy, management flexibility and
external responsibility
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Spain: Universities Law 2001 and 2006. More
autonomy, accreditation and evaluation.
Japan: 2004. Conversion of universities into
autonomous organizations without government
status. Professors cease to be public employees. Ex
ante control is replaced by ex post evaluation:
university finances must be public.
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
5.6. Governance of the STI system and the
role of public and private participants
 Reform at universities and PRC for the explicit
development of the “third mission”:
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Spain: Universities Law 2001 and 2006
Denmark: 2003 Universities Law turns universities
into independent public foundations to strengthen
external relations:
 Universities and PRCs can legally create and invest in
companies
 Mandate on the creation of public research spin-offs
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Norway: Universities Law 2002: university
responsibility for cooperation with industry
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
6.1. Human resources in science and
technology
 Guarantee HRST growth
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Increase science and engineering appeal
 Austria: school support (15-19 years) in MATHSCITECH
 Norway: special support to increase the number of Engineers
 Netherlands:
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University study plans more adapted to social and
business demands:
 Hungary: Plan to adjust study plans to industrial demands
 UK: Roberts’ review
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Full Planning of HRST production:
 Korea
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
6.2. Human resources in science and
technology
 Continous improvement of HRST for basic science and univ.
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Encouragement of Excellence and support for quality PhDs:
 Austria: APART and DOC programs
 Ireland: Financing of PhD scholarships through Councils
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Evaluation and accreditation methods
 Spain: Professorship accreditation (ANECA)
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Internationalization and mobility:
 France: “Attractive regions” Program to attract French doctors from
abroad and external researchers in general.
 Japan: actions to attract foreign researchers.
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Strengthening the capacities of PRCs and universities :
 Spain: “Ramon y Cajal” Program
 Canadá: Research Chairs (RChairs)
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
6.3. Human resources in science and
technology
 Support to the HRST demand in the private sector:
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Denmark: Industrial PhDs Initiative, thesis of business interest
France: CIFRE Program (Industrial Agreements for Training in
Research), thesis in the companies
Spain: IDE action (Incorporation of PhDs to companies) and
“Torres Quevedo” Program for doctors’ and technology experts’
enrollment.
Norway: Increase interaction between academic and business
communities in MCT areas (RENATE)
Netherlands: Casimir Program of interchange between public
and private sector researchers based on financial incentives to
companies
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
7.1. P-P partnership (PPPs) and technology
transfer
 Incentives for technology transfer and linking:
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Spain: additional payments to researchers resulting
from industry contracts
Evaluation of “technological” merit
 Strengthening organizational capabilities of PRCs
and Universities:
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TTOs development
Japan: Creation of support centers for university
technology transfer and changes in intellectual
property rights (belonging to universities since 2004)
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
7.2. P-P partnership (PPPs) and technology
transfer
 Improvement in the management of intellectual property
rights (IPR):
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Norway: Reforms to the Law of Intellectual Property in public
institutions (institutional IPR)
Iceland: Reforms to the Law of employees’ inventions
Switzerland: Intellectual property belongs to the organizations
and researchers receive part of the sales profits
Spain: Modification of the rights distribution rules at the PRCs
 Incentive measures for professors’ mobility to company
creation:
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Spain, France and Japan: reforms of employment regulations in
the public research sector
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
7.3. P-P partnership (PPPs) and technology
transfer
 Permanent cooperation in research (for the
exploitation and marketing of the results) : PPPs
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Australia: Cooperative Research Centers (CRC)
Austria: Competence Centers Program (Kplus)
Netherlands: Leading Institutes of Technology (LITs)
France: Scientific and Technological Innovation
Networks (RITTS)
Spain: Strategic National Consortiums for Technical
Research (CENIT)
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
8.1 Structural conditions and environment
 General education
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The increase of the population’s participation rates
at all levels of the educational system is a necessary
framework condition for a proper development of
the research and innovation system. Hence, the
importance of investments in education as % of the
GDP, and the educational expenditure per student.
 Legal framework for collaboration
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Management practices and competences that allow
and promote collaboration and contracting with the
private sector, must be developed at public research
centers.
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
8.2. Structural conditions and environment
 Macroeconomic and fiscal stability.
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A modern fiscal collection system and fiscal incentives are
necessary for companies to invest in R&D
 Economic policy.
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Transparent and stable capital market
 Industrial policy and university policy.
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Facilities for the creation of companies, for public sector
research spin-offs and for Start-ups
 Communications systems.
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Infrastructures both for the movement of people and goods
and also for information technologies.
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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SPRITTE (Spanish Policy Research on Innovation & Technology, Training & Education )
9. Summary and hot issues
 Are the S&TNOs of today the adequate institutions for
setting priorities and the starting up of national STI
strategies?
 What kind of institutions maximize the participation of
public and private interests at the governance of the
system?
 Does the proliferation of private universities in LAC
countries require the creation of accreditation, validation
and quality institutions?
 How can public research centers be reformed so that
science becomes an input for policies?
 Betting on transfer consolidation or on the most
ambitious PP/Ps?
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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Thank you very much!
[email protected]
htpp://www.iesam.csic.es
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Unidad de Políticas Comparadas
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